Edita Gruberova |

Edita Gruberová

Edita Gruberova, mmodzi mwa oimba nyimbo zoyambirira za coloratura padziko lapansi, amadziwika bwino osati ku Ulaya kokha, komanso ku Russia, ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake makamaka kuchokera ku CD ndi makaseti a kanema. Gruberova ndi virtuoso wa kuyimba kwa coloratura: ma trills ake amatha kufananizidwa ndi a Joan Sutherland, m'ndime zake chilichonse cholemba chimawoneka ngati ngale, zolemba zake zapamwamba zimapereka chithunzi cha chinthu chauzimu. Giancarlo Landini akulankhula ndi woyimba wotchuka.

Kodi Edita Gruberova anayamba bwanji?

Kuchokera kwa Mfumukazi ya Usiku. Ndinayamba ntchito yanga ku Vienna ndikuyimba padziko lonse lapansi, mwachitsanzo, ku Metropolitan Opera ku New York. Zotsatira zake, ndinazindikira kuti simungapange ntchito yaikulu pa Queen of the Night. Chifukwa chiyani? Sindikudziwa! Mwina zolemba zanga zapamwamba sizinali zokwanira. Mwinanso oimba achichepere sangathe kuimba bwino gawoli, lomwe kwenikweni ndi lovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira. The Queen of the Night ndi mayi, ndipo aria yake yachiwiri ndi imodzi mwamasamba ochititsa chidwi kwambiri omwe adalembedwapo ndi Mozart. Achinyamata akulephera kufotokoza seweroli. Tisaiwale kuti, kupatulapo mawu ochulukirachulukira, ma arias aŵiri a Mozart analembedwa m’katikati mwa tessitura, tessitura weniweni wa dramatic soprano. Nditaimba gawo ili kwa zaka makumi awiri, ndinatha kufotokoza bwino zomwe zili mkati mwake, kuti ndiyambe kuimba nyimbo za Mozart pamlingo woyenera.

Kupambana kwanu kwakukulu ndikuti mwapeza mawu omveka bwino pakati pa mawu?

Inde, ndiyenera kunena kuti inde. Zakhala zophweka nthawi zonse kwa ine kugunda manotsi apamwamba kwambiri. Kuyambira masiku a Conservatory, ndagonjetsa ma noti apamwamba, ngati kuti sizinandiwononge. Nthawi yomweyo aphunzitsi anga ananena kuti ndinali katswiri wa soprano wa coloratura. Kukwera kwa mawu anga kunali kwachilengedwe kotheratu. Pomwe kaundula wapakati ndinayenera kugonjetsa ndikugwira ntchito momveka bwino. Zonsezi zinadza mu ndondomeko ya kukhwima kulenga.

Kodi ntchito yanu inapitilira bwanji?

Pambuyo pa Mfumukazi ya Usiku, msonkhano wofunikira kwambiri unachitika m'moyo wanga - ndi Zerbinetta wochokera ku Ariadne auf Naxos. Kuti ndiwonetsere chithunzi chodabwitsa ichi cha bwalo lamasewera la Richard Strauss, zinanditengeranso mtunda wautali kuti ndipite. Mu 1976, pamene ndinaimba mbali imeneyi pansi pa Karl Böhm, mawu anga anali abwino kwambiri. Masiku ano akadali chida changwiro, koma kwa zaka zambiri ndaphunzira kuyang'ana pa cholemba chilichonse kuti ndichotsemo kufotokoza kwakukulu, mphamvu zazikulu ndi kulowa. Ndinaphunzira kupanga mawu moyenera, kupeza malo omwe amatsimikizira kuti mawu anga ndi abwino, koma chofunika kwambiri, mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zonsezi, ndinaphunzira kufotokoza sewero mozama kwambiri.

Ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale chowopsa kwa mawu anu?

Ndikaimba nyimbo ya “Jenufa” ya Janicek, yomwe ndimakonda kwambiri, zingakhale zoopsa kwa mawu anga. Ngati ndikanaimba Desdemona, zingakhale zoopsa kwa mawu anga. Ndikayimba Butterfly, zingakhale zoopsa kwa mawu anga. Tsoka kwa ine ndikanalola kunyengedwa ndi khalidwe ngati Gulugufe ndi kusankha kuyimba pa mtengo uliwonse.

Magawo ambiri mumasewera a Donizetti amalembedwa pakatikati pa tessitura (ndikokwanira kukumbukira Anne Boleyn, yemwe mbuye wa Bergamo anali ndi malingaliro a mawu a Giuditta Pasta). Chifukwa chiyani ma testitura awo sakuwononga mawu anu, pomwe Gulugufe angawononge?

Mawu a Madam Butterfly amamveka kumbuyo kwa gulu loimba lomwe ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi la Donizetti. Ubale pakati pa mawu ndi orchestra umasintha zofunikira zomwe zimayikidwa pa liwu lenilenilo. M'zaka makumi oyambirira a zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, cholinga cha oimba sichinali kusokoneza mawu, kutsindika mbali zake zabwino kwambiri. Mu nyimbo za Puccini, pali kulimbana pakati pa mawu ndi oimba. Liwu liyenera kutsatiridwa kuti ligonjetse okhestra. Ndipo kupsinjika maganizo ndi koopsa kwa ine. Aliyense aziimba mwachibadwa, osaumiriza mawu ake zomwe sangathe kupereka, kapena zomwe sangathe kupereka kwa nthawi yayitali. Mulimonsemo, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti kufufuza mozama kwambiri m'munda wa kufotokozera, mitundu, mawu omveka kuli ngati mgodi wobzalidwa pansi pa mawu. Komabe, mpaka Donizetti, mitundu yofunikira siyiyika pachiwopsezo mawu. Ngati ndikanati nditengere m'mutu mwanga kuti ndikulitse repertoire yanga ku Verdi, ngozi ingabuke. Pamenepa, vuto siliri ndi zolemba. Ndili ndi zolemba zonse, ndipo ndimayimba mosavuta. Koma ngati nditaganiza zoimba nyimbo za Amelia "Carlo Vive", komanso opera yonse ya "The Robbers", zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri. Ndipo ngati pali vuto ndi mawu, chochita?

Liwu silingathenso "kukonzedwa"?

Ayi, pamene mawuwo avulazidwa, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, kapena zosatheka, kulikonza.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa mwakhala mukuyimba mu zisudzo za Donizetti. Mary Stuart, wolembedwa ndi Philips, adatsatiridwa ndi mbali za Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth ku Robert Devere, Maria di Rogan. Pulogalamu ya imodzi mwa ma solo discs imaphatikizapo aria kuchokera ku Lucrezia Borgia. Ndi ziti mwa zilembozi zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi mawu anu?

Makhalidwe onse a Donizetti amandikwanira. Mwa zisudzo zina, ndidajambula ma arias okha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sindingafune kuchita masewerawa onse. Ku Caterina Cornaro, tessitura ndipakati kwambiri; Rosemond English sichimandisangalatsa. Kusankha kwanga nthawi zonse kumayendetsedwa ndi sewero. Mu "Robert Devere" chithunzi cha Elizabeth ndi chodabwitsa. Kukumana kwake ndi Robert ndi Sarah kumakhaladi zisudzo choncho sangalephere kukopa prima donna. Ndani sangakopeke ndi ngwazi yochititsa chidwi ngati imeneyi? Pali nyimbo zambiri zabwino ku Maria di Rogan. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti opera iyi ndi yodziwika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi maudindo ena a Donizetti. Ma opera onse osiyanasiyanawa ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimawagwirizanitsa. Zigawo za zilembo zazikuluzikulu zimalembedwa mkatikati mwa testitura. Palibe amene amavutikira kuyimba nyimbo zosiyanasiyana kapena ma cadence, koma kaundula wapakati amawu amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka. Gululi limaphatikizaponso Lucia, yemwe nthawi zambiri amamuona kuti ndi wamtali kwambiri. Donizetti sanayesere coloratura, koma anali kuyang'ana kufotokozera kwa mawu, kufunafuna anthu ochita chidwi ndi malingaliro amphamvu. Pakati pa ngwazi zomwe sindinakumane nazo, chifukwa nkhani yawo simandikopa ngati nkhani za ena, ndi Lucrezia Borgia.

Ndi muyeso wanji womwe mumagwiritsa ntchito posankha kusiyana kwa mawu akuti “O luce di quest'anima”? Kodi mumatembenukira ku miyambo, kudalira nokha, kumvetsera zojambulidwa za virtuosos zodziwika bwino zakale?

Ndinganene kuti ndimatsatira njira zonse zomwe mwatchulazi. Mukaphunzira gawo, nthawi zambiri mumatsatira mwambo umene umabwera kwa inu kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi. Sitiyenera kuiwala kufunika kwa cadenzas, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi virtuosos zazikulu zomwe zinaperekedwa kwa mbadwa kuchokera kwa abale a Ricci. Inde, ndimamvetsera zojambulidwa za oimba akuluakulu akale. Pamapeto pake, chisankho changa ndi chaulere, chinachake changa chikuwonjezeredwa ku mwambo. Ndikofunika kwambiri, komabe, kuti maziko, ndiko kuti, nyimbo za Donizetti, sizitha pansi pa zosiyana. Ubale pakati pa kusiyanasiyana ndi nyimbo za opera uyenera kukhala wachilengedwe. Apo ayi, mzimu wa aria umatha. Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi Joan Sutherland ankaimba nyimbo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zinalibe kanthu kochita ndi kukoma ndi kalembedwe ka operayo. Sindikugwirizana nazo izi. Sitayilo iyenera kulemekezedwa nthawi zonse.

Tiyeni tibwerere ku chiyambi cha ntchito yanu. Ndiye, mudayimba Mfumukazi ya Usiku, Zerbinetta, ndiyeno?

Kenako Lucia. Nthawi yoyamba imene ndinachita mbali imeneyi inali mu 1978 ku Vienna. Aphunzitsi anga anandiuza kuti kunali koyambirira kuti ndiimbe Lucia ndipo ndinayenera kupita patsogolo mosamala. Njira yakukhwima iyenera kuyenda bwino.

Kodi zimatengera chiyani kuti munthu wobadwa thupi afike kukhwima?

Munthu ayenera kuyimba mbaliyo mwanzeru, osaimba mopambanitsa m’mabwalo aakulu a zisudzo mmene maholo ali aakulu kwambiri, zimene zimadzetsa vuto la mawu. Ndipo mukufunikira wotsogolera amene amamvetsa mavuto a mawu. Nali dzina lanthawi zonse: Giuseppe Patane. Iye anali kondakitala amene ankadziwa bwino kwambiri kupanga malo abwino a mawu.

Kodi mphambu imayenera kuseweredwa monga momwe idalembedwera, kapena pali njira ina yofunikira?

Ndikuganiza kuti pakufunika kulowererapo. Mwachitsanzo, kusankha mayendedwe. Palibe mayendedwe olondola mtheradi. Ayenera kusankhidwa nthawi zonse. Mawuwo amandiuza zomwe ndingachite komanso momwe ndingachitire. Chifukwa chake, tempos imatha kusintha kuchokera pakuchita bwino kupita ku sewero, kuchokera kwa woimba wina kupita ku wina. Kuwongolera mayendedwe sikukhutiritsa zofuna za prima donna. Zikutanthauza kupeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri kuchokera m'mawu omwe muli nawo. Kunyalanyaza vuto la liwiro kungayambitse zotsatira zoipa.

Chifukwa chiyani m'zaka zaposachedwa mwapereka luso lanu ku kampani yaying'ono yojambulira, osati zimphona zodziwika bwino?

Chifukwa chake ndi chophweka. Zolemba zazikuluzikulu sizinawonetse chidwi pamitu yomwe ndimafuna kujambula yomwe, chifukwa chake, idalandiridwa bwino ndi anthu. Kusindikizidwa kwa "Maria di Rogan" kudapangitsa chidwi kwambiri.

Kodi mungamve kuti?

Kwenikweni, ndimachepetsa zochitika zanga ku zisudzo zitatu: ku Zurich, Munich ndi Vienna. Kumeneko ndimapangana ndi mafani anga onse.

Zokambirana ndi Edita Gruberova zofalitsidwa m'magazini ya opera, Milan

PS Kuyankhulana ndi woimbayo, yemwe tsopano angatchedwe wamkulu, adasindikizidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo. Mwamwayi, womasulira masiku angapo apitawa adamva kuwulutsa kwa Lucrezia Borgia kuchokera ku Staats Oper ku Vienna ndi Edita Gruberova yemwe adatsogolera. Ndizovuta kufotokoza kudabwa ndi kuyamikira: woimba wazaka 64 ali bwino. Anthu a ku Viennese anamulandira mosangalala. Ku Italy, Gruberova yemwe ali pano akadachitiridwa nkhanza kwambiri ndipo, mwina, akadanena kuti "sanakhalenso momwemo." Komabe, kulingalira bwino kumapangitsa kuti izi sizingatheke. Masiku ano Edita Gruberova adakondwerera zaka XNUMX za ntchito yake. Pali oimba ochepa omwe, pa msinkhu wake, amatha kudzitamandira ndi pearl coloratura ndi luso lodabwitsa la kupatulira zolemba zapamwamba kwambiri. Izi ndi zomwe Gruberova adawonetsa ku Vienna. Kotero iye ndi diva weniweni. Ndipo, mwina, ndithudi wotsiriza (IS).

Poyamba 1968 (Bratislava, gawo la Rozina). Kuyambira 1970 pa Vienna Opera (Mfumukazi ya Usiku, etc.). Wachita ndi Karajan ku Salzburg Festival kuyambira 1974. Kuyambira 1977 ku Metropolitan Opera (kuyamba monga Mfumukazi ya Usiku). Mu 1984, adayimba mwachidwi udindo wa Juliet mu Bellini's Capuleti e Montecchi ku Covent Garden. Adachita ku La Scala (gawo la Constanza mu Mozart's Abduction from the Seraglio, etc.).

Zina mwa zisudzo za zaka zomaliza za udindo Violetta (1992, Venice), Anne Boleyn mu opera dzina lomwelo ndi Donizetti (1995, Munich). Pakati pa maudindo abwino ndi Lucia, Elvira mu Bellini's The Puritans, Zerbinetta mu Ariadne auf Naxos ndi R. Strauss. Analemba maudindo angapo mu zisudzo za Donizetti, Mozart, R. Strauss ndi ena. Iye adachita nawo mafilimu a opera. Pazojambulazo, timaona mbali za Violetta (wokonda Rizzi, Teldec), Zerbinetta (wokonda Böhm, Deutsche Grammophon).

E. Tsodokov, 1999