Lira |

Greek λύρα, lat. lyra

1) Nyimbo za zingwe zachi Greek zakale. chida. Thupi ndi lathyathyathya, lozungulira; Poyamba anapangidwa kuchokera ku chigoba cha kamba ndipo ankakhala ndi nembanemba kuchokera ku chikopa cha ng'ombe, kenako chinapangidwa ndi matabwa. M'mbali mwa thupi pali zingwe ziwiri zokhotakhota (zopangidwa ndi nyanga za antelope kapena matabwa) zokhala ndi mtanda, zomwe zingwe 7-11 zidalumikizidwa. Kukonza masikelo a 5-step. Pamene akusewera, L. ankagwiridwa vertically kapena obliquely; ndi zala za kudzanja lamanzere ankaimba nyimboyo, ndipo kumapeto kwa sitanza ankaimba plectrum pamodzi ndi zingwe. Masewera pa L. adatsagana ndi machitidwe a kupanga. epic ndi mawu. ndakatulo (kutuluka kwa mawu akuti "nyimbo" kumalumikizidwa ndi L.). Mosiyana ndi Dionysian aulos, L. anali chida cha Apollonian. The kithara (kitara) anali siteji ina mu chitukuko cha L.. Lachitatu. zaka zana ndi pambuyo pake zakale. L. sanakumane.

2) Woweramitsidwa chingwe chimodzi L. Otchulidwa m'mabuku a zaka za m'ma 8-9, zithunzi zomaliza ndi za m'ma 13. Thupi lake ndi looneka ngati peyala, ndipo lili ndi mabowo awiri ooneka ngati kanyenyezi.

3) Kolesnaya L. - chida cha zingwe. Thupi ndi matabwa, lakuya, bwato- kapena chithunzi-eyiti-mawonekedwe ndi chipolopolo, kutha ndi mutu, nthawi zambiri ndi curl. Mkati mwake, gudumu lopakidwa ndi utomoni kapena rosin limalimbikitsidwa, limazunguliridwa ndi chogwirira. Kupyolera m’bowo la bolodi la mawu, imatuluka kunja, kukhudza zingwe, kuzimveketsa pamene ikuzungulira. Chiwerengero cha zingwe ndi chosiyana, pakati pawo, melodic, amadutsa mu bokosi lomwe lili ndi makina osinthira phula. M'zaka za zana la 12 zozungulira zozungulira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kufupikitsa chingwe, kuyambira zaka za 13. - Kankhani. Range - poyamba diatonic. gamma mu voliyumu ya octave, kuyambira zaka za zana la 18. - chromatic. mu kuchuluka kwa 2 octaves. Kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa melodic. pali zingwe ziwiri zotsagana ndi bourdon, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pachisanu kapena chachinayi. Pansi pa mutu organistrum gudumu L. anali ponseponse mu cf. zaka zana. M'zaka za zana la 10 zinali zosiyana mu kukula kwakukulu; nthawi zina inkaseweredwa ndi oimba awiri. Pansi pa decomp. dzina la mawilo L. linagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ambiri. anthu a ku Ulaya ndi dera la USSR. Zakhala zikudziwika ku Russia kuyambira zaka za zana la 17. Imaseweredwa ndi oimba oyendayenda ndi kalik odutsa (ku Ukraine amatchedwa rela, ryla; ku Belarus - lera). Mu kadzidzi Panthawi imodzimodziyo, lyre yabwino idapangidwa ndi kiyibodi ya bayan ndi zingwe 9, yokhala ndi frets pa fretboard (mtundu wa flat domra), ndipo banja la azeze (soprano, tenor, baritone) linamangidwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu National orchestras.

4) Chida cha zingwe chomwe chinayambira ku Italy m'zaka za 16th ndi 17th. Maonekedwe (makona a thupi, bolodi loyimbira lapansi la convex, mutu mu mawonekedwe a curl), amafanana ndi violin. Panali L. da braccio (soprano), lirone da braccio (alto), L. da gamba (baritone), lirone perfetta (bass). Lira ndi lirone da braccio aliyense anali ndi zingwe zosewera 5 (ndi imodzi kapena ziwiri za bourdon), L. da gamba (wotchedwanso lirone, lira imperfetta) 9-13, lirone perfetta (mazina ena - archiviolat L., L. perfetta ) mmwamba ku 10-14.

5) Gitala-L. - mtundu wa gitala wokhala ndi thupi lofanana ndi Agiriki ena. L. Posewera, anali woyima (pamiyendo kapena pa ndege yothandizira). Kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa khosi pali "nyanga", zomwe mwina kupitiriza kwa thupi kapena zokongoletsera zokongoletsera. Gitala-L idapangidwa ku France m'zaka za zana la 18. Inafalitsidwa m’maiko a Kumadzulo. Europe ndi Russia mpaka 30s. Zaka za zana la 19

6) Cavalry L. - metallophone: seti yazitsulo. mbale zoimitsidwa kuzitsulo. chimango, chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe a L., chimakongoletsedwa ndi ponytail. Amasewera zitsulo. mphuno. Cavalry L. idapangidwira magulu amkuwa a apakavalo.

7) Tsatanetsatane wa piyano - chimango chamatabwa, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati zakale. L. Ntchito angagwirizanitse pedal.

8) Mophiphiritsa - chizindikiro kapena chizindikiro cha suti. Ntchito mu Soviet Army kusiyanitsa asilikali ndi akapitawo a nyimbo gulu.

Zothandizira: Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha dziko lakale. Loweruka. Art., L., 1937; Struve B., Njira yopanga ma violin ndi violin, M., 1959; Modr A., ​​Zida zoimbira, trans. kuchokera ku Czech., M., 1959.

GI Blagodatov