Kutsanzira |

ku lat. kutsanzira - kutsanzira

Kubwerezabwereza kwenikweni kapena kolakwika m'mawu amodzi a nyimbo nthawi yomweyo isanamveke m'mawu ena. Liwu limene limatchula nyimboyo poyamba limatchedwa koyamba, kapena proposta (Chitaliyana proposta - chiganizo), kubwereza - kutsanzira, kapena risposta (Italian risposta - yankho, kutsutsa).

Ngati, pambuyo polowera kwa risposta, kayendetsedwe ka nyimbo kakupitilirabe mu proposta, kupanga chotsutsana ndi risposta - chotchedwa. kutsutsa, ndiye kuti polyphonic imayamba. nsalu. Ngati proposta imakhala chete panthawi yomwe risposta imalowa kapena imakhala yosasinthika, ndiye kuti nsaluyo imakhala yofanana. Nyimbo yotchulidwa mu proposta ingatsanzidwe motsatizana m’mawu angapo (I, II, III, ndi zina zotero.

WA Mozart. "Canon Yathanzi".

Kawiri ndi katatu I. amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndiko kuti, kutsanzira nthawi imodzi. mawu (kubwereza) kwa zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu:

DD Shostakovich. 24 zoyambira ndi ma fugues a piyano, op. 87, No 4 (fugue).

Ngati risposta imatsanzira gawo lokhalo la proposta, kumene kuwonetserako kunali monophonic, ndiye I. imatchedwa yosavuta. Ngati risposta nthawi zonse imatsanzira zigawo zonse za proposta (kapena 4), ndiye I. imatchedwa canonical (canon, onani chitsanzo choyamba pa p. 505). Risposta imatha kulowa pamlingo uliwonse wamawu. Choncho, I. amasiyana osati nthawi yolowera mawu otsanzira (risposts) - pambuyo pa miyeso imodzi, ziwiri, zitatu, etc. mogwirizana, kumtunda kapena kumunsi kwachiwiri, chachitatu, chachinayi, etc.). Kale kuyambira zaka za zana la 15. kuchulukira kwa I. mu kotala lachisanu, mwachitsanzo, ubale waukulu wa tonic, womwe udakhala waukulu, makamaka mu fugue, umawonekera.

Ndi centralization wa dongosolo ladotonal mu I. wa zimandilimbikitsa kwambiri ubale, otchedwa. njira yoyankhira ma toni yomwe imathandizira kusinthasintha kosalala. Njirayi ikupitilira kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolumikizana.

Pamodzi ndi kuyankha kwa tonal, otchedwa. yaulere I., momwe mawu otsanzira amangosunga zolemba zonse za nyimbo. kujambula kapena kamvekedwe kake ka mutuwo (mwuniwu. I.).

DS Bortnyansky. 32 konsati yauzimu.

I. ndi yofunika kwambiri monga njira yachitukuko, chitukuko cha thematic. zakuthupi. Kutsogolera kukula kwa mawonekedwe, I. nthawi yomweyo zimatsimikizira thematic. (mophiphiritsira) umodzi wathunthu. Kale m'zaka za zana la 13. I. amakhala m'modzi mwa odziwika kwambiri mu prof. nyimbo za njira zowonetsera. Mu Nar. polyphony I., mwachiwonekere, idawuka kale kwambiri, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zolemba zina zomwe zidatsala. M'mitundu yanyimbo ya m'zaka za zana la 13, njira imodzi kapena yina yokhudzana ndi cantus firmus (rondo, kampani, ndiyeno motet ndi misa), zosokoneza zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. ndipo, makamaka, kutsanzira. luso. Ku Netherlands ambuye azaka za 15-16. (J. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres, etc.) kutsanzira. ukadaulo, makamaka ovomerezeka, wafika pachitukuko chachikulu. Kale panthawiyo, pamodzi ndi I. molunjika, I. ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofalitsa:

S. Scheidt. Kusiyanasiyana kwa chorale "Vater unser im Himmelreich".

Anakumananso mumayendedwe obwerera (wosokoneza), momveka bwino. onjezerani (mwachitsanzo, ndi kuwirikiza nthawi ya mawu onse) ndi kuchepetsa.

Kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa zaka za m'ma 16 malowo adakhala ndi zosavuta I. Anapambananso motsanzira. mawonekedwe a zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18. (canzones, motets, ricercars, misa, fugues, zongopeka). Kusankhidwa kwa I. yosavuta kunali, pamlingo wina, kukhudzidwa ndi chidwi chochuluka cha ovomerezeka. luso. Ndikofunikira kuti I. mumayendedwe obwerera (wosokonekera), ndi zina zotere sizinazindikiridwe ndi khutu kapena zimangowoneka movutikira.

Kufikira m'masiku a ulamuliro wa JS Bach. maudindo, mafomu otsanzira (makamaka fugue) mu nyengo zotsatila monga mafomu odziyimira pawokha. prod. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, koma kulowa mumitundu yayikulu ya homophonic, kusinthidwa kutengera mtundu wa mutuwo, mawonekedwe ake amtundu, komanso lingaliro lenileni la ntchitoyi.

V. Ayi. Shebalin. Chingwe Quartet No 4, chomaliza.

Zothandizira: Sokolov HA, Kutsanzira pa cantus firmus, L., 1928; Skrebkov S., Buku la polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; Grigoriev S. ndi Mueller T., Buku la polyphony, M., 1961, 1969; Protopopov V., Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. (Nkhani 2), Zakale za ku Western Europe za m'zaka za XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Mazel L., Pa njira zopangira chilankhulo cha nyimbo zamakono, "SM", 1965, No. 6,7,8.

TF Müller