Ferenc Erkel |

Ferenc Erkel

Monga Moniuszko ku Poland kapena Smetana ku Czech Republic, Erkel ndi amene anayambitsa opera ya dziko la Hungary. Ndi zochitika zake zoimba nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, adathandizira kuti chikhalidwe cha dziko chiziyenda bwino kwambiri.

Ferenc Erkel anabadwa November 7, 1810 mu mzinda wa Gyula, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Hungary, m'banja la oimba. Bambo ake, mphunzitsi wa sukulu ya ku Germany ndi wotsogolera kwaya ya tchalitchi, adaphunzitsa mwana wake kuimba piyano yekha. Mnyamatayo anasonyeza luso lapadera loimba ndipo anatumizidwa ku Pozsony (Pressburg, lomwe tsopano ndi likulu la Slovakia, Bratislava). Pano, motsogozedwa ndi Heinrich Klein (mnzake wa Beethoven), Erkel anapita patsogolo mofulumira kwambiri ndipo posakhalitsa anadziwika m'magulu okonda nyimbo. Komabe, abambo ake ankayembekezera kumuwona ngati wogwira ntchito, ndipo Erkel anayenera kupirira kulimbana ndi banja lake asanadzipereke kwathunthu ku ntchito yojambula.

Kumapeto kwa 20s anapereka zoimbaimba m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya dziko, ndipo anakhala 1830-1837 mu Kolozhvar, likulu la Transylvania, kumene ankagwira ntchito mwakhama monga limba, mphunzitsi ndi wochititsa.

Kukhala mu likulu la Transylvania kunathandiza kudzutsa chidwi cha Erkel pa nthano za anthu: “Kumeneko, nyimbo za ku Hungary, zimene tinazinyalanyaza, zinaloŵerera mumtima mwanga,” anakumbukira motero wolemba nyimboyo pambuyo pake anakumbukira motero, “chotero chinadzaza moyo wanga wonse ndi mtsinje wa nyimbo zambiri. nyimbo zokongola za ku Hungary, ndipo kuchokera kwa iwo sindinathenso kudzimasula yekha mpaka atatsanulira chirichonse chimene, monga ndinawonekera kwa ine, chiyeneradi kutsanulira.

Kutchuka kwa Erkel monga kondakitala m'zaka zake ku Kolozsvár kudakula kwambiri kotero kuti mu 1838 adatha kutsogolera gulu la zisudzo la National Theatre yomwe idatsegulidwa kumene ku Pest. Erkel, atawonetsa mphamvu zazikulu ndi luso la bungwe, adasankha yekha ojambulawo, adalongosola zolembazo, ndikuchita zoyeserera. Berlioz, amene anakumana naye paulendo wake ku Hungary, anayamikira kwambiri luso lake lotsogolera.

M'nyengo ya chipwirikiti cha anthu chisanachitike chisinthiko cha 1848, ntchito zokonda dziko la Erkel zidawuka. Chimodzi mwa zoyamba chinali chongopeka cha piyano pamutu wa anthu a ku Transylvanian, chomwe Erkel adanena kuti "ndi nyimbo yathu ya ku Hungary inabadwa." "Hymn" yake (1845) ku mawu a Kölchey adatchuka kwambiri. Koma Erkel amayang'ana kwambiri mtundu wa opaleshoni. Anapeza wothandizira tcheru mwa munthu wa Beni Egreshi, wolemba ndi woimba, yemwe ufulu wake adapanga masewera ake abwino kwambiri.

Woyamba wa iwo, "Maria Bathory", linalembedwa mu nthawi yochepa, ndipo mu 1840 anachita bwino kwambiri. Otsutsa analandira mosangalala kubadwa kwa opera ya ku Hungary, kugogomezera kalembedwe kake ka nyimbo za dziko. Molimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana, Erkel akulemba opera yachiwiri, Laszlo Hunyadi (1844); kupanga kwake motsogozedwa ndi wolemba kunachititsa kuti anthu asangalale kwambiri. Patatha chaka chimodzi, Erkel anamaliza kukonzanso, komwe nthawi zambiri kunkachitika m'makonsati. Pa ulendo wake ku Hungary mu 1846, izo zinachitika ndi Liszt, amene pa nthawi yomweyo analenga zongopeka konsati pa mitu ya zisudzo.

Atangomaliza kumene Laszlo Hunyadi, woimbayo adayamba kugwira ntchito yake yapakati, opera ya Bank Ban yochokera ku sewero la Katona. Kulemba kwake kunasokonezedwa ndi zochitika zakusintha. Koma ngakhale kuyambika kwake, kuponderezedwa ndi apolisi sikunakakamize Erkel kusiya malingaliro ake. Zaka zisanu ndi zinayi adayenera kuyembekezera kupanga ndipo, potsiriza, mu 1861, kuwonetseratu kwa Bank Ban kunachitika pa siteji ya National Theatre, pamodzi ndi ziwonetsero zokonda dziko.

M’zaka zimenezi, zochita za Erkel zikuchulukirachulukira. Mu 1853 adakonza Philharmonic, mu 1867 - Singing Society. Mu 1875, chochitika chofunika chinachitika mu nyimbo moyo wa Budapest - pambuyo mavuto yaitali Liszt ndi khama khama, Hungarian National Academy of Music inatsegulidwa, yomwe inamusankha pulezidenti wolemekezeka, ndi Erkel - wotsogolera. Kwa zaka khumi ndi zinayi, womalizayo adatsogolera Academy of Music ndikuphunzitsa kalasi ya piyano mmenemo. Liszt adayamikira ntchito za anthu za Erkel; iye analemba kuti: “Kwa zaka zoposa XNUMX tsopano, ntchito zanu zakhala zikuimira bwino nyimbo za ku Hungary. Kuyisunga, kuyisunga ndikuyikulitsa ndi bizinesi ya Budapest Academy of Music. Ndipo ulamuliro wake m'derali ndikuchita bwino pokwaniritsa ntchito zonse zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chisamaliro chanu ngati wotsogolera.

Ana atatu a Erkel amayesanso dzanja lawo pakupanga: mu 1865, sewero la comic Chobanets lolemba Shandor Erkel lidachitika. Posakhalitsa ana aamuna amayamba kugwirizana ndi abambo awo ndipo, monga akuganizira, nyimbo zonse za Ferenc Erkel pambuyo pa "Bank-Ban" (kupatulapo sewero lokha la woimbayo "Charolta", lolembedwa mu 1862 kwa libretto yosapambana - Mfumu ndi Knight wake kukwaniritsa chikondi cha mwana wamkazi cantor mudzi) ndi chipatso cha mgwirizano wotere ("György Dozsa", 1867, "György Brankovich", 1874, "Nameless Heroes", 1880, "King Istvan", 1884). Ngakhale kuti anali ndi malingaliro obadwa nawo komanso luso lazojambula, kusalingana kwa kalembedwe kunapangitsa kuti ntchitozi zisatchuke kwambiri kuposa zomwe zidayambapo.

Mu 1888, Budapest adakondwerera zaka makumi asanu za ntchito za Erkel monga wotsogolera opera. (Pofika panthaŵiyi (1884) nyumba yatsopano ya nyumba ya zisudzo inatsegulidwa, imene kumanga kwake kunatenga zaka zisanu ndi zinayi; ndalama, monga momwe zinalili m’nthaŵi yawo ku Prague, zinasonkhanitsidwa m’dziko lonselo mwa kulembetsa.). M'nyengo yachikondwerero, ntchito ya "Laszlo Hunyadi" motsogozedwa ndi wolemba inachitika. Patatha zaka ziwiri, Erkel adawonekera kwa anthu komaliza ngati woyimba piyano - pa chikondwerero cha zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu, adachita konsati ya Mozart ya d-moll, yomwe adadziwika nayo ali wachinyamata.

Erkel anamwalira pa June 15, 1893. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, chipilala chinamangidwa kwa iye kumudzi kwawo kwa wolemba nyimboyo.

M. Druskin

Zolemba:

machitidwe (All set in Budapest) – “Maria Bathory”, libretto by Egresi (1840), “Laszlo Hunyadi”, libretto by Egresi (1844), “Bank-ban”, libretto by Egresi (1861), “Charolte”, libretto by Tsanyuga (1862) , "György Dozsa", libretto lolemba Szigligeti kutengera sewero la Yokai (1867), "György Brankovich", libretto lolemba Ormai ndi Audrey kutengera sewero la Obernik (1874), "Nameless Heroes", libretto ndi Thoth (1880), "King Istvan", libretto ndi sewero la Varadi Dobshi (1885); za orchestra - Solemn Overture (1887; mpaka zaka 50 za National Theatre of Budapest), Nyimbo zongopeka za violin ndi piyano (1837); zidutswa za piyano, kuphatikizapo Rakotsi-Marsh; nyimbo zakwaya, kuphatikizapo cantata, limodzinso ndi nyimbo (ku mawu a F. Kölchei, 1844; inakhala nyimbo ya Hungarian People's Republic); nyimbo; nyimbo zowonetsera zisudzo.

Ana a Erkel:

Gyula Erkel (4 VII 1842, Pest - 22 III 1909, Budapest) - wolemba nyimbo, violinist ndi conductor. Iye ankaimba mu oimba a National Theatre (1856-60), anali wochititsa wake (1863-89), pulofesa pa Academy of Music (1880), woyambitsa wa sukulu ya nyimbo Ujpest (1891). Elek Erkel (XI 2, 1843, Pest - June 10, 1893, Budapest) - wolemba ma operetta angapo, kuphatikizapo "Wophunzira wochokera ku Kasshi" ("Der Student von Kassau"). Laszlo Erkel (9 IV 1844, Pest - 3 XII 1896, Bratislava) - wochititsa kwaya ndi mphunzitsi wa piyano. Kuyambira 1870 iye anagwira ntchito mu Bratislava. Sandor Erkel (2 I 1846, Pest – 14 X 1900, Bekeschsaba) – kondakitala wa kwaya, wopeka ndi woyimba zeze. Iye ankaimba mu oimba a National Theatre (1861-74), kuyambira 1874 anali wochititsa kwaya, kuyambira 1875 anali wochititsa wamkulu wa National Theatre, wotsogolera Philharmonic. Wolemba wa Singspiel (1865), Hungarian Overture ndi makwaya achimuna.

Zothandizira: Aleksandrova V., F. Erkel, "SM", 1960, No 11; Laszlo J., Moyo wa F. Erkel mu zithunzi, Budapest, 1964; Sabolci B., History of Hungarian Music, Budapest, 1964, p. 71-73; Maroti J., Erkel's path from heroic-lyrical opera to critical realism, mu bukhu: Music of Hungary, M., 1968, p. 111-28; Nemeth A., Ferenc Erkel, L., 1980.