Nthawi |

m'nyengo (kuchokera ku Chigriki. periodos - bypass, circulation, circulation of time) - mawonekedwe osavuta opangira, omwe ali mbali ya mawonekedwe akuluakulu kapena ali ndi ake. tanthauzo. Ntchito ya Main P. ndikuwonetsa nyimbo zomwe zatha. malingaliro (mitu) mukupanga. nyumba yosungiramo ma homophonic. Kumanani ndi P. dec. zomangamanga. Mmodzi wa iwo angatanthauzidwe ngati wamkulu, wokhazikika. Ichi ndi P., momwe kufananiza kwa ziganizo ziwiri zomwe zimapangidwira kumatuluka. Amayamba chimodzimodzi (kapena ofanana) koma amatha m'njira zosiyanasiyana. cadence, kumaliza mocheperapo m'chiganizo choyamba komanso kukwanira mu chiganizo chachiwiri. Chiŵerengero chofala kwambiri cha ma cadence ndi theka ndi chodzaza. Mapeto a mgwirizano waukulu kumapeto kwa chiganizo choyamba amafanana ndi mapeto a tonic kumapeto kwachiwiri (ndi nthawi yonse). Pali chiŵerengero cha harmonic cha chosavuta chowonadi. kutsatizana, zomwe zimathandiza kuti structural umphumphu wa P. Other ratios of cadences ndizothekanso: wopanda ungwiro - wangwiro wangwiro, etc. Monga kuchotserapo, chiŵerengero cha cadences akhoza kusinthidwa (mwachitsanzo, wangwiro - wopanda ungwiro kapena wodzaza - wosakwanira. ). Pali P. ndi cadence chomwecho. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za harmonica. Mapangidwe a P. - kusinthasintha mu chiganizo chachiwiri, nthawi zambiri molunjika. Izi dynamize mawonekedwe a P.; modulating P. imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chamitundu yayikulu.

Metric imagwiranso ntchito yofunikira. maziko a P. Chitsanzo kwa ambiri (koma osati onse) masitaelo ndi mitundu ya nyimbo European ndi squareness, amene chiwerengero cha mipiringidzo mu P. ndi chiganizo chilichonse ndi wofanana ndi mphamvu ya 2 (4, 8, 16, 32) ). Squareness imabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kosalekeza kwa kumenyedwa kopepuka komanso kolemetsa (kapena, mosiyana, kolemera ndi kopepuka). Mipiringidzo iwiri imagawidwa pawiri ndi ziwiri kukhala mipiringidzo inayi, mipiringidzo inayi kukhala mipiringidzo isanu ndi itatu, ndi zina zotero.

Pamlingo wofanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa, zida zina zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Amapanga P. ngati akugwira ntchito yofanana ndi yaikulu. mtundu, ndipo kusiyana kwa kamangidwe sikudutsa muyeso wakutiwakuti, malingana ndi mtundu ndi kalembedwe ka nyimbo. Zomwe zimafotokozera zamitundu iyi ndi mtundu wa kugwiritsa ntchito muses. zinthu, komanso metric. ndi harmonic. kapangidwe. Mwachitsanzo, chiganizo chachiwiri sichingabwereze choyamba, koma pitirizani, ndiko kuti, kukhala watsopano mu nyimbo. zakuthupi. Oterowo P. adayitana. P. ya mawonekedwe osabwerezabwereza kapena amodzi. Ziganizo ziwiri zosiyana zimaphatikizidwanso m'menemo ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa cadences. Komabe, P. ya dongosolo limodzi silingagawidwe m'masentensi, ndiko kuti, kusakanikirana. Pankhaniyi, mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya P. ikuphwanyidwa. Ndipo komabe yomangayo imakhalabe P., ngati ikufotokozera tanthauzo. zinthu zamutu ndipo zimatenga malo omwewo mu mawonekedwe onse monga okhazikika P. Pomaliza, pali P., wopangidwa ndi ziganizo zitatu zosiyana kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha maphunziro. zinthu (a1 a2 a3; ab1b2; abc, etc.).

Zopatuka pamtundu waukulu wa P. zitha kugwiranso ntchito pa metric. nyumba. Kufanana kwa ziganizo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu kungadulidwe pokulitsa yachiwiri. Umu ndi momwe P. yowonjezera yowonjezera imayambira (4 + 5; 4 + 6; 4 + 7, etc.). Chidule cha chiganizo chachiwiri sichidziwika. Palinso mabwalo, momwe kusakhala ndi squareness sikuchitika chifukwa chogonjetsa squareness choyambirira, koma palokha, monga katundu yemwe ali organic mu nyimbo izi. Osakhala a square P. ndi ofanana, makamaka achi Russia. nyimbo. Chiŵerengero cha chiwerengero cha zozungulira mu nkhani iyi akhoza kukhala osiyana (5 + 5; 5 + 7; 7 + 9, etc.). Kumapeto kwa P., atamaliza. cadence, kuwonjezera kungabwere - zomangamanga kapena zomanga zingapo, molingana ndi muses zake. kutanthauza olumikizana ndi P., koma osadziyimira pawokha. mtengo.

P. nthawi zambiri imabwerezedwa, nthawi zina ndi kusintha kwa malemba. Ngati, komabe, kusintha pakubwereza kumayambitsa chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya harmonic ya P., zomwe zimathera ndi cadence yosiyana kapena mufungulo lina, ndiye kuti si P. ndi kubwereza mobwerezabwereza komwe kumachitika koma dongosolo limodzi la P. Ziganizo ziwiri zovuta za P. ndi ziwiri zomwe kale zinali zosavuta P.

P. anatulukira ku Ulaya. Prof. nyimbo mu nthawi ya chiyambi cha nyumba yosungiramo homophonic, amene m'malo polyphonic (zaka 16-17). Udindo wofunikira pakupangidwa kwake unaseweredwa ndi Nar. ndi zovina zapakhomo. ndi nyimbo ndi kuvina. mitundu. Chifukwa chake chizolowezi cha squareness, chomwe ndi maziko a zovina. nyimbo. Izi zinakhudzanso mtundu wa nyimbo zomwe zimati-va Western-Europe. mayiko - mmenemo., Austrian, Italy, French. nar. nyimboyi imayendetsedwanso ndi squareness. Kwa Chirasha, nyimbo yodziwika bwino ndi yosagwirizana ndi squareness. Chifukwa chake, organic non-squareness ndiyofala mu Russian. nyimbo (MP Mussorgsky, SV Rachmaninov).

P. mu prof. instr. nyimbo nthawi zambiri zimayimira gawo loyambirira la mawonekedwe okulirapo - magawo awiri kapena atatu osavuta. Kungoyamba ndi F. Chopin (Preludes, op. 25) imakhala mawonekedwe odzipangira okha. Wok. nyimbo P. idapambana malo olimba ngati mawonekedwe a vesi munyimbo. Palinso nyimbo zosagwirizana ndi banja komanso zachikondi zolembedwa mu mawonekedwe a P. (chikondi cha SV Rachmaninov "It's Good Here").

Zothandizira: Catuar G., Mtundu wanyimbo, gawo 1, M., 1934, o. 68; Sposobin I., Mtundu wanyimbo, M.-L., 1947; M., 1972, p. 56-94; Skrebkov S., Kusanthula ntchito zanyimbo, M., 1958, p. 49; Mazel L., Kapangidwe ka nyimbo, M., 1960, p. 115; Reuterstein M., Mitundu yanyimbo. Gawo limodzi, magawo awiri ndi magawo atatu, M., 1961; Fomu Yoyimba, ed. Yu. Tyulina, M., 1965 p. 52, 110; Mazel L., Zukkerman V., Kusanthula ntchito zanyimbo, M., 1967, p. 493; Bobrovsky V., Pakusiyana kwa ntchito za mawonekedwe a nyimbo, M., 1970, p. 81; Prout E., Musical form, L., 1893 Ratner LG Einghteenth century theory of musical period structure, "MQ", 1900, v. 17, no 31.

VP Bobrovsky