Kutsekeredwa |

italo. ritardo; German Vorhalt, French ndi English. kuyimitsidwa

Phokoso lopanda phokoso lomwe limachedwetsa kulowa kwa chord note yoyandikana nayo. Pali mitundu iwiri ya Z.: yokonzekera (phokoso la Z. limakhalabe kuchokera ku nyimbo yapitayi mu liwu lomwelo kapena likuphatikizidwa mu nyimbo yapitayi mu liwu lina) ndi losakonzekera (phokoso la Z. palibe mu nyimbo yapitayi; amatchedwanso apodjatura). Yophika Z. ili ndi mphindi zitatu: kukonzekera, Z. ndi chilolezo, chosakonzekera - ziwiri: Z. ndi chilolezo.

Palestrina. Motet.

PI Tchaikovsky. 4 symphony, kayendedwe II.

Kukonzekera kwa Z. kungathenso kuchitidwa ndi phokoso lopanda phokoso (monga ngati mwa Z.). Zosakonzekera Z. nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe odutsa kapena othandizira (monga mu 2 note) phokoso lomwe linagwera pa kugunda kolemera kwa muyeso. Phokoso la Z. limathetsedwa ndikusuntha sekondi yayikulu kapena yaying'ono pansi, yaying'ono komanso (kawirikawiri) yachiwiri mmwamba. Kutsimikiza kutha kuchedwetsedwa poyambitsa mawu ena pakati pake ndi Z. - chord kapena non-chord.

Nthawi zambiri pali otchedwa. kawiri (m'mawu awiri) ndi katatu (m'mawu atatu) Z. Kukonzekera kawiri Z. kungapangidwe muzochitikazo pamene, posintha mgwirizano, mawu awiri amapita ku sekondi yaikulu kapena yaying'ono - kumbali imodzi (mofanana magawo atatu kapena anayi) kapena mbali zosiyana. Ndi Z. yokonzedwa katatu, mawu awiri amasunthira mbali imodzi, ndipo yachitatu mbali ina, kapena mawu onse atatu amapita mbali imodzi (zofanana zachisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zinayi za sextakhords). Mbewu zosakonzekera ziwiri ndi zitatu sizimangika ndi mapangidwe awa. Mabasi akuchedwa kawiri ndi katatu nthawi zambiri samakhudzidwa ndipo amakhalabe m'malo mwake, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha kusintha kwa mgwirizano. Kawiri ndi katatu z. sizingathetsedwe nthawi imodzi, koma mosinthana ndi decomp. mavoti; Kuwongolera kwa mawu ochedwetsedwa m'mawu aliwonse kumatengera malamulo omwewo monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa Z imodzi. Chifukwa cha metric yake. udindo pa gawo lamphamvu, Z., makamaka osakonzekera, ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa harmonic. ofukula; mothandizidwa ndi Z., ma consonances omwe sanaphatikizidwe mu classical angapangidwe. nyimbo (monga chachinayi ndi chachisanu). Z. (monga lamulo, okonzeka, kuphatikizapo kawiri ndi katatu) ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu nthawi ya polyphony ya kulemba okhwima. Pambuyo chivomerezo cha homophony Z. mu kutsogolera chapamwamba liwu unapanga mbali yofunika ya otchedwa. kalembedwe kolimba (zaka za zana la 18); Z. zotere nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi "kuusa moyo". L. Beethoven, kuyesetsa kuti nyimbo zake zikhale zosavuta, zokhwima komanso zachimuna, adachepetsa dala kugwiritsa ntchito Z. Ofufuza ena adalongosola mbali iyi ya nyimbo ya Beethoven ndi mawu akuti "nyimbo zamtheradi".

Mawu akuti Z. mwachiwonekere adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi G. Zarlino m'mabuku ake Le istitutioni harmoniche, 1558, p. 197. Z. panthaŵiyo anamasuliridwa ngati phokoso losamveka, lofuna kukonzekera koyenera ndi kutsika kosalala. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 16-17. Kukonzekera kwa Z. sikunalinso kovomerezeka. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 17 Z. akuonedwa mowonjezereka ngati gawo la chord, ndipo chiphunzitso cha Z. chikuphatikizidwa mu sayansi ya mgwirizano (makamaka kuyambira zaka za zana la 18). Nyimbo "zosathetsedwa" m'mbiri yakale zidakonza imodzi mwamitundu yatsopano yazaka za zana la 20. (makonsonanti okhala ndi mawu owonjezera, kapena ambali).

Zothandizira: Chevalier L., Mbiri ya Chiphunzitso cha Chigwirizano, Trans. kuchokera ku French, Moscow, 1931; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Njira yothandiza yogwirizana, gawo II, M., 1935 (gawo 1); Guiliemus Monachus, De preceptis artis musice et practice compendiosus, libellus, in Coussemaker E. de, Scriptorum de musica medii-aevi…, t. 3, XXIII, Hlldesheim, 1963, p. 273-307; Zarlino G., Le institutioni harmonice. Chithunzi cha 1558 Venice edition, NY, 1965, 3 parte, cap. 42, p. 195-99; Riemann H. Geschichte der Musiktheorie mu IX-XIX. Jahrh., Lpz., 1898; Piston W., Harmony, NY, 1941; Chominski JM, Historia harmonii ndi kontrapunktu, t. 1-2, Kr., 1958-62.

Yu. H. Kholopov