Franz Lehar |

Franz Lehár

Wolemba nyimbo waku Hungary ndi wokonda. Mwana wa wopeka nyimbo ndi bandmaster wa gulu lankhondo. Lehar adapita (kuyambira 1880) ku National Music School ku Budapest ngati wophunzira wa sekondale. Mu 1882-88 anaphunzira violin ndi A. Bennewitz ku Prague Conservatory, ndi maphunziro a theoretical ndi JB Förster. Anayamba kulemba nyimbo m'zaka zake za ophunzira. Nyimbo zoyambirira za Lehar zidavomerezedwa ndi A. Dvorak ndi I. Brahms. Kuchokera mu 1888 iye ankagwira ntchito monga violinist-companist wa oimba a ogwirizana zisudzo Barmen-Elberfeld, ndiye ku Vienna. Kubwerera ku dziko lakwawo, kuyambira 1890 iye anagwira ntchito monga bandmaster m'magulu oimba osiyanasiyana asilikali. Analemba nyimbo zambiri, kuvina ndi maulendo (kuphatikizapo maulendo otchuka operekedwa ku nkhonya ndi waltz "Golide ndi Siliva"). Anapeza kutchuka atasewera ku Leipzig mu 1896 opera "Cuckoo" (wotchedwa ngwazi; kuchokera ku moyo wa ku Russia mu nthawi ya Nicholas Woyamba; mu kope lachiwiri - "Tatiana"). Kuyambira 2 anali regimental bandmaster ku Vienna, kuyambira 1899 anali wochititsa wachiwiri wa Theatre an der Wien. Kuwonetsera kwa operetta "Akazi a Viennese" mu zisudzo izi kunayamba "Viennese" - nthawi yaikulu ya ntchito ya Lehar.

Adalemba ma operetta opitilira 30, omwe amapambana kwambiri The Merry Widow, The Count of Luxembourg, ndi Gypsy Love. Ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Lehar zimadziwika ndi kuphatikizika mwaluso kwa nyimbo zaku Austrian, Serbian, Slovak ndi nyimbo zina ndi zovina ("The Basket Weaver" - "Der Rastelbinder", 1902) ndi nyimbo za Hungarian szardas, Hungarian ndi Tyrolean. Ena mwa operetta a Lehar amaphatikiza zovina zaposachedwa zaku America, ma cancans ndi ma waltzes a Viennese; mu operettas angapo, nyimbo zimamangidwa pamayendedwe a Chiromania, Chitaliyana, Chifalansa, Chisipanishi, komanso nyimbo zachipolishi zovina ("Blue Mazurka"); "Asilavo" ena amakumananso (mu opera "The Cuckoo", "Dances of the Blue Marquise", operettas "The Merry Widow" ndi "The Tsarevich").

Komabe, ntchito ya Lehar imachokera ku mawu achi Hungary ndi ma rhythm. Nyimbo za Lehár ndizosavuta kukumbukira, zikulowa, zimadziwika ndi "nzeru", koma sizipitilira kukoma kokoma. Malo apakati mu operettas a Lehar amakhala ndi waltz, komabe, mosiyana ndi mawu opepuka a ma waltzes a classical Viennese operetta, ma waltzes a Lehar amadziwika ndi kugunda kwamanjenje. Lehar adapeza njira zatsopano zowonetsera ma operetta ake, adadziwa bwino kuvina kwatsopano (pofika pamasiku a operettas munthu akhoza kukhazikitsa maonekedwe a zovina zosiyanasiyana ku Ulaya). Ambiri operettas Legar anasintha mobwerezabwereza, kusinthidwa libretto ndi chinenero nyimbo, ndipo iwo anapita zaka zosiyanasiyana m'mabwalo osiyana ndi mayina osiyanasiyana.

Lehar ankakonda kwambiri kuyimba, nthawi zambiri ankayambitsa zida zamtundu, kuphatikizapo. balalaika, mandolin, zinganga, tarogato kutsindika kukoma kwa dziko la nyimbo. Chida chake ndi chochititsa chidwi, cholemera komanso chokongola; chikoka cha G. Puccini, amene Lehar anali naye ubwenzi waukulu, zambiri zimakhudza; Mikhalidwe yofanana ndi verismo, ndi zina zotero, imawonekeranso mu ziwembu ndi zilembo za heroines (mwachitsanzo, Eva kuchokera ku operetta "Eva" ndi wogwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe mwiniwake wa fakitale amagwera m'chikondi).

Ntchito ya Lehar makamaka idatsimikiza kalembedwe ka operetta yatsopano ya Viennese, momwe malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi adatengedwa ndi nthabwala zanyimbo zatsiku ndi tsiku komanso sewero lanyimbo, lokhala ndi zinthu zachifundo. Pofuna kubweretsa operetta kufupi ndi zisudzo, Legar amakulitsa mikangano yochititsa chidwi, amakulitsa manambala anyimbo pafupifupi machitidwe opangira, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma leitmotifs ("Pomaliza, ndekha!", etc.). Zinthu izi, zomwe zidafotokozedwa kale mu Gypsy Love, zidawonekera makamaka mu operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; Lehar mwiniwake adamuwona ngati wachikondi), The Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) Otsutsa amakono otchedwa Lehár's lyrical. operettas "legariades". Lehar mwiniwake adamutcha "Friederike" (kuchokera ku moyo wa Goethe, ndi manambala a nyimbo mpaka ndakatulo zake) nyimbo.

Sh. Kalosh

Ferenc (Franz) Lehar anabadwa pa Epulo 30, 1870 m'tauni ya Hungary ya Kommorne m'banja la mtsogoleri wankhondo. Nditamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory ku Prague ndi zaka zingapo ntchito monga violinist zisudzo ndi woimba asilikali, anakhala wochititsa Vienna Theatre An der Wien (1902). Kuyambira zaka za ophunzira, Legar samasiya lingaliro la gawo la wolembayo. Amapanga ma waltzes, maulendo, nyimbo, sonatas, ma concertos a violin, koma koposa zonse amakopeka ndi zisudzo za nyimbo. Ntchito yake yoyamba yoimba ndi yochititsa chidwi inali opera Cuckoo (1896) yochokera ku nkhani ya moyo wa anthu a ku Russia omwe anagwidwa ukapolo, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi mzimu wa sewero lokhazikika. Nyimbo za "Cuckoo" ndi chiyambi chake choyimba komanso nyimbo ya Slavic ya melancholic inakopa chidwi cha V. Leon, wolemba mafilimu wodziwika bwino komanso mtsogoleri wa Vienna Karl-Theater. The woyamba olowa ntchito ya Lehar ndi Leon - operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) mu chikhalidwe cha Slovakia sewero lanthabwala wowerengeka ndi operetta "Viennese Women" anachita pafupifupi nthawi imodzi ndi izo, anabweretsa kutchuka kwa wolemba monga wolowa Johann Strauss.

Malinga ndi Legar, adabwera ku mtundu watsopano kwa iye yekha, sadziwa konse. Koma umbuli unasandulika phindu: "Ndinatha kupanga kalembedwe kanga ka operetta," wolembayo anatero. Kalembedwe kameneka kanapezeka mu The Merry Widow (1905) ku libretto ya V. Leon ndi L. Stein kutengera sewero la A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Zachilendo za The Merry Widow zimalumikizidwa ndi kutanthauzira kwanyimbo komanso kochititsa chidwi kwa mtunduwo, kuzama kwa otchulidwa, komanso kukhudzika kwamaganizidwe pazochitikazo. Legar akuti: "Ndikuganiza kuti operetta yongoseweredwa ilibe chidwi ndi anthu masiku ano ... <...> Cholinga changa ndikupangitsa kuti operetta akhale olemekezeka." Ntchito yatsopano mu sewero lanyimbo imapezedwa ndi kuvina, komwe kumatha kusintha mawu a solo kapena duet. Pomaliza, njira zatsopano zamalembedwe zimakopa chidwi - chithumwa cha ma melos, zokopa zoyimba (monga glissando ya zeze kuwirikiza mzere wa zitoliro kukhala gawo lachitatu), zomwe, malinga ndi otsutsa, ndizodziwika bwino pamasewera amakono ndi symphony, koma palibe njira ya operetta nyimbo.

Mfundo zomwe zidapangidwa mu The Merry Widow zidapangidwa m'mabuku otsatira a Lehar. Kuchokera mu 1909 mpaka 1914, adapanga ntchito zomwe zimapanga zamtundu wamtunduwu. Ofunika kwambiri ndi The Princely Child (1909), The Count of Luxembourg (1909), Gypsy Love (1910), Eva (1911), Alone at Last! (1914). Mu atatu oyambirira a iwo, mtundu wa neo-Viennese operetta wopangidwa ndi Lehar potsiriza anakonza. Kuyambira ndi The Count of Luxembourg, maudindo a otchulidwawo amakhazikitsidwa, njira zowonetsera kusiyanitsa chiŵerengero cha mapulani a masewero a nyimbo - nyimbo-zochititsa chidwi, zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka - zimapangidwa. Mutuwo ukukulirakulira, ndipo ndi iwo phale ladziko likulemeretsedwa: "Mwana Wachifumu", komwe, molingana ndi chiwembucho, kukoma kwa Balkan kumafotokozedwa, kumaphatikizanso zinthu za nyimbo zaku America; chikhalidwe cha Viennese-Parisian cha The Count of Luxembourg chimatenga utoto wa Asilavo (pakati pa anthu olemekezeka a ku Russia); Chikondi cha Gypsy ndiye nyimbo yoyamba ya "Hungary" ya Lehar.

M'ntchito ziwiri zazaka izi, zizolowezi zafotokozedwa zomwe zidafotokozedwa bwino pambuyo pake, mu nthawi yomaliza ya ntchito ya Lehar. "Chikondi cha Gypsy", pazochitika zonse za sewero lake lanyimbo, zimapereka kutanthauzira kosamveka bwino kwa zilembo za otchulidwawo ndi mfundo zachiwembu zomwe zimasintha pamlingo wina wa chikhalidwe cha operetta. Lehar akugogomezera izi pomupatsa dzina lapadera la mtundu - "romantic operetta". Kuyanjana ndi aesthetics ya zisudzo zachikondi kumawonekera kwambiri mu operetta "Pomaliza Yekha!". Kupatuka kwa ma canon amtundu kumatsogolera pano kukusintha kosaneneka pamapangidwe okhazikika: gawo lonse lachiwiri la ntchitoyi ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha duet, chopanda zochitika, chochepa pang'onopang'ono pakukula kwachitukuko, chodzazidwa ndi kumverera kwanyimbo-kulingalira. Zochitikazo zimachitikira kumbuyo kwa malo a alpine, nsonga za mapiri okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, ndipo m'kapangidwe ka sewerolo, zigawo za mawu zimasinthana ndi zithunzi zokongola komanso zofotokozera za symphonic. Otsutsa a Contemporary Lehar adatcha ntchitoyi "Tristan" ya operetta.

M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1920, nthawi yomaliza ya ntchito ya woimba inayamba, yomwe inatha ndi Giuditta, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1934. (Zowonadi, nyimbo zomaliza za Lehar ndi siteji inali opera The Wandering Singer, kukonzanso kwa operetta Gypsy Love, yomwe idachitika mu 1943 motsogozedwa ndi Budapest Opera House.)

Lehár anamwalira pa October 20, 1948.

Ma operetta ochedwa a Lehar amatsogolera kutali ndi chitsanzo chomwe iye mwini adachipanga kale. Palibenso mathero osangalatsa, chiyambi cha nthabwala chatsala pang'ono kuthetsedwa. Mwa mtundu wawo, awa si nthabwala, koma sewero lanyimbo lachikondi. Ndipo mu nyimbo, iwo amakokera ku nyimbo ya opareshoni dongosolo. Chiyambi cha ntchitozi ndi chachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti adalandira dzina lapadera la mtundu m'mabuku - "legariads". Izi zikuphatikizapo "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - operetta yomwe imatiuza za tsoka la mwana wa Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - pamtima pa chiwembu chake ndi chikondi. wa Goethe wamng'ono wa mwana wamkazi wa m'busa wa Sesenheim Friederike Brion , "Chinese" operetta "Land of Smiles" (1929) kutengera "Jacket Yellow" ya Leharov, "Spanish" "Giuditta", chitsanzo chakutali cha zomwe zitha kukhala "Carmen". Koma ngati chilinganizo chochititsa chidwi cha The Merry Widow ndi zolemba zotsatizana ndi Lehar za m'ma 1910 zidakhala, m'mawu a wolemba mbiri wamtundu B. Grun, "njira yopambana ya chikhalidwe chonse cha siteji", ndiye kuti zoyeserera za Lehar sizinapitirire. . Iwo anasanduka mtundu woyesera; alibe kukongola koteroko mwa kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zolengedwa zake zakale zidapatsidwa.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Zolemba:

kuimba - Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; pansi pa dzina la Tatiana, 1905, Brno), alireza – Viennese akazi (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), Comic ukwati (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Merry mkazi wamasiye (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), Mwamuna ndi akazi atatu ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Count of Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxembourg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Gypsy Love (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), Mkazi wabwino (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), Pomaliza, yekha! (Endlich allein, 1923, kope lachiwiri Dziko lokongola bwanji! – Schön ist die Welt!, 1914, Vienna), Where the lark singt (Wo die Lerche singt, 2, Vienna and Budapest, 1930, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Die blaue Mazur, 1918, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad), Mfumukazi ya Tango (Die Tangokönigin, 1920, Vienna), Frasquita (1925, Vienna), jekete la Yellow (Die gelbe Jacke, 1921, Vienna, 1922, Leningrad Land, ndi libre yatsopano a Smiles - Das Land des Lächelns, 1923, Berlin), etc., singshpils, operettas kwa ana; za orchestra - kuvina, kuguba, ma concerto 2 a violin ndi orchestra, ndakatulo ya symphonic ya mawu ndi orchestra Fever (Fieber, 1917), za piyano -masewera, nyimbo, nyimbo zowonetsera zisudzo.