Mbiri ya Bass Guitar

Kubwera kwa jazz-rock, oimba a jazz anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, kufufuza "mapaleti omveka" atsopano osakhala ndi chikhalidwe cha jazi. Zida zatsopano ndi zotsatira zake zidapangitsanso kupeza njira zatsopano zosewerera. Popeza ojambula a jazz akhala akutchuka nthawi zonse chifukwa cha phokoso ndi umunthu wawo, njirayi inali yachibadwa kwa iwo. Mmodzi wa ofufuza a jazi analemba kuti: “Woimba wa jazi ali ndi mawu akeake. Njira zowunikira kamvekedwe kake nthawi zonse sizinakhazikitsidwe kwambiri pamalingaliro achikhalidwe okhudza kamvekedwe ka chida, koma pamalingaliro ake [mawu]. Ndipo, chimodzi mwa zida zomwe zidadziwonetsera mumagulu a jazz ndi jazz-rock a 70-80s chinali gitala wabass ,  mbiri ya zomwe muphunzira m'nkhaniyi.

Osewera monga Stanley Clarke ndi Jaco Pastorius  atenga gitala ya bass kusewera mpaka mulingo watsopano mu mbiri yaifupi kwambiri ya chidacho, ndikuyika muyeso wa mibadwo ya osewera a bass. Kuonjezera apo, poyamba anakanidwa ndi magulu a jazi "achikhalidwe" (okhala ndi mabasi awiri), gitala ya bass yatenga malo ake oyenera mu jazi chifukwa cha kumasuka kwake kwa mayendedwe ndi kukulitsa zizindikiro.

ZOFUNIKA KUPANGA CHIDA CHATSOPANO

Kufuula kwa chidacho ndi vuto lamuyaya kwa oimba nyimbo ziwiri. Popanda kukulitsa, ndikovuta kwambiri kupikisana mulingo wa voliyumu ndi ng'oma, piyano, gitala ndi gulu lamkuwa. Komanso, woimba bass nthawi zambiri sankamva yekha chifukwa aliyense ankaimba mokweza kwambiri. Chinali chikhumbo chofuna kuthetsa vuto la mawu omveka a bass awiri omwe adalimbikitsa Leo Fender ndi opanga magitala pamaso pake kuti apange chida chomwe chinakwaniritsa zofunikira za woimba nyimbo ya jazi. Lingaliro la Leo linali kupanga mtundu wamagetsi wa mabasi awiri kapena mtundu wa bass wa gitala lamagetsi.

Chidacho chinayenera kukwaniritsa zosowa za oimba omwe ankaimba m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ovina ku US. Kwa iwo, kunali kofunika kuti zikhale zosavuta kunyamula chidacho poyerekeza ndi ma bass awiri, kulondola kwakukulu kwadziko [momwe cholemberacho chimamangirira], komanso kukwanitsa kukwaniritsa voliyumu yofunikira ndi gitala lamagetsi lomwe likutchuka.

Wina angaganize kuti gitala ya bass inali yotchuka pakati pa magulu oimba odziwika, koma kwenikweni, inali yofala kwambiri pakati pa magulu a jazi a m'ma 50s. Palinso nthano yakuti Leo Fender adayambitsa gitala ya bass. Ndipotu, adapanga mapangidwe omwe akhala opambana kwambiri komanso ogulitsidwa, poyerekeza ndi ochita nawo mpikisano.

ZOYESA ZOYAMBA ZA OPANGA GUITAR

Kale Leo Fender, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 15, adayesa kupanga chida cholembera cha bass chomwe chingatulutse malekezero oyera, omveka bwino. Kuyesera kumeneku sikunali kokha kupeza kukula koyenera ndi mawonekedwe, komanso kupita mpaka kumangirira nyanga, monga pa magalamafoni akale, m'dera la mlatho kuti akweze phokoso ndi kufalitsa molunjika.

Chimodzi mwa zoyesayesa kupanga chida choterocho chinali Gitala ya Regal bass (Regal Bassoguitar) , yoperekedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30. Chitsanzo chake chinali gitala yoyimba, koma inkayimbidwa molunjika. Kukula kwa chidacho kudafika 1.5 m kutalika, kuphatikiza kotala mita spire. Fretboard inali yathyathyathya ngati gitala, ndipo sikelo inali 42 ”ngati pa bass iwiri. Komanso mu chida ichi, kuyesayesa kunapangidwa kuti athetse mavuto a tonation a bass awiri - panali frets pa chala chala, koma adadulidwa ndi pamwamba pa khosi. Chifukwa chake, inali fanizo loyamba la gitala lopanda phokoso lokhala ndi zolembera za fretboard (Eks.1).

Pambuyo pake chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1930. Gibson adayambitsa awo Magetsi a Bass Guitar , gitala lalikulu la semi-acoustic yokhala ndi chojambula choyimirira komanso chojambula chamagetsi. Tsoka ilo, ma amplifiers okhawo panthawiyo adapangidwira gitala, ndipo chizindikiro cha chida chatsopanocho chinasokonekera chifukwa cha kulephera kwa amplifier kuthana ndi ma frequency otsika. Gibson adangopanga zida zotere kwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera ku 1938 mpaka 1940 (Eks. 2).

Mabasi ambiri amagetsi apawiri adawonekera m'ma 30s, ndipo m'modzi mwa oimira banjali anali Rickenbacker Electro Bass-Viol yopangidwa ndi George Beauchamp (George Beauchamp) . Inali ndi ndodo yachitsulo yomwe inkamamatira pachivundikirocho, katoni yooneka ngati nsapato ya akavalo, ndipo zingwezo zinali zokulungidwa pansaluyo pamwamba pa chojambulacho. Mabasi apawiri amagetsi awa sanapangidwe kuti agonjetse msika ndikukhala otchuka kwambiri. Komabe, Electro Bass-Viol imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yoyamba yamagetsi yamagetsi yolembedwa pa mbiri. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula Mark Allen ndi Orchestra Yake Mu 30s.

Zambiri, ngati sizinthu zonse, zopangidwa ndi gitala la bass m'zaka za m'ma 1930 zidakhazikitsidwa ndi kamangidwe ka gitala la austic kapena mapangidwe a bass awiri, ndipo amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molunjika. Vuto la kukulitsa ma siginecha silinalinso lovuta kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi, ndipo zovuta zamatchulidwe zidathetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi ma frets kapena zolembera pa chala. Koma mavuto a kukula ndi kayendedwe ka zida zimenezi anali asanathe.

CHITSANZO CHOYAMBA CHA BASS GUITAR AUDIOVOX 736

M’zaka za m’ma 1930 zomwezo. Paul H. Tutmarc adayambitsa zatsopano pakupanga gitala la bass zaka 15 patsogolo pa nthawi yake. Mu 1936 Tutmark's Kupanga kwa Audiovox kampani yotulutsidwa gitala yoyamba ya bass padziko lapansi monga tidziwa tsopano, a Mtundu wa Audiovox 736 . Gitala adapangidwa kuchokera kumtengo umodzi, wokhala ndi zingwe 4, khosi lokhala ndi ma frets ndi chojambula cha maginito. Pazonse, pafupifupi 100 mwa magitalawa adapangidwa, ndipo lero ndi opulumuka atatu okha omwe amadziwika, mtengo wake ukhoza kufika madola 20,000. Mu 1947, mwana wa Paul Bud Tutmark anayesa kumanga pa lingaliro la abambo ake ndi Serenader Electric String Bass , koma analephera.

Popeza palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magitala a Tutmark ndi Fender bass, ndizomveka kudabwa ngati Leo Fender adawona magitala a banja la Tutmark mu malonda a nyuzipepala, mwachitsanzo? Katswiri wa ntchito ndi moyo wa Leo Fender Richard R. Smith, wolemba Fender: The Sound Heard 'padziko lonse lapansi, amakhulupirira kuti Fender sanatsatire lingaliro la Tutmark. Mawonekedwe a mabasi a Leo adakopera kuchokera ku Telecaster ndipo anali ndi sikelo yayikulu kuposa mabasi a Tutmark.

KUYAMBA KWA FENDER BASS EXPNSATION

Mu 1951, Leo Fender adapereka chilolezo chatsopano cha gitala cha bass chomwe chinasintha kwambiri. mbiri ya bass gitala ndi nyimbo zonse. Kupanga kwakukulu kwa mabasi a Leo Fender kunathetsa mavuto onse omwe ma bassists a nthawiyo amayenera kukumana nawo: kuwalola kuti azimveka mokweza, kuchepetsa mtengo wonyamula chida, ndi kuwalola kusewera ndi mawu olondola. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, magitala a Fender bass anayamba kutchuka mu jazi, ngakhale kuti poyamba osewera ambiri a bass sankafuna kuvomereza, ngakhale ubwino wake wonse.

Mosayembekezereka, tinaona kuti panali chinachake cholakwika ndi gululo. Inalibe woyimba bassist, ngakhale tinkakhoza kumva bwino. Kachiwiri pambuyo pake, tinaona chinthu chachilendo kwambiri: panali oimba magitala awiri, ngakhale kuti tinangomva gitala limodzi. Patapita nthawi, zonse zinamveka bwino. Pafupi ndi woyimba gitala panali woyimba yemwe ankayimba zomwe zinkawoneka ngati gitala lamagetsi, koma poyang'anitsitsa, khosi la gitala lake linali lalitali, linali lopweteka, ndipo thupi lake linali lowoneka modabwitsa lokhala ndi zingwe zowongolera komanso chingwe chomwe chimathamangira. amp ku.

MAGAZINI YA DOWNBEAT JULY 1952

Leo Fender adatumiza zida zake zingapo zatsopano kwa otsogolera oimba odziwika panthawiyo. Mmodzi wa iwo anapita lionel hampton Orchestra mu 1952. Hampton anakonda chida chatsopanocho kotero kuti anaumirira kuti woimba bassist. Monk Montgomery , mchimwene wake wa gitala Wes Montgomery , sewerani. Bassist Steve Swallow , ponena za Montgomery monga wosewera wotchuka m’mbiri ya bass: “Kwa zaka zambiri ndiye yekha amene anatseguladi luso la chida choimbira nyimbo za rock ndi roll ndi blues.” Winanso woimba bass yemwe adayamba kusewera bass anali Shift Henry ochokera ku New York, yemwe ankaimba nyimbo za jazi ndi kulumpha (jump blues).

Ngakhale oimba a jazz anali osamala ndi zatsopanozi, Precision Bass inayandikira ku mtundu watsopano wa nyimbo - rock and roll. Zinali mu kalembedwe kameneka kuti gitala ya bass inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda chifundo chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zamphamvu - ndi kukulitsa koyenera, sikunali kovuta kuti mutenge mphamvu ya gitala yamagetsi. Gitala ya bass inasintha nthawi zonse mphamvu ya mphamvu mu gululo: mu gawo la rhythm, pakati pa gulu la mkuwa ndi zida zina.

Woimba nyimbo wa ku Chicago, Dave Myers, atagwiritsa ntchito gitala la bass m'gulu lake, adakhazikitsa mulingo wa de facto wogwiritsa ntchito gitala la bass m'magulu ena. Mchitidwewu unabweretsa mizere yaying'ono yatsopano ku blues scene ndi kuchoka kwa magulu akuluakulu, chifukwa cha kukayikira kwa eni ake a kilabu kulipira malipiro akuluakulu pamene magulu ang'onoang'ono angachite chimodzimodzi ndi ndalama zochepa.

Pambuyo poyambitsa gitala mwachangu chotere mu nyimbo, zidadzetsabe vuto pakati pa oimba nyimbo ziwiri. Ngakhale zabwino zonse zodziwikiratu za chida chatsopanocho, gitala ya bass inalibe mawu omwe amapezeka mu bass awiri. Ngakhale kuti pali "mavuto" a phokoso la chida mumagulu amtundu wa jazz, mwachitsanzo Ndi zida zoimbira zokha, oimba nyimbo zapawiri monga Ron Carter, mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsa ntchito gitala la bass pakafunika. Ndipotu, ambiri "oimba jazz" ambiri monga Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Jack DeJohnette sanatsutse ntchito yake. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, gitala ya bass inayamba kuyenda njira yakeyake ndi oimba akuwulula pang'onopang'ono ndikuitengera ku mlingo watsopano.

Kuyambira pachiyambi…

Gitala yoyamba yodziwika ya bass yamagetsi inapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi woyambitsa Seattle ndi woimba Paul Tutmark, koma sizinali zopambana kwambiri ndipo zomwe zinapangidwazo zinaiwalika. Leo Fender anapanga Precision Bass, yomwe inayamba mu 1951. Zosintha zazing'ono zinapangidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50. Kuyambira pamenepo, zosintha zochepa kwambiri zapangidwa pazomwe zidakhala gawo lamakampani. Precision Bass akadali gitala logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo makope ambiri a chida chodabwitsachi apangidwa ndi opanga ena padziko lonse lapansi.

Zaka zingapo pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa gitala yoyamba ya bass, adapereka ubongo wake wachiwiri kudziko lonse - Jazz Bass. Chinali ndi khosi locheperako, losavuta kuseweredwa komanso zojambula ziwiri, chojambula chimodzi chakumbuyo ndi china pakhosi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ma tonal. Ngakhale dzinali, bass ya Jazz imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumitundu yonse yanyimbo zamakono. Monga Precision, mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe a Jazz Bass asinthidwanso ndi omanga magitala ambiri.

Kuyamba kwa makampani

Osachepera, Gibson adayambitsa zida zazing'ono zokhala ngati violin zomwe zimatha kuyimba molunjika kapena mopingasa. Kenako adapanga mabasi odziwika bwino a EB, pomwe EB-3 idakhala yopambana kwambiri. Kenako kunabwera mabasi otchuka a Thunderbird, omwe anali mabasi awo oyamba okhala ndi sikelo ya 34 ″.

Mzere wina wotchuka wa bass ndi wa kampani ya Music Man, yopangidwa ndi Leo Fender atasiya kampani yomwe ili ndi dzina lake. The Music Man Stingray amadziwika ndi kamvekedwe kake kozama, kobaya komanso kapangidwe kake.

Pali gitala ya bass yolumikizidwa ndi woyimba m'modzi - Hofner Violin Bass, yomwe tsopano imatchedwa Beatle Bass. chifukwa choyanjana ndi Paul McCartney. Woimba komanso wolemba nyimbo wodziwika bwino amayamika bass iyi chifukwa cha kulemera kwake komanso kuthekera kwake kutengera anthu akumanzere. Ndicho chifukwa chake amagwiritsa ntchito bass Hofner ngakhale zaka 50 pambuyo pake. Ngakhale pali mitundu ina yambiri ya gitala ya bass yomwe ilipo, ambiri ndi zitsanzo zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi zojambula zawo.

Kuyambira nthawi ya jazi mpaka masiku oyambirira a rock and roll, mabasi awiri ndi abale ake ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi chitukuko cha jazz ndi rock, komanso chikhumbo chofuna kusuntha kwambiri, kusuntha, kusewera mosavuta, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phokoso la bass yamagetsi, mabasi amagetsi ayamba kutchuka. Kuyambira 1957, pomwe Elvis Presley bassist Bill Black "amapita kumagetsi" ndi mizere yokongola ya bass ya Paul McCartney, zatsopano za psychedelic bass za Jack Bruce, mizere ya jazi ya Jaco Pastorius, mizere yopita patsogolo ya Tony Levine ndi Chris Squire. amafalitsidwa, gitala ya bass yakhala mphamvu yosaimitsidwa. mu nyimbo.

BASS GUITAR PA STUDIO RECORDINGS

M'zaka za m'ma 1960, osewera a bass adakhazikikanso kwambiri m'ma studio. Poyamba, ma bass awiriwa adatchulidwa pa kujambula ndi gitala ya bass, zomwe zinapanga tick-tock effect yomwe opanga amafunika. Nthawi zina, mabasi atatu adagwira nawo ntchito yojambulira: mabasi awiri, Fender Precision ndi Danelectro ya 6. Kuzindikira kutchuka kwa Dano basi , Leo Fender adatulutsa ake Fender Bass VI mu 1961.

Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60, gitala ya bass inkaseweredwa makamaka ndi zala kapena chosankha. Mpaka Larry Graham adayamba kumenya zingwe ndi chala chake chachikulu ndikukokera ndi chala chake. Chatsopano "kugunda ndi kukwapula" njira yoimbira ng'oma inali njira yokha yodzaza kusowa kwa woyimba ng'oma mu gululo. Pomenya chingwecho ndi chala chachikulu, iye ankatsanzira ng’oma ya bass, n’kupanga mbedza ndi chala chake cha mlozera, ng’oma ya msampha.

Patapita nthawi, Stanley Clarke kuphatikiza kalembedwe ka Larry Graham ndi kalembedwe kake ka bassist awiri Scott LaFaro mumayendedwe ake, kukhala woyamba wamkulu bass wosewera mu mbiri ndi Bwererani Kwamuyaya mu 1971.

MAGITA A BASS OCHOKERA KWA ZINTHU ZINA

M'nkhaniyi, tayang'ana mbiri ya gitala ya bass kuyambira pachiyambi chake, zitsanzo zoyesera zomwe zinayesa kuti zikhale zokulirapo, zopepuka, komanso zolondola kwambiri kuposa ma bass awiri asanayambe kukula kwa mabasi a Fender. Zachidziwikire, Fender sanali yekha wopanga magitala a bass. Chida chatsopanocho chitangoyamba kutchuka, opanga zida zoimbira adagwira mafunde ndikuyamba kupereka zomwe akupanga kwa makasitomala.

Höfner adatulutsa gitala yawo yokhala ngati sikelo yaifupi ya bass mu 1955, amangoyitcha kuti  500/1 . Pambuyo pake, chitsanzo ichi chinadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti adasankhidwa kukhala chida chachikulu cha Paul McCartney, woyimba bass wa Beatles. Gibson sanachedwe kumbuyo kwa omwe akupikisana nawo. Koma, zida zonsezi, monga Fender Precision Bass, zimayenera kukhala ndi nkhani ina mkati mwabulogu iyi. Ndipo tsiku lina mudzawerenga za iwo patsamba latsambali!