Wotchedwa Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (wotchedwa Dmitry Bortnyansky) |

Wotchedwa Dmitry Bortnyansky

… Munalemba nyimbo zodabwitsa Ndipo, polingalira za dziko lachisangalalo, Iye anatilembera izo mmawu… Agafangel. Pokumbukira Bortnyansky

D. Bortnyansky ndi mmodzi mwa oimira aluso kwambiri a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha ku Russia cha nthawi ya Glinka isanayambe, yemwe adapambana chikondi chenicheni cha anthu amtundu wake monga wolemba nyimbo, yemwe ntchito zake, makamaka zoimbaimba, zinatchuka kwambiri, komanso monga wopambana. , munthu waluso wambiri wokhala ndi chithumwa chamunthu chosowa. Wolemba ndakatulo wina yemwe sanatchulidwe dzina lake amatchedwa "Orpheus wa Neva River". Cholowa chake chopanga ndi chochulukirapo komanso chosiyanasiyana. Ili ndi mitu pafupifupi 200 - ma opera 6, nyimbo zakwaya zopitilira 100, zipinda zambiri ndi zida zoimbira, zachikondi. Nyimbo za Bortnyansky zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwaluso, kudziletsa, ulemu, kumveka bwino kwachikale, komanso luso lapamwamba lomwe limapangidwa pophunzira nyimbo zamakono zaku Europe. Wotsutsa nyimbo wa ku Russia ndi wolemba nyimbo A. Serov analemba kuti Bortnyansky "anaphunzira pa zitsanzo zofanana ndi Mozart, ndipo anatsanzira Mozart mwiniwakeyo." Komabe, panthawi imodzimodziyo, chinenero cha nyimbo cha Bortnyansky ndi cha dziko, momveka bwino chimakhala ndi nyimbo zachikondi, mawu a nyimbo za ku Ukraine. Ndipo izi sizodabwitsa. Kupatula apo, Bortnyansky ndi Chiyukireniya poyambira.

Unyamata wa Bortnyansky udagwirizana ndi nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri adakwera kumapeto kwa 60-70s. Zaka za zana la XNUMX zidadzutsa magulu opanga dziko. Inali panthaŵi imeneyi pamene sukulu ya akatswiri oimba nyimbo inayamba ku Russia.

Chifukwa cha luso lake lapadera loimba, Bortnyansky anatumizidwa ku Sukulu Yoyimba ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo patatha zaka 2 anatumizidwa ku St. Petersburg ku Khoti Loyimba Chapel. Mwayi kuyambira ubwana unkakonda mnyamata wokongola wanzeru. Anakhala wokondedwa wa Mfumukazi, pamodzi ndi oimba ena nawo zosangalatsa zoimbaimba, zisudzo khoti, misonkhano ya tchalitchi, kuphunzira zinenero zakunja, kuchita. Wotsogolera wa kwaya M. Poltoratsky anaphunzira naye kuimba, ndipo woimba wa ku Italy B. Galuppi - analemba. Pa upangiri wake, mu 1768 Bortnyansky adatumizidwa ku Italy, komwe adakhalako zaka 10. Apa adaphunzira nyimbo za A. Scarlatti, GF Handel, N. Iommelli, ntchito za polyphonists pasukulu ya Venetian, komanso adachita bwino ngati wolemba nyimbo. Ku Italy, "Misa ya ku Germany" inalengedwa, zomwe ziri zosangalatsa kuti Bortnyansky anayambitsa nyimbo zakale za Orthodox mu nyimbo zina, kuzikulitsa mu chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya; komanso 3 opera seria: Creon (1776), Alcides, Quintus Fabius (onse - 1778).

Mu 1779 Bortnyansky anabwerera ku St. Nyimbo zake, zomwe zinaperekedwa kwa Catherine II, zinali zopambana zochititsa chidwi, ngakhale kuti mwachilungamo tisaiwale kuti mfumukaziyi inasiyanitsidwa ndi zotsutsana ndi nyimbo zomwe zimasowa ndipo zinawombera m'manja pokhapokha popempha. Komabe, Bortnyansky adayanjidwa, adalandira mphotho ndi udindo wa mtsogoleri wa gulu la Khothi Loyimba Chapel mu 1783, J. Paisiello atachoka ku Russia, adakhalanso mtsogoleri wa gulu la "bwalo laling'ono" ku Pavlovsk pansi pa wolowa nyumba Pavel ndi ake. mkazi.

Ntchito yosiyanasiyana yoteroyo inasonkhezera nyimbo zamitundu yambiri. Bortnyansky amapanga nyimbo zambiri zoimbaimba, akulemba nyimbo zoimbira - clavier sonatas, ntchito za m'chipinda, amalemba zachikondi pa malemba achi French, ndipo kuyambira m'ma 80s, pamene khoti la Pavlovsk linachita chidwi ndi zisudzo, adapanga zisudzo zitatu zoseketsa: "The Phwando la Seigneur" (1786), "Falcon" (1786), "Rival Son" (1787). "Kukongola kwa masewerawa a Bortnyansky, olembedwa m'malemba Achifalansa, ali mu kuphatikiza kokongola kwachilendo kwa mawu olemekezeka a Chiitaliya ndi languor ya chikondi cha ku France ndi frivolity yakuthwa ya couplet" (B. Asafiev).

Bortnyansky, yemwe anali munthu wophunzira zinthu zambiri, analolera kuchita nawo madzulo a ku Pavlovsk; kenako, mu 1811-16. - adapezeka pamisonkhano ya "Kukambirana kwa okonda mawu a Chirasha", motsogoleredwa ndi G. Derzhavin ndi A. Shishkov, adagwirizana ndi P. Vyazemsky ndi V. Zhukovsky. M'mavesi omalizawo, adalemba nyimbo yakwaya yotchuka "Woyimba mumsasa wa Ankhondo aku Russia" (1812). Kawirikawiri, Bortnyansky anali ndi luso losangalala lolemba nyimbo zowala, zomveka, zopezeka, popanda kugwa mu banality.

Mu 1796, Bortnyansky anasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira ndiyeno mtsogoleri wa Khoti Loyimba Chapel ndipo anakhalabe paudindo uwu mpaka mapeto a masiku ake. M'malo ake atsopano, adatenga mwamphamvu kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zaluso ndi maphunziro. Iye anakweza kwambiri udindo wa oimba, anayambitsa makonsati a anthu Loweruka m’nyumba yopemphereramo, ndipo anakonzekeretsa kwaya ya chapel kutenga nawo mbali m’makonsati. Philharmonic Society, kuyambitsa ntchitoyi ndi sewero la oratorio ya J. Haydn "The Creation of the World" ndikuimaliza mu 1824 ndi kuyamba kwa "Solemn Mass" ya L. Beethoven. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake mu 1815, Bortnyansky adasankhidwa kukhala membala wolemekezeka wa Philharmonic Society. Udindo wake wapamwamba umatsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo lokhazikitsidwa mu 1816, malinga ndi zomwe ntchito za Bortnyansky mwiniwake, kapena nyimbo zomwe adalandira, zinaloledwa kuchitidwa mu tchalitchi.

Mu ntchito yake, kuyambira m'ma 90s, Bortnyansky amaika chidwi chake pa nyimbo zopatulika, pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ma concert ndi ofunika kwambiri. Iwo ndi cyclic, makamaka zigawo zinayi nyimbo. Ena mwa iwo ndi aulemu, chikondwerero m'chilengedwe, koma khalidwe la Bortnyansky - concertos, wosiyanitsidwa ndi ozama lyricism, chiyero wapadera wauzimu, ndi sublimity. Malinga ndi Academician Asafiev, m'nyimbo zakwaya za Bortnyansky "panachitanso chimodzimodzi monga momwe zinalili muzomangamanga zaku Russia panthawiyo: kuchokera ku mitundu yokongoletsera ya baroque kupita kumphamvu komanso kudziletsa - kupita ku classicism."

M'makonsati oimba, Bortnyansky nthawi zambiri amadutsa malire omwe amaperekedwa ndi malamulo a tchalitchi. Mwa iwo, mukhoza kumva kuguba, kuvina, chikoka cha nyimbo za opera, ndi mbali pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zina amafanana ndi mtundu wanyimbo "Russian nyimbo". Nyimbo zopatulika za Bortnyansky zinali zotchuka kwambiri panthawi ya moyo wa wolembayo komanso pambuyo pa imfa yake. Idalembedwera piyano, zeze, kumasuliridwa m'dongosolo la nyimbo za digito kwa akhungu, ndikusindikizidwa nthawi zonse. Komabe, pakati pa akatswiri oimba a m'zaka XIX. panalibe mgwirizano pakuwunika kwake. Panali malingaliro okhudza shuga wake, ndipo nyimbo za Bortnyansky ndi ntchito zinaiwalika kwathunthu. Pokhapokha m'nthawi yathu, makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwapa, nyimbo za woimbayi zabwereranso kwa omvera, zomwe zimamveka m'nyumba za opera, m'mabwalo owonetserako masewero, zikutiululira kukula kwa talente ya woimba wotchuka wa ku Russia, wolemba nyimbo wa ku Russia. Zaka za zana la XNUMX.

O. Averyanova