Dutch school |

Dutch school - tsogolera njira yopangira ku wok. kwaya. polyphony zaka za m'ma 15-16 Inayambika ku Netherlands (mbiri; inagwirizanitsa Netherlands yamakono, Belgium, North-East France ndi Luxembourg); II. sh. amatchedwanso Burgundian ndi Flemish, Franco-Flemish. N. sh. kuphatikizapo mibadwo ingapo ya netherl. olemba omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku Europe. maiko kumene miyambo yake inkadziwika, zomwe zinayambitsa kukwera kwa ma polyphonics am'deralo. sukulu. Zinali zotsatira za chitukuko chapamwamba cha nyimbo za Dutch. Kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo anthu. luso, N. sh. analongosola mwachidule zimene Ulaya anachita. wok-choir polyphony 9 - oyambirira. Zaka za zana la 15 (Chingerezi ndi Chifalansa, zachipembedzo ndi zachipembedzo) ndipo zidadziwika kuti ndi tsiku lopambana kwambiri. kwaya. polyphony. N. sh. adapanga dongosolo lapadziko lonse la malamulo a polyphony - chotsutsana chovuta cha kalembedwe kolimba, kamene kamapangidwa ndi classic. zitsanzo wok.-kwaya. mitundu ya polyphonic, tchalitchi ndi dziko - misa, motet, chanson, madrigal ndipo adavomereza kulamulira kwa mawu omveka bwino a 4, mawu omwe adakhala ofanana, ndikupanga miyambo ya nyimbo za 3-goli. nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Olemba N. sh. amasiyanitsidwa ndi luso laukadaulo lotsutsa, kufikira zopatula. ukoma pakupanga koyimba. polygonal prod. (adabweretsa chiwerengero cha mavoti odziyimira pawokha ku 30), poyembekezera instr. nyimbo za nyengo zotsatirazi. Nyimbo za ambuye a N. sh. cholinga makamaka. za kwaya. Cholembera. ndi cappella. Zida zotsagana ndi zida zidaphatikizidwa mu zikondwererozo. (solemnis) misa ndi motets, kuwirikiza kawiri wok. maphwando (ch. arr. bass), ndipo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mu polyphonic zadziko. nyimbo.

Pakati. mtundu wanyimbo N. sh. -kwaya. cappella mass, mtundu. Kufotokozera kwa gululi kunatsimikiziridwa ndi kufotokozera kwa filosofi ndi kulingalira kwa nthawi yake (za munthu m'chilengedwe chachikulu, za kukongola kogwirizana kwa dziko, ndi zina zotero). Zomangamanga zovuta zomveka za anthu ambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zomveka komanso zochititsa chidwi, zimafanana ndi ukulu wa Gothic. ma cathedrals, kumene inkachitika pamasiku a zipembedzo zazikulu. zikondwerero. Kufotokozera kwa nyimbo, khalidwe lake lokhazikika kwambiri komanso kudzoza kowunikira kunasonyezedwa ndi kutchuka kwa zolembera zapamwamba ndi mitundu yoyera ya kwaya ya anyamata ndi amuna. falsetto; kuphatikiza mwaluso komanso kutumiza kosalala kwa nyimbo. mizere, kukongola kwa mawonekedwe awo owonekera, filigree kulondola kwatsatanetsatane. Mawu akudziko pafupifupi sanali osiyana ndi auzimu; iye nar. melodic maziko ndi kutengeka kwachisangalalo kunawonetsedwa mofala mu ntchito ya olemba nyimbo ya N. sh., makamaka m'zaka za zana la 16. Ngakhale unyinji nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mayina a nyimbo zakudziko zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa iwo ("Armed Man", "Pale Face", etc.).

Dzina "N. sh.” yolembedwa ndi R. G. Kizevetter (m'buku lake "The Contribution of the Netherlands to the Art of Music", 1828), yemwe adaganiza zogawanika kukhala 3 (kapena 4) N. sh. molingana ndi magawo a chikoka cha oyimira ake otsogolera. 1 n. sh., Burgundian, adawuka pakati. 15 ndi c. ku bwalo la Burgundian ku Dijon, losiyanitsidwa ndi khoti labwino kwambiri. chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko French. miyambo. Sukuluyi idakhudzidwanso ndi luso lachingelezi lachingelezi. polyphonist, ch. ayi. English kwambiri. Koma. J. Dunstable, amene ankagwira ntchito ku France (anaphunzitsa oimba Burgundian). 1st N.sh. motsogozedwa ndi J. Binchois, yemwe adatumikira ku khoti la Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good (wopanga nyimbo yaluso yotsanzira chikondi) ndi G. Dufay (anagwiranso ntchito ku Italy ndi France; woyambitsa sukulu ya polyphonic ku Cambrai), yemwe anali wotchuka ndi ma ballads, rondels, mass, motets, adasintha kwambiri polyphony. njira ndi zolemba nyimbo. 2 ndi 3 N. sh. (mibadwo yotsatira ya olemba nyimbo) naz. Flemish. Mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu: J. Okegem (anagwira ntchito ku khoti la ku France) - anthu a m'nthawi ya dzinali. wake "mbuye wamkulu wa counterpoint" chifukwa cha luso lake langwiro la njira yotsanzira, yomwe inagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zozizwitsa zazikulu. misa, ndi pakudza. nyimbo zazing'ono; J. Obrecht (amakhala ku Netherlands, France, Italy) - Op. zosiyanitsidwa ndi kalembedwe koyengedwa bwino, kamvekedwe kake komanso kamvekedwe kokongola kanyimbo momveka bwino, yogwiritsidwa ntchito Nar. nyimbo (flam., German, Italy) ndi kuvina. mayendedwe, unyinji wake anali otchuka, odzipereka. Namwali Mariya, wotchedwa. misa ya parodic, flam. chanson ndi instr. kusintha kuvina; Josquin Despres (wogwira ntchito m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Italy ndi Kumpoto kwa France) - mlembi wa ntchito zampatuko zapamwamba, ankadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha luso lake lofotokozera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zauzimu mu ma polyphonics okongola a anthu osiyanasiyana. nyimbo ndi motets wodzazidwa ndi maganizo umunthu, anali mmodzi wa olemba oyambirira polyphonic. instr. masewero adzawonetsera. khalidwe. 4 ndi N. sh., yomwe idafalikira mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 16 m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, motsogoleredwa ndi Orlando di Lasso (ankakhala ku Italy, France, England, Bavaria), wotchuka chifukwa cha "Penitential Psalms", Sat. motets "Chilengedwe chachikulu chanyimbo", mpingo. prod., komanso adapangidwa pa Nar. kutengera nyimbo zamtundu wowala, zojambula, ma villanelles okongola adzawonetsa. khalidwe, madrigals kuti ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo za Renaissance ndi zakale. Atsogoleri akuluakulu a N. sh. anali ndi otsatira ambiri, odziwika bwino otsutsana ndi malamulo, omwe adaitanidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mowonongeka. Mizinda ya ku Ulaya; Venetian polyphonic. sukuluyi inakhazikitsidwa ndi A. Willart, buku lachiroma lolembedwa ndi J. Arkadelt, F. le Bel (anali mphunzitsi wa Palestrina); G. Isak ankagwira ntchito ku Florence, Innsbruck, Augsburg, A. Brumel - ku Ferrara. Ku Italy, olemba nyimbo N. sh. adayala maziko a nyimbo yachi Italiya madrigal. Pakati pa ambuye ena odziwika bwino a N. sh. -A. Bunois, P. de la Rue, L. Koma, J. Mouton, A. ndi Feven, N. Gombert, J. Clemens - "osati abambo", F. Verdelot, F.

Kupatula. kupambana N. sh. zinali chifukwa cha luso lapamwamba. luso la omwe adazilenga, omwe adachokera kudziko lachikhalidwe chapamwamba, lomwe linakula chifukwa cha anthu wamba a ku Ulaya. mgwirizano wamalonda ndi chikhalidwe; apa, kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Ulaya, olemba analandira Prof. maphunziro mu mita. Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kugawa kwa N. sh. idathandiziranso kuwongolera nyimbo komanso kutulutsa mawu anyimbo. Tsiku lomaliza la N. sh. polyphony idayamba kale ku Netherlands. kujambula (sukulu yaukadaulo yofananiranso yaukadaulo), luso logwiritsa ntchito, zomangamanga, filosofi ndi masamu. Popanga ma monumental polygons. nyimbo za ku Netherlands. ambuye anadalira ziphunzitso za filosofi ya Neoplatonists, komanso mawerengedwe okhwima, DOS. pa masamu akuzama. chidziwitso (oimba ambiri a Renaissance, kuphatikiza Dunstable ndipo, mwina, Okegem ndi Obrecht, anali akatswiri a masamu, afilosofi, openda zakuthambo ndi openda nyenyezi panthawi imodzi). Dongosolo la malamulo a polyphony opangidwa ndi iwo mu wok. Mitundu ya zolemba zokhwima, zochokera ku cantus firmus imodzi (zachipembedzo kapena nthawi zambiri anthu) ndi zosintha zake, adatsata mfundo ya "umodzi muzosiyana" (malinga ndi dziko lapansi la nthawiyo). M'mapangidwe a motets ndi misa, posankha cantus firmus ndi chikondwerero chake, chizindikiro china chinawonetsedwa. Malingaliro ophiphiritsa a nthawiyo, masamu ake. luntha linawonekera makamaka pofalitsa mabuku osadziwika bwino (luso laukadaulo laukadaulo wolumikizirana pakati pa epigones a N. sh. nthawi zina umakhala ngati masewera omveka okhala ndi zophatikizira zosokoneza).

Zojambulajambula. zopindula za olemba akuluakulu a N. sh., mfundo za nyimbo za polyphonic zovomerezedwa ndi iwo. zolemba zakhala zapadziko lonse lapansi pakukulitsa kotsatira kwa decomp. masitayilo olembera mwaulere, otengera kale kukongola kwina. mfundo zake, ndipo anali maziko otukuka kwambiri ku Europe konse. nyimbo, wok ndi instr., osati polyphonic, komanso homophonic (onani Homophony), ndi njira zawo zosinthira, kutembenuka, kutsanzira, etc., adalowa mu njira ya dodecaphony. Monga chodabwitsa cha stylistic, N. sh. kwenikweni anamaliza nthawi ya ulamuliro ku Ulaya. nyimbo chikhalidwe cha mpingo. (Catholic) wok.-kwaya. mitundu ndi kuwonekera mwa iwo filosofi ndi chipembedzo. worldview (kenako inadziwonetsera yokha mu nyimbo za Protestanti wok-instr., nsonga yake yomwe inali ntchito ya JS Bach).

Zothandizira: Bulychev V., Nyimbo za kalembedwe kokhwima ndi nthawi yakale ..., M., 1909; Kiesewetter B., Die Verdienste der Niederländer um die Tonkunst, W., 1828; Wolff H., Die Musik der alten Niederländer, Lpz., 1956; Backers, S., Nederlandsche componisten van 1400 tot op onzen tijd, s'-Gravenhage, 1942, 1950; Borren Ch. van den, Dufay ndi sukulu yake, mu The new Oxford history of music, v. 3, L. - NY - Toronto, 1960; Bridgman N., Zaka za Ockeghem ndi Josquin, ibid.; onaninso Baibulo. ku Art. Nyimbo zachi Dutch, Misa, Counterpoint, Polyphony, Kalembedwe Wokhwima.

LG Berger