Bohuslav Martinů |

Bohuslav Martinů

Art nthawi zonse ndi umunthu womwe umagwirizanitsa malingaliro a anthu onse mwa munthu mmodzi. B. Martin

M'zaka zaposachedwa, dzina la wolemba waku Czech B. Martinu latchulidwa kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri apamwamba kwambiri azaka za zana la XNUMX. Martinou ndi woyimba nyimbo wokhala ndi malingaliro obisika komanso andakatulo a dziko lapansi, woyimba wodziwa bwino yemwe ali ndi malingaliro ochuluka. Nyimbo zake zimadziwika ndi utoto wonyezimira wa zithunzi zamtundu wa anthu, komanso sewero lomvetsa chisoni lobadwa ndi zochitika zanthawi yankhondo, komanso kuzama kwa mawu anzeru anyimbo, omwe amawonetsa malingaliro ake pa "mavuto aubwenzi, chikondi ndi imfa. ”

Atatha kupulumuka zovuta za moyo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhala zaka zambiri m'mayiko ena (France, America, Italy, Switzerland), wolemba nyimboyo adasungabe mu moyo wake kukumbukira kwakukulu ndi kolemekeza dziko lakwawo, kudzipereka ku ngodya ya dziko lapansi. kumene adayamba kuona kuwala. Adabadwira m'banja la woyimba belu, wopanga nsapato komanso wokonda zisudzo Ferdinand Martin. Chikumbukirocho chinasunga ziwonetsero za ubwana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsanja yapamwamba ya Tchalitchi cha St. … , nthawi zonse ndimayang'ana ntchito yanga.

Nyimbo za anthu, nthano, zomveka m'banjamo, zimakhazikika kwambiri m'maganizo a wojambula, kudzaza dziko lake lamkati ndi malingaliro enieni ndi ongoganizira, obadwa ndi malingaliro a ana. Iwo anawunikira masamba abwino kwambiri a nyimbo zake, odzazidwa ndi kusinkhasinkha kwa ndakatulo ndi kumveka kwa voliyumu ya malo omveka, mabelu amtundu wa phokoso, kutentha kwa nyimbo za Czech-Moravia. M'chinsinsi cha zongopeka za nyimbo za woimbayo, yemwe adatcha nyimbo yake yomaliza yachisanu ndi chimodzi "Symphonic fantasies", yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yokongola kwambiri, mabodza, malinga ndi G. Rozhdestvensky, "matsenga apaderawa omwe amakopa omvera kuchokera ku mipiringidzo yoyamba ya phokoso la nyimbo zake. "

Koma woipeka amafika pachimake mavumbulutso anyimbo ndi filosofi mu nthawi okhwima za zilandiridwenso. Padzakhalabe zaka zophunzira ku Prague Conservatory, komwe adaphunzira monga woyimba zeze, woyimba ndi kupeka nyimbo (1906-13), maphunziro opindulitsa ndi I. Suk, adzakhala ndi mwayi wosangalala kugwira ntchito m'gulu la oimba otchuka a V V. .Talikh ndi gulu loimba la National Theatre. Posachedwapa adzapita ku Paris kwa nthawi yaitali (1923-41), atalandira maphunziro a boma kuti awonjezere luso lake la kulemba motsogozedwa ndi A. Roussel (amene pa tsiku lake lobadwa la 60 adzanena kuti: “Martin udzakhala ulemerero wanga!” ). Pa nthawiyi, zomwe Martin ankakonda zinali zitadziwika kale mogwirizana ndi mitu ya dziko, komanso maonekedwe a phokoso. Iye ali kale wolemba ndakatulo za symphonic, ballet "Ndani wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi?" (1923), cantata "Czech Rhapsody" (1918), tinyimbo ta mawu ndi piyano. Komabe, zochitika za luso la Paris, zochitika zatsopano mu luso la 20-30s, zomwe zinalemeretsa chikhalidwe chomvera cha woimbayo, yemwe makamaka anatengeka ndi zatsopano za I. Stravinsky ndi French "Six". ”, idakhudza kwambiri mbiri ya Martin yopanga. Apa iye analemba cantata Bouquet (1937) pa malemba Czech wowerengeka, ndi opera Juliette (1937) zochokera chiwembu cha French surrealist playwright J. Neve, neoclassical opus - Concerto grosso (1938), Tricercaras kwa oimba (1938) , ballet yokhala ndi kuyimba kwa "Stripers" (1932), kutengera kuvina kwa anthu, miyambo, nthano, Fifth String Quartet (1938) ndi Concerto yamagulu awiri oimba nyimbo, piyano ndi timpani (1938) ndi chikhalidwe chawo chosokoneza nkhondo isanayambe. . Mu 1941, Martino ndi mkazi wake wa ku France anakakamizika kusamukira ku United States. Wolembayo, yemwe nyimbo zake zinaphatikizidwa mu mapulogalamu awo a S. Koussevitzky, S. Munsch, analandiridwa ndi ulemu woyenera wa maestro otchuka; ndipo ngakhale kuti sizinali zophweka kutenga nawo mbali mu kayimbidwe katsopano ndi moyo, Martin akudutsa mu imodzi mwa magawo olenga kwambiri apa: amaphunzitsa zolemba, amawonjezera chidziwitso chake m'mabuku, filosofi, aesthetics, sayansi yachilengedwe. , psychology, amalemba zolemba zanyimbo ndi zokongola, amalemba zambiri . Malingaliro okonda dziko la wolembayo adawonetsedwa ndi mphamvu yapadera yojambula ndi symphonic requiem "Monument to Lidice" (1943) - ichi ndi yankho ku tsoka la mudzi wa Czech, womwe unawonongedwa ndi chipani cha Nazi.

Zaka 6 zapitazi atabwerera ku Ulaya (1953), Martinu amalenga ntchito zakuya modabwitsa, kuwona mtima ndi nzeru. Zili ndi chiyero ndi kuwala (kuzungulira kwa cantatas pamutu wamtundu wa anthu), kukonzanso kwapadera ndi ndakatulo zamalingaliro anyimbo (oyimba "Miyambi", "Frescoes ndi Piero della Francesca"), mphamvu ndi kuzama kwa malingaliro (the opera "zokonda zachi Greek", oratorios "Mountain of Three Lights" ndi "Gilgamesh"), kuboola, mawu a languid (Concerto for oboe and orchestra, Fourth and Fifth Piano Concertos).

Ntchito ya Martin imadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri yophiphiritsira, yamtundu komanso yamalembedwe, imaphatikiza ufulu woganiza bwino komanso woganiza bwino, wodziwa zinthu zatsopano zanthawi yake komanso kuwunikiranso miyambo, njira zachitukuko komanso mawu okondana kwambiri. Martinu, yemwe ndi wojambula waumunthu, adawona ntchito yake potumikira zolinga zaumunthu.

N. Gavrilova