Zofunika |

German Leitmotiv, lit. - cholinga chotsogolera

Nyimbo zazifupi. kusintha (bh nyimbo, nthawi zina nyimbo yogwirizana ndi chida china, ndi zina zotero; nthawi zina, kumveka kosiyana kapena katsatidwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka nyimbo, nyimbo zoimbira), kubwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza mu nyimbo zonse. prod. ndikutumikira monga dzina ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu wina, chinthu, chodabwitsa, kutengeka, kapena lingaliro losadziwika (L., lofotokozedwa ndi mgwirizano, nthawi zina lotchedwa leitharmony, lofotokozedwa ndi timbre - leittimbre, etc.). L. amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'malo owonetsera nyimbo. mitundu ndi mapulogalamu instr. nyimbo. Yakhala imodzi mwamawu ofunikira kwambiri. ndalama mu theka loyamba. Zaka za m'ma 1 Mawuwa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito patapita nthawi. Nthawi zambiri amanenedwa kuti ndi iye. katswiri wafilosofi G. Wolzogen, yemwe analemba za masewero a Wagner (19); kwenikweni, ngakhale asanakhale Wolzogen, mawu akuti “L.” adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi FW Jens pantchito yake pa KM Weber (1876). Ngakhale kuti mawuwo anali olondola komanso omveka, adafalikira mwachangu ndikuzindikirika osati muzoimbaimba zokha, komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kukhala mawu apanyumba kwa olamulira, nthawi zonse kubwereza zochitika za anthu, zochitika zozungulira moyo, ndi zina zambiri.

Mu prod nyimbo. pamodzi ndi ntchito yofotokozera-semantic, chinenerocho chimagwiranso ntchito yomanga (yogwirizanitsa, yopangidwira). Ntchito zofananira mpaka zaka za zana la 19. nthawi zambiri amathetsedwa paokha pakutha. Mitundu yanyimbo: Njira zamakhalidwe omveka bwino. zochitika ndi malingaliro amalingaliro adapangidwa mu opera ya zaka za 17th-18th, pomwe kachitidwe ka nyimbo imodzi idapitilira. Mitu idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale m'ma polyphonic akale. mawonekedwe (onani Cantus firmus). Mfundo ya mzere idafotokozedwa kale mu imodzi mwa zisudzo zakale kwambiri (Monteverdi's Orfeo, 1607), koma silinapangidwe muzolemba zotsatizanazi chifukwa cha crystallization ya oks okha mu nyimbo za opera. mawonekedwe a conc. dongosolo. Kubwereza nyimbo zomangika, zogawidwa ndi mitu ina. zakuthupi, zokumana kokha m’zochitika zakutali (nyimbo zina za JB Lully, A. Scarlatti). Only mu con. Kulandila kwa m'zaka za zana la 18 L. kumapangidwa pang'onopang'ono m'mayimba omaliza a WA Mozart komanso m'masewera a French. olemba a nthawi ya Great French. zosintha – A. Gretry, J. Lesueur, E. Megul, L. Cherubini. Mbiri yeniyeni ya L. imayamba mu nthawi ya chitukuko cha muses. romanticism ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi izo. opera yachikondi (ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, G. Marschner). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, L. imakhala imodzi mwa njira zoyendetsera ntchito yaikulu. malingaliro okhudzana ndi zisudzo. Chifukwa chake, kulimbana pakati pa mphamvu zowunikira ndi zakuda mu opera ya Weber The Free Gunner (1821) zidawonekera pakukulitsa mitu ndi malingaliro ophatikizika, ogwirizana m'magulu awiri osiyana. R. Wagner, kukulitsa mfundo za Weber, anagwiritsa ntchito mzere wa mizere mu opera The Flying Dutchman (1842); pachimake cha seweroli amadziwika ndi maonekedwe ndi kugwirizana kwa leitmotifs a Dutchman ndi Senta, kusonyeza nthawi yomweyo. “temberero” ndi “chiwombolo”.

Dutch leitmotif.

Leitmotif wa Senta.

Chofunika kwambiri cha Wagner chinali kupanga ndi chitukuko cha muses. dramaturgy, esp. pa L system. Idalandira mawu ake athunthu mu nyimbo zake zamtsogolo. sewero, makamaka mu tetralogy "Ring of the Nibelungen", pomwe mumasewero osadziwika bwino. zithunzi pafupifupi kulibe, ndipo L. sikuti amangosonyeza mphindi zofunika za masewero. zochita, komanso zimalowa mu nyimbo zonse, preim. orchestral, nsalu Amalengeza maonekedwe a ngwazi pa siteji, "kulimbitsa" kutchulidwa kwa mawu a iwo, kuwulula malingaliro awo ndi malingaliro awo, kuyembekezera zochitika zina; nthawi zina polyphonic. kugwirizana kapena kutsatizana kwa L. kumawonetsa maubwenzi oyambitsa zochitika; mu chithunzi chojambula. zigawo (nkhalango za Rhine, chinthu chamoto, chiwonongeko cha nkhalango), amasandulika kukhala mafanizo akumbuyo. Dongosolo loterolo, komabe, linali lodzala ndi zotsutsana: kuchulukira kwa nyimbo za L. kunafooketsa mphamvu ya aliyense wa iwo ndikusokoneza malingaliro athunthu. Modern To Wagner, olemba nyimbo ndi otsatira ake adapewa zovuta kwambiri za dongosolo la L. Kufunika kwa mzerewu kudazindikirika ndi olemba ambiri azaka za zana la 19, omwe nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mzere wosadalira Wagner. France m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30 m'zaka za zana la 19 gawo lililonse latsopano pakukula kwa opera likuwonetsa kukwera kwapang'onopang'ono koma kokhazikika kwa sewero. maudindo a L. (J. Meyerbeer - C. Gounod - J. Wiese - J. Massenet - C. Debussy). Ku Italy iwo ndi odziimira okha. G. Verdi adatenga udindo pokhudzana ndi L.: adakonda kufotokoza malo okhawo mothandizidwa ndi L.. lingaliro la opera ndipo anakana kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la mzere (kupatula Aida, 1871) . L. adapeza kufunika kokulirapo mumasewera a verists ndi G. Puccini. Mu Russia, mfundo za nyimbo-thematic. akubwereza mmbuyo mu 30s. opangidwa ndi MI Glinka (opera "Ivan Susanin"). Kuti mugwiritse ntchito kwambiri L. bwerani ku 2nd floor. 19th century PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Zina mwa zisudzo za omalizazi zidadziwika chifukwa cha luso lawo. kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo za Wagnerian (makamaka Mlada, 1890); panthawi imodzimodziyo, amayambitsa zinthu zambiri zatsopano mu kutanthauzira kwa L. - mu mapangidwe awo ndi chitukuko. Anthu akale a ku Russia nthawi zambiri amakana kunyanyira kwa dongosolo la Wagnerian.

Kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya mzere mu nyimbo za ballet kunapangidwa kale ndi A. Adam ku Giselle (1841), koma dongosolo la L. Delibes la mzere linagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mwachidwi ku Coppélia (1870). Udindo wa L. ndi wofunikanso mu ma ballet a Tchaikovsky. Kukhazikika kwa mtunduwo kumabweretsa vuto lina lamasewera ophatikizika - choreographic. L. Mu ballet Giselle (wovina ballet J. Coralli ndi J. Perrot), ntchito yofananayo imachitidwa ndi otchedwa. pa voti. Vuto la kuyanjana kwapakati pakati pa choreographic ndi nyimbo zovina linathetsedwa bwino mu Sov. ballet (Spartacus ndi AI Khachaturian - LV Yakobson, Yu. N. Grigorovich, Cinderella ndi SS Prokofiev - KM Sergeev, etc.).

Mu instr. Nyimbo za L. zinayambanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19. Zotsatira za nyimbo za t-ra zinagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa izi, koma sizinathetse. udindo. Njira yoyendetsera sewero lonse k.-l. chikhalidwe motif anapangidwa ndi French wina. oimba harpsichord m'zaka za zana la 18. ("Cuckoo" yolembedwa ndi K. Daken ndi ena) ndipo adakwezedwa pamlingo wapamwamba ndi akale a Viennese (gawo loyamba la symphony ya Mozart "Jupiter"). Kukulitsa miyambo imeneyi poyerekezera ndi zolinga zambiri ndi momveka bwino maganizo mfundo, L. Beethoven anafika pafupi ndi mfundo ya L. (the Appassionata sonata, gawo 1, Egmont overture, makamaka symphony 1).

The Fantastic Symphony yolembedwa ndi G. Berlioz (1830) inali yofunika kwambiri kuti chivomerezo cha L. mu symphony ya pulogalamu, momwe nyimbo yoyimba imadutsa mbali zonse za 5, nthawi zina zikusintha, zosankhidwa mu pulogalamu ya wolemba ngati "mutu wokondedwa" :

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofananamo, L. mu symphony "Harold ku Italy" (1834) ndi Berlioz akuwonjezeredwa ndi khalidwe la timbre la ngwazi (solo viola). Monga "chithunzi" chokhazikika cha main. khalidwe, L. anadzikhazikitsa yekha mu symphony. prod. pulogalamu-chiwembu mtundu ("Tamara" ndi Balakirev, "Manfred" ndi Tchaikovsky, "Til Ulenspiegel" ndi R. Strauss, etc.). Mu Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade suite (1888), Shahriar wochititsa mantha ndi Scheherazade wodekha amawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yosiyana, koma nthawi zambiri, monga momwe wolemba mwiniyo akunenera, izi ndizolemba. zinthu zimagwira ntchito zomangirira, kutaya mawonekedwe awo "okonda".

Leitmotif wa Shahriar.

Leitmotif wa Scheherazade.

Gawo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka I ("Nyanja").

Mbali ya Gawo I.

Ma anti-Wagnerian ndi anti-romantic movements, omwe adakula pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ya 1-1914. zizolowezi zinachepetsa kwambiri dramaturgy. udindo wa L. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adasungabe mtengo wa njira imodzi yodutsa muses. chitukuko. Ambiri angakhale chitsanzo. zinthu zabwino kwambiri. dec. Mitundu: masewero a Wozzeck ndi Berg ndi Nkhondo ndi Mtendere wolemba Prokofiev, oratorio Joan wa Arc pamtengo wa Honegger, ma ballet Petrushka ndi Stravinsky, Romeo ndi Juliet ndi Prokofiev, symphony ya 18 ya Shostakovich, ndi zina zotero.

Kuchuluka kwa zochitika zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito L. kwa zaka pafupifupi mazana awiri, zimatilola kuwonetsa mbali zake zofunika kwambiri. L. ndi chiyambi. instr. amatanthauza, ngakhale imatha kumvekanso mu wok. mbali za opera ndi oratorios. Pamapeto pake, L. ndi wok chabe. nyimbo, pamene instr. (orchestral) mawonekedwe, kuchuluka kwa konkriti kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake ophiphiritsa kumawonjezeka chifukwa cha mgwirizano, polyphony, kaundula wamkulu komanso wamphamvu. osiyanasiyana, komanso mwachindunji. instr. timbre. Orc. L., kuwonjezera ndi kufotokoza zomwe zinanenedwa m'mawu kapena osafotokozedwa nkomwe, kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri. Ndiwo maonekedwe a L. Siegfried kumapeto kwa "Valkyrie" (pamene ngwaziyo inali isanabadwe ndipo sanatchulidwe dzina) kapena phokoso la L. Ivan the Terrible muzochitika za opera "The Maid of Pskov". ", pomwe tikukamba za abambo osadziwika a Olga. Kufunika kwa L. kotereku powonetsa psychology ya ngwazi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo. mu chiwonetsero cha 4 cha opera The Queen of Spades, pomwe L. Countess, adasokonezedwa ndi kupuma,

amawonetsera nthawi yomweyo. Chikhumbo cha Herman kuti adziwe nthawi yomweyo chinsinsi chakupha ndi kukayikira kwake.

Chifukwa cha makalata ofunikira pakati pa nyimbo ndi zochita za L., nthawi zambiri amachitidwa muzochitika zomveka bwino. zochitika. Kuphatikizika koyenera kwa zithunzi zodutsa ndi zosadutsa kumathandizira kusankha kodziwika bwino kwa L.

Ntchito L., kwenikweni, imatha kuchita decomp. nyimbo. Zilankhulo, zotengedwa padera (leitharmonies, leittimbres, leittonality, leitrhythms), koma kuyanjana kwawo kumakhala kofala kwambiri pansi pa ulamuliro wa melodic. chiyambi (mutu, mawu, cholinga). Zimagwirizana ndi kufupika - mwachilengedwe. chikhalidwe cha kukhalapo kwabwino kwa L. mu nyimbo wamba. chitukuko. Si zachilendo kuti L., yofotokozedwa ndi mutu womwe udamalizidwa koyambirira, igawidwenso kukhala yosiyana. zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito modziyimira pawokha pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe (izi ndizofanana ndi njira ya Wagner's leitmotif); kuphwanya kofanana kwa L. kumapezekanso mu instr. nyimbo - mu ma symphonies, momwe mutu waukulu wa kayendedwe ka 1 mu mawonekedwe ofupikitsidwa umasewera ndi L. m'madera ena a kuzungulira (Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony ndi Dvorak's 9th Symphony). Palinso njira yosinthira, pamene mutu wonyezimira wowala umapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku gawo lina. zinthu zotsogola (zofanana ndi njira za Verdi ndi Rimsky-Korsakov). Monga lamulo, L. imafuna kufotokoza mokhazikika, khalidwe lolunjika, lomwe limatsimikizira kuzindikira mosavuta pa ntchito yonse. Mkhalidwe wotsiriza umalepheretsa kusintha kwa mzere, mosiyana ndi njira za monothematic. kusintha kwa F. List ndi otsatira ake.

M'bwalo lanyimbo. prod. L. iliyonse, monga lamulo, imayambitsidwa panthawi yomwe tanthauzo lake limakhala lomveka bwino chifukwa cha malemba omwewo. maphwando, mikhalidwe ya momwe zinthu zilili komanso khalidwe la anthu otchulidwawo. Mu symph. kumveketsa nyimbo za tanthauzo la L. ndi pulogalamu ya wolemba kapena otd. malangizo a wolemba za cholinga chachikulu. Kusapezeka kwa malo owonetsera ndi mawu pakukula kwa nyimbo kumalepheretsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito L.

Kufupikitsa ndi kumveka bwino kwa L. nthawi zambiri kumatsimikizira malo ake apadera pamwambo. mitundu ya nyimbo, komwe nthawi zambiri samatenga gawo limodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za mawonekedwe (rondo refrain, mutu waukulu wa sonata Allegro), koma nthawi zambiri amawononga mwadzidzidzi. zigawo zake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, muzolemba zaulere, zochitika zobwerezabwereza ndi ntchito zazikulu. zisudzo. dongosolo, kutengedwa lonse, L. akhoza kutenga gawo lofunikira lachitukuko, kuwapatsa nyimbo zoimbira. umodzi.

Zothandizira: Rimsky-Korsakov HA, "The Snow Maiden" - nkhani ya masika (1905), "RMG", 1908, No 39/40; ake, Wagner ndi Dargomyzhsky (1892), m’buku lake lakuti: Musical articles and notes, 1869-1907, St. Petersburg, 1911 (malemba onse a nkhani zonse ziwiri, Poln. , 2-4); Asafiev BV, Mawonekedwe oimba ngati njira, M., 1960, (pamodzi ndi buku 63), L., 1930; Druskin MS, Mafunso a sewero lanyimbo la opera, L., 2; Yarustovsky BM, Dramaturgy of Russian opera classics, M., 1963, 1952; Sokolov O., Leitmotifs wa opera "Pskovityanka", m'gulu: Zokambirana za Dipatimenti ya Music Theory, Moscow. Conservatory, vol. 1952, Moscow, 1953; Protopopov Vl., "Ivan Susanin" Glinka, M., 1, p. 1960-1961; Bogdanov-Berezovsky VM, Nkhani za ballet, L., 242, p. 83, 1962-48; Wagner R., Oper und Drama, Lpz., 73; chimodzimodzi, Sämtliche Schriften und Dichtung (Volksausgabe), Bd 74-1852, Lpz., (oj) (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Opera ndi Drama, M., 3); wake, Eine Mitteilung an meine Freunde (4), ibid., Bd 1906, Lpz., (oj); wake, bber die Anwendung der Musik auf das Drama, ibid., Bd 1851, Lpz., (oj) (mu kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Pakugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo ku sewero, m'gulu lake: Zolemba zosankhidwa, M., 4); Federlein G., Lber "Rheingold" von R. Wagner. Versuch einer musikalischen Interpretation, “Musikalisches Wochenblatt”, 10, (Bd) 1935; Jdhns Fr. W., CM Weber mu seinen Werken, B., 1871; Wolzogen H. von, Motive in R. Wagners “Siegfried”, “Musikalsches Wochenblatt”, 2, (Bd) 1871; wake, Thematischer Leitfaden durch die Musik zu R. Wagners Festspiel “Der Ring der Nibelungen”, Lpz., 1876; zake zomwe, Motive in Wagners “Götterdämmerung”, “Musikalsches Wochenblatt”, 7-1876, (Bd) 1877-1879; Haraszti E., Le problime du Leitmotiv, “RM”, 8, (v.) 10; Abraham G., The Leitmotiv kuyambira Wagner, “ML”, 1923, (v.) 4; Bernet-Kempers K. Th., Herinneringsmotieven leitmotieven, grondthemas, Amst. — P., 1925; Wörner K., Beiträge zur Geschichte des Leitmotivs in der Oper, ZfMw, 6, Jahrg. 1929, H. 1931; Engländer R., Zur Geschichte des Leitmotivs, “ZfMw”, 14, Jahrg. 3, H. 1932; Matter J., La fonction psychologique du leitmotiv wagnerien, "SMz", 14, (Jahrg.) 7; Mainka J., Sonatenform, Leitmotiv und Charakterbegleitung, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft”, 1961, Jahrg. 101, H. 1963.

GV Krauklis