Georgy Vasilyevich Sviridov |

Georgy Sviridov

… M’nthawi ya chipwirikiti, makamaka zaluso zaluso zimabuka, zomwe zikuphatikizapo chikhumbo chapamwamba cha munthu, chikhumbo cha mgwirizano wamkati wa umunthu waumunthu kusiyana ndi chisokonezo cha dziko ... tsoka la moyo, koma nthawi yomweyo likugonjetsa tsokali. Chikhumbo cha mgwirizano wamkati, chidziwitso cha tsogolo lapamwamba la munthu - ndizomwe zimamveka makamaka kwa ine ku Pushkin. G. Sviridov

Kugwirizana kwauzimu pakati pa wolemba ndakatulo ndi wolemba ndakatulo sikunangochitika mwangozi. Zojambula za Sviridov zimasiyanitsidwanso ndi mgwirizano wosowa wamkati, chikhumbo chofuna ubwino ndi chowonadi, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo malingaliro atsoka omwe amachokera kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa ukulu ndi sewero la nthawi yomwe ikukhalamo. Woyimba komanso wopeka wa talente yayikulu, yoyambirira, amadzimva yekha ngati mwana wa dziko lake, wobadwa ndikuleredwa pansi pa thambo. M'moyo wa Sviridov pali maulalo achindunji ndi magwero a anthu komanso kutalika kwa chikhalidwe cha Russia.

Wophunzira wa D. Shostakovich, wophunzitsidwa ku Leningrad Conservatory (1936-41), katswiri wodziwika bwino wa ndakatulo ndi kujambula, yemwe anali ndi mphatso yandakatulo yopambana, anabadwira m'tauni yaing'ono ya Fatezh, m'chigawo cha Kursk, m'banja la kalaliki wa positi ndi mphunzitsi. Onse abambo ndi amayi a Sviridov anali mbadwa zakomweko, adachokera kumidzi yapafupi ndi Fatezh. Kuyankhulana kwachindunji ndi malo akumidzi, monga kuimba kwa mnyamata mu kwaya ya tchalitchi, kunali kwachibadwa komanso kwachilengedwe. Ndizigawo ziwiri zapangodya za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia - zolemba za anthu ndi luso lauzimu - zomwe zinkakhala mu kukumbukira nyimbo za mwanayo kuyambira ali mwana, zomwe zinakhala maziko a mbuye mu nthawi yokhwima ya kulenga.

Zokumbukira zakale zaubwana zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zithunzi za chikhalidwe cha South Russian - madambo amadzi, minda ndi ma copses. Ndiyeno - tsoka la Nkhondo yapachiweniweni, 1919, pamene asilikali a Denikin, omwe analowa mumzinda anapha wachikominisi wachikominisi Vasily Sviridov. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti wopeka mobwerezabwereza amabwerera ku ndakatulo ya kumidzi Russian (wozungulira mawu "Ndili ndi Bambo Waumphawi" - 1957; cantatas "Kursk Songs", "Wooden Russia" - 1964, "The Baptist Man" - 1985; nyimbo zamakwaya), ndi zovuta zowopsa zaka zachisinthiko ("1919" - gawo 7 la "ndakatulo ya Memory ya Yesenin", nyimbo zayekha "Mwana anakumana ndi bambo ake", "Imfa ya commissar").

Tsiku loyambirira la luso la Sviridov likhoza kuwonetsedwa bwino kwambiri: kuyambira m'chilimwe mpaka December 1935, pasanathe zaka 20, mbuye wa nyimbo za Soviet Union analemba zodziwika bwino za chikondi chochokera ku ndakatulo za Pushkin ("Kuyandikira Izhora"). "Winter Road", "Forest Drops ...", "To the Nanny", etc.) ndi ntchito yoyimilira pakati pa akatswiri anyimbo aku Soviet, ndikutsegula mndandanda waukadaulo wa Sviridov. Zowona, panali zaka zambiri za maphunziro, nkhondo, kusamuka, kukula kwa kulenga, luso lapamwamba la luso lamtsogolo. Kukhwima kwathunthu kwa kulenga ndi kudziyimira pawokha kunafika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40 ndi 50s, pamene mtundu wake wa ndakatulo ya cyclic unapezeka ndipo mutu wake waukulu (wolemba ndakatulo ndi dziko lakwawo) unakwaniritsidwa. Woyamba kubadwa wa mtundu uwu ("Dziko la Abambo" pa St. A. Isahakyan - 1950) adatsatiridwa ndi Nyimbo za mavesi a Robert Burns (1955), oratorio "ndakatulo mu Memory of Yesenin" (1956) ) ndi "Pathetic" (pa st. V. Mayakovsky - 1959).

“… Olemba ambiri a ku Russia ankakonda kuganiza kuti dziko la Russia linali munthu wachete ndi tulo,” analemba motero A. Blok usiku wa kuukirako, “koma lotoli limatha; bata limalowa m'malo ndi phokoso lakutali ... "Ndipo, poyitana kuti amvetsere" phokoso loopsa komanso logonthetsa m'makutu la kusinthaku ", wolemba ndakatuloyo akunena kuti "mkokomo uwu, komabe, nthawi zonse umakhala wokhudza wamkulu." Zinali ndi kiyi "Blokian" kuti Sviridov anayandikira mutu wa Great October Revolution, koma iye anatenga lemba kwa ndakatulo wina: wopeka anasankha njira kukana kwambiri, kutembenukira ku ndakatulo Mayakovsky. Mwa njira, ichi chinali choyamba kutengera nyimbo za ndakatulo zake m'mbiri ya nyimbo. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi nyimbo youziridwa "Tiyeni, wolemba ndakatulo, tiwone, tiyimbe" kumapeto kwa "Pathetic Oratorio", kumene kusandulika mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa a ndakatulo zodziwika bwino, komanso kufalikira, chisangalalo. nyimbo "Ndikudziwa kuti mzinda udzakhala". Zowonadi zosatha, ngakhale mwayi wanyimbo udawululidwa ndi Sviridov ku Mayakovsky. Ndipo "kuwomba kwa kusintha" kuli paulendo wochititsa chidwi, wochititsa mantha wa gawo loyamba ("Tembenukirani paulendo!"), Mu "cosmic" malo omaliza ("Kuwala ndi misomali!") ...

Pokhapokha m'zaka zoyambirira za maphunziro ake ndi chitukuko cha kulenga pamene Sviridov analemba nyimbo zambiri zothandizira. Pofika kumapeto kwa 30s - koyambirira kwa 40s. zikuphatikizapo Symphony; konsati ya piyano; ensembles chipinda (Quintet, Trio); 2 sonatas, 2 partitas, Album ya ana ya piyano. Zina mwazolemba izi m'makope atsopano a wolemba zidatchuka ndipo zidatenga malo awo pabwalo lamasewera.

Koma chinthu chachikulu mu ntchito ya Sviridov - nyimbo mawu (nyimbo, zachikondi, mkombero mawu, cantatas, oratorios, ntchito kwaya). Apa, malingaliro ake odabwitsa a vesi, kuya kwa kumvetsetsa kwa ndakatulo ndi luso lolemera la nyimbo zinaphatikizidwa mosangalala. Osati kokha "anaimba" mizere ya Mayakovsky (kuwonjezera pa oratorio - nyimbo yotchuka yosindikizira "Nkhani ya Bagels ndi Mkazi Amene Sakuzindikira Republic"), B. Pasternak (cantata "Ndi chipale chofewa"). , N. Gogol's prose (kwaya "Pa Achinyamata Otayika"), komanso nyimbo zamakono komanso zosinthidwa mwadongosolo. Kuwonjezera pa olemba otchulidwa, adayambitsa nyimbo zambiri za V. Shakespeare, P. Beranger, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev, B. Kornilov, A. Prokofiev, A. Tvardovsky, F. Sologub, V. Khlebnikov ndi ena - kuchokera kwa olemba ndakatulo - Decembrists kuti K. Kuliev.

Mu nyimbo za Sviridov, mphamvu yauzimu ndi kuya kwa filosofi ya ndakatulo zimasonyezedwa mu nyimbo zoboola, zomveka bwino za kristalo, mu kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya orchestra, mu chikhalidwe choyambirira cha modal. Kuyambira ndi "ndakatulo ya Memory of Sergei Yesenin", wolemba nyimboyo amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zake za nyimbo zachikale za Orthodox Znamenny. Kudalira dziko la luso lakale lauzimu la anthu a ku Russia likhoza kutsatiridwa mu nyimbo zakwaya monga "Moyo ndi chisoni kumwamba", m'mabwalo oimba nyimbo "In Memory of AA Yurlov" ndi "Wreath Pushkin" modabwitsa. nyimbo za kwaya zomwe zinaphatikizidwa mu sewero la A K. Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" ("Pemphero", "Chikondi Choyera", "Verse of Penitence"). Nyimbo za ntchitozi ndizoyera komanso zapamwamba, zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la makhalidwe abwino. Pali nkhani mu zopelekedwa filimu "Georgy Sviridov" pamene wopeka ayima pamaso pa chojambula mu Blok's nyumba yosungiramo nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale (Leningrad), amene ndakatulo pafupifupi konse anasiya. Ichi ndi chojambulidwa kuchokera ku chithunzi cha Salome chokhala ndi Mutu wa Yohane M’batizi (chiyambi cha zaka za zana la 1963) chojambulidwa ndi wojambula wachidatchi K. Massis, kumene zithunzi za Herode wankhanza ndi mneneri amene anafera chowonadi zimasiyana mowonekera bwino. "Mneneri ndi chizindikiro cha ndakatulo, tsogolo lake!" Sviridov akuti. Kufanana uku sikungochitika mwangozi. Blok anali ndi chithunzithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha moto, kamvuluvulu komanso tsogolo lomvetsa chisoni la zaka za zana la 40. Ndipo ku mawu a ulosi woopsa wa Blok, Sviridov adapanga imodzi mwaluso lake "Mawu a Choir" (1963). Blok mobwerezabwereza anauzira wopeka, amene analemba za 1962 nyimbo zochokera ndakatulo: izi ndi timitu ta solo, ndi mkombero wa chipinda "Petersburg Songs" (1967), ndi cantatas ang'onoang'ono "Nyimbo Zachisoni" (1979), "Nyimbo Zisanu za Russia" (1980), ndi ndakatulo zakwaya za Night Clouds (XNUMX), Songs of Timelessness (XNUMX).

… Alakatuli ena awiri, omwenso anali ndi maulosi, ali ndi malo apamwamba mu ntchito ya Sviridov. Izi ndi Pushkin ndi Yesenin. Kwa mavesi a Pushkin, amene adadziyika yekha ndi mabuku onse amtsogolo a Chirasha ku mawu a choonadi ndi chikumbumtima, amene mopanda dyera adatumikira anthu ndi luso lake, Sviridov, kuwonjezera pa nyimbo zaumwini ndi zachikondi zaunyamata, analemba nyimbo 10 zabwino kwambiri za "Wreath ya Pushkin". ” (1979), komwe kudzera mu mgwirizano ndi chisangalalo cha moyo chimaswa chithunzithunzi chachikulu cha ndakatulo yekha ndi muyaya ("Iwo amamenya m'bandakucha"). Yesenin - wapafupi kwambiri ndi, m'mbali zonse, ndakatulo waukulu Sviridov (pafupifupi 50 payekha ndi nyimbo kwaya). Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, wolembayo adadziwa ndakatulo zake mu 1956. Mzere wakuti "Ndine wolemba ndakatulo wotsiriza wa mudzi" wodabwitsa ndipo nthawi yomweyo unakhala nyimbo, mphukira yomwe "ndakatulo ya Memory ya Sergei Yesenin" inakula - ntchito yodabwitsa. kwa Sviridov, nyimbo za Soviet komanso zambiri, kuti anthu athu amvetsetse mbali zambiri za moyo waku Russia m'zaka zimenezo. Yesenin, monga "olemba nawo" ena akuluakulu a Sviridov, anali ndi mphatso yaulosi - m'ma 20s. iye analosera tsoka lowopsya la dziko la Russia. "Mlendo wachitsulo", akubwera "panjira ya buluu", si galimoto yomwe Yesenin ankati amawopa (monga momwe ankakhulupirira kale), ichi ndi chithunzi cha apocalyptic, chochititsa mantha. Lingaliro la wolemba ndakatulo linamveka ndikuwululidwa mu nyimbo ndi wolemba. Zina mwa ntchito zake ndi Yesenin ndi makwaya, zamatsenga mu ndakatulo chuma chawo ("Moyo ndi chisoni kumwamba", "Madzulo a buluu", "Tabun"), cantatas, nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana mpaka ndakatulo-mawu "Anachoka". Russia" (1977).

Sviridov, ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneratu zam'tsogolo, kale komanso mozama kuposa anthu ena ambiri a chikhalidwe cha Soviet, adawona kufunika kosunga chilankhulo cha ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zaku Russia, chuma chamtengo wapatali cha luso lakale lomwe linalengedwa kwa zaka zambiri, chifukwa pazaka zonsezi, chuma cha dziko lino mu nthawi yathu yonse. kuthyola maziko ndi miyambo, mu m'badwo wodziwa nkhanza, izo kwenikweni panali chiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko. Ndipo ngati mabuku athu amakono, makamaka kudzera m'milomo ya V. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, N. Rubtsov, akuitana mokweza mawu kuti apulumutse zomwe zingathe kupulumutsidwa, ndiye Sviridov analankhula za izi kumbuyo pakati pa- 50s.

Chofunika kwambiri pa luso la Sviridov ndi "mbiri yakale". Ndi za Russia yonse, yofotokoza zakale, zamakono ndi zamtsogolo. Wolembayo nthawi zonse amadziwa kutsindika zofunika kwambiri komanso zosafa. Zojambula zakwaya za Sviridov zimachokera ku magwero monga nyimbo zauzimu za Orthodox ndi nthano zaku Russia, zimaphatikizansopo mumayendedwe ake chilankhulo cha nyimbo yosinthira, kuguba, zokamba zomveka - ndiko kuti, zomveka za m'zaka za zana la XX. , ndipo pa maziko awa chodabwitsa chatsopano monga mphamvu ndi kukongola, mphamvu zauzimu ndi kulowa mkati, zomwe zimakweza luso lakwaya la nthawi yathu ku mlingo watsopano. Panali nthawi yopambana ya zisudzo zakale zaku Russia, panali kuwuka kwa symphony ya Soviet. Masiku ano, luso latsopano la Soviet choral, logwirizana komanso lopambana, lomwe liribe mafanizidwe akale kapena nyimbo zamakono zachilendo, ndizofunikira kwambiri za chuma chauzimu ndi mphamvu za anthu athu. Ndipo ichi ndi ntchito yolenga ya Sviridov. Zomwe anapeza zinapangidwa ndi kupambana kwakukulu ndi olemba ena a Soviet: V. Gavrilin, V. Tormis, V. Rubin, Yu. Butsko, K. Volkov. A. Nikolaev, A. Kholminov ndi ena.

Nyimbo za Sviridov zidakhala zaluso zaluso zaku Soviet zazaka za zana la XNUMX. chifukwa cha kuya kwake, mgwirizano, kugwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo yolemera ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia.

L. Polyakova