Claudio Monteverdi (Claudio Monteverdi) |

Claudio Monteverdi

Monteverdi. Cantate Domino

Monteverdi amateteza ufulu wakumverera ndi ufulu mu nyimbo. Ngakhale kuti otsutsa malamulowa akutsutsa, amathyola maunyolo omwe nyimbo zadziphatika, ndipo akufuna kuti zitsatire zofuna za mtima kuyambira tsopano. R. Rollan

Ntchito ya woyimba nyimbo za opera waku Italy C. Monteverdi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri pachikhalidwe chanyimbo chazaka za zana la XNUMX. Chifukwa cha chidwi chake mwa munthu, muzokonda zake ndi zowawa zake, Monteverdi ndi wojambula weniweni wa Renaissance. Palibe m'modzi mwa olemba a nthawiyo omwe adakwanitsa kufotokozera mu nyimbo zomvetsa chisoni, kumverera kwa moyo mwanjira yotere, kuyandikira kumvetsetsa chowonadi chake, kuwulula chikhalidwe choyambirira cha anthu mwanjira yotere.

Monteverdi anabadwira m'banja la dokotala. Maphunziro ake oimba anatsogoleredwa ndi M. Ingenieri, woimba wodziwa bwino, wotsogolera gulu la Cremona Cathedral. Anapanga njira ya polyphonic ya woimba wamtsogolo, adamuwonetsa ku nyimbo zabwino kwambiri zakwaya ndi G. Palestrina ndi O. Lasso. Moiteverdi anayamba kulemba molawirira. Kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1580. zosonkhanitsira woyamba wa mawu polyphonic ntchito (madrigals, motets, cantatas) anafalitsidwa, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi izi anakhala wopeka wotchuka mu Italy, membala wa Academy of Site Cecilia ku Rome. Kuyambira 1590, Monteverdi adatumikira m'bwalo lamilandu la Duke of Mantua (poyamba ngati membala wa oimba ndi woyimba, kenako ngati wotsogolera gulu). Lush, khoti lolemera Vincenzo Gonzaga adakopa luso labwino kwambiri panthawiyo. Mwachidziwitso chonse, Monteverdi akhoza kukumana ndi wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu wa ku Italy T. Tasso, wojambula wa Flemish P. Rubens, mamembala a Florentine camerata wotchuka, olemba ma operas oyambirira - J. Peri, O. Rinuccini. Potsagana ndi Mtsogoleriyo pa maulendo afupipafupi ndi magulu ankhondo, wolemba nyimboyo anapita ku Prague, Vienna, Innsbruck, ndi Antwerp. Mu February 1607, opera yoyamba ya Monteverdi, Orpheus (libretto yolembedwa ndi A. Strigio), inachitidwa bwino kwambiri ku Mantua. Monteverdi adatembenuza sewero laubusa lokonzekera zikondwerero zanyumba yachifumu kukhala sewero lenileni la kuzunzika ndi tsoka la Orpheus, lonena za kukongola kosafa kwa luso lake. (Monteverdi ndi Striggio anasungabe tanthauzo lomvetsa chisoni la chiphunzitso cha nthano - Orpheus, akuchoka mu ufumu wa akufa, akuphwanya chiletsocho, akuyang'ana mmbuyo pa Eurydice ndikumutaya kosatha.) "Orpheus" amasiyanitsidwa ndi chuma chambiri chodabwitsa kwa oyambirira. ntchito. Kulengeza momveka bwino komanso cantilena yayikulu, kwaya ndi ma ensembles, ballet, gawo lotukuka la okhestra limapereka lingaliro lozama kwambiri. Chithunzi chimodzi chokha kuchokera ku opera yachiwiri ya Monteverdi, Ariadne (1608), yomwe yakhalapo mpaka lero. Ili ndi liwu lodziwika bwino la "Maliro a Ariadne" ("Ndisiye ndife ..."), lomwe lidakhala ngati choyimira chalamento arias (arias of complaint) mu zisudzo za ku Italy. (Kulira kwa Ariadne kumadziwika m'matembenuzidwe awiri - mawu a solo ndi mawonekedwe a madrigal amawu asanu.)

Mu 1613, Monteverdi anasamukira ku Venice ndipo mpaka mapeto a moyo wake anakhalabe mu utumiki wa Kapellmeister mu Cathedral of St. Mark. Moyo wolemera wanyimbo wa Venice unatsegula mwayi watsopano kwa woimbayo. Monteverdi amalemba ma operas, ballets, interludes, madrigals, nyimbo za tchalitchi ndi zikondwerero za khothi. Imodzi mwa ntchito zoyambirira za zaka izi ndi zochitika zochititsa chidwi "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" zochokera mu ndakatulo "Jerusalem Liberated" ndi T. Tasso, kuphatikiza kuwerenga (gawo la Wofotokozera), akuchita (the Magawo obwereza a Tancred ndi Clorinda) ndi gulu loimba lomwe limawonetsa mayendedwe a duel, limawulula momwe zochitikazo zimamvekera. Pokhudzana ndi "Duel" Monteverdi analemba za kalembedwe katsopano ka concitato (wokondwa, wokwiya), kusiyanitsa ndi "zofewa, zochepetsetsa" zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo.

Ambiri mwa madrigals a Monteverdi amasiyanitsidwanso ndi mawonekedwe awo omveka bwino, ochititsa chidwi (chomaliza, chachisanu ndi chitatu cha madrigals, 1638, chinapangidwa ku Venice). Mu mtundu uwu wa nyimbo zama polyphonic, kalembedwe ka wolembayo adapangidwa, ndipo kusankha njira zowonetsera kunachitika. Chilankhulo cha harmonic cha madrigals ndichoyambirira kwambiri (kufananitsa kwa tonal molimba mtima, chromatic, chords dissonant, etc.). Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1630 - koyambirira kwa 40s. ntchito ya Monteverdi ikufika pachimake ("Kubwerera kwa Ulysses kudziko lakwawo" - 1640, "Adonis" - 1639, "Ukwati wa Aeneas ndi Lavinia" - 1641; masewero a 2 otsiriza sanasungidwe).

Mu 1642 Monteverdi's The Coronation of Poppea inachitikira ku Venice (libretto ndi F. Businello yochokera ku Tacitus' Annals). Opera yotsiriza ya wolemba zaka 75 wakhala pachimake chenicheni, zotsatira za njira yake yolenga. Anthu enieni, enieni a mbiri yakale amachitiramo - mfumu ya Roma Nero, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi wochenjera komanso wankhanza, mphunzitsi wake - wafilosofi Seneca. Zambiri mu The Coronation zimasonyeza kufanana ndi masoka a katswiri wamakono wa wolemba, W. Shakespeare. Kutseguka ndi kuchulukira kwa zilakolako, zakuthwa, zowonadi za "Shakespearean" zamasewera apamwamba komanso amtundu, nthabwala. Kotero, kutsanzikana kwa Seneca kwa ophunzira - mapeto omvetsa chisoni a oaera - m'malo mwa kuphatikizika mokondwera kwa tsamba ndi mdzakazi, ndiyeno chiwombankhanga chenicheni chimayamba - Nero ndi anzake amanyoza mphunzitsiyo, amakondwerera imfa yake.

"Lamulo lake lokha ndilo moyo," R. Rolland analemba za Monteverdi. Ndi kulimba mtima kwa zomwe atulukira, ntchito ya Monteverdi inali patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawi yake. Wolembayo adawoneratu tsogolo lakutali kwambiri la zisudzo zanyimbo: zenizeni za sewero la operatic lolembedwa ndi WA ​​Mozart, G. Verdi, M. Mussorgsky. Mwina ndicho chifukwa chake tsogolo la ntchito zake linali lodabwitsa. Kwa zaka zambiri iwo sanaiŵale ndipo anakhalanso ndi moyo m’nthaŵi yathu yokha.

I. Okhalova

Mwana wa dokotala komanso wamkulu mwa abale asanu. Anaphunzira nyimbo ndi MA Ingenieri. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu adasindikiza Spiritual Melodies, mu 1587 - buku loyamba la madrigals. Mu 1590, ku khoti la Duke wa Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga anakhala violist ndi woimba, ndiye mtsogoleri wa chapel. Amatsagana ndi Duke ku Hungary (panthawi ya kampeni yaku Turkey) ndi Flanders. Mu 1595 anakwatira woimba Claudia Cattaneo, yemwe adzamupatsa ana atatu; adzafa mu 1607 atangopambana chigonjetso cha Orpheus. Kuyambira 1613 - udindo wa moyo wonse wa mutu wa chapel mu Republic Venetian; kupangidwa kwa nyimbo zopatulika, mabuku otsiriza a madrigals, ntchito zochititsa chidwi, makamaka zotayika. Cha m’ma 1632 iye anatenga unsembe.

Ntchito yogwira ntchito ya Monteverdi ili ndi maziko olimba kwambiri, pokhala chipatso cha zochitika zakale popanga madrigals ndi nyimbo zopatulika, mitundu yomwe mbuye wa Cremonese adapeza zotsatira zosayerekezeka. Magawo akuluakulu a ntchito yake yamasewero - osachepera, malinga ndi zomwe zafika kwa ife - zikuwoneka kuti ndi nthawi ziwiri zodziwika bwino: Mantua kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana ndi Venetian, yomwe imagwera pakati.

Mosakayikira, "Orpheus" ndi mawu ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Italy a kalembedwe ka mawu komanso kochititsa chidwi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kufunika kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zisudzo, kuchulukirachulukira kwa zotsatira, kuphatikiza nyimbo zoyimba, zoyimba, zoyimba komanso zoyimba, momwe nyimbo ya Florentine (yomwe imalemeretsedwa ndi kukhumudwa) ikuwoneka kuti ikulimbana ndi zoyimba zambiri za madrigal, kotero kuti kuyimba. Orpheus ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba kwambiri cha mpikisano wawo.

M'ma opera otsiriza a nthawi ya Venetian, yomwe inalembedwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu pambuyo pake, munthu akhoza kumva kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa stylistic komwe kunachitika mu melodrama ya ku Italy (makamaka pambuyo pa maluwa a sukulu ya Roma) ndi kusintha kofananira kwa njira zowonetsera, zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa. ndi kuphatikizidwa ndi ufulu waukulu munsalu yotakata kwambiri, ngakhale yolowerera. Zolemba zamakwaya zimachotsedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, kuwuka ndi kubwereza kumaphatikizidwa mosinthasintha komanso mogwira ntchito kutengera zosowa za sewero, pomwe mitundu ina, yotukuka kwambiri komanso yofananira, yokhala ndi mayendedwe omveka bwino, imalowetsedwa muzojambula zamasewera, kuyembekezera njira yotsatira yodziyimira yokha. chinenero cha opaleshoni, mawu oyambira, titero kunena kwake, zitsanzo zokhazikika ndi ziwembu, zosagwirizana ndi zofuna zosintha nthawi zonse za zokambirana za ndakatulo.

Komabe, Monteverdi, ndithudi, sanatenge chiopsezo chochoka ku malemba a ndakatulo, popeza nthawi zonse anali woona ku malingaliro ake okhudza chikhalidwe ndi cholinga cha nyimbo monga mtumiki wa ndakatulo, kuthandiza womalizayo luso lake lapadera lofotokozera. malingaliro aumunthu.

Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti ku Venice wolembayo adapeza malo abwino a libretto okhala ndi ziwembu zakale zomwe zidapita patsogolo pakusaka "chowonadi", kapena, mulimonse, ndi ziwembu zomwe zimathandizira kafukufuku wamaganizidwe.

Chosaiwalika ndi opera yaing'ono ya Monteverdi ya "The Duel of Tancred ndi Clorinda" ku malemba a Torquato Tasso - makamaka, madrigal mu kalembedwe kazithunzi; ataikidwa m’nyumba ya Count Girolamo Mocenigo paphwando la chikondwerero cha 1624, iye anasangalatsa omvetsera, “kutsala pang’ono kugwetsa misozi yake.” Ichi ndi chisakanizo cha oratorio ndi ballet (zochitika zimawonetsedwa mu pantomime), momwe wolemba wamkulu amakhazikitsa kulumikizana kwapafupi, kosalekeza komanso kolondola pakati pa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo mumayendedwe omveka bwino kwambiri. Chitsanzo chachikulu kwambiri cha ndakatulo chomwe chimayikidwa ku nyimbo, pafupifupi nyimbo zokambitsirana, "Duel" imaphatikizapo zozizwitsa ndi zozizwitsa, nthawi zachinsinsi komanso zachikazi zomwe phokoso limakhala pafupifupi mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira. Pamapeto pake, mndandanda wamagulu ang'onoang'ono umasanduka "waikulu" wonyezimira, momwe kusinthika kumafika kumapeto popanda kamvekedwe kofunikira, pamene liwu limapanga cadenza pa cholemba chomwe sichinaphatikizidwe mu chord, kuyambira panthawiyi. chithunzi cha dziko losiyana, latsopano limatseguka. Kuwala kwa Clorinda wakufa kumatanthauza chisangalalo.

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)