Zotsutsana |

German Gegenstimme, Gegensatz, Kontrasubjekt - mosiyana; mawu omalizira angatanthauzenso mutu wachiwiri wa fugue

1) Potsutsana ndi yankho loyamba mu fugue, ndi zina zotero. motsanzira, kumveka kumapeto kwa mutu mu liwu lomwelo. Kutsatira mutuwo ndi P. mfundo ziwiri zimasiyana. vuto: a) P. ndi kupitiriza kwachindunji kwa mutuwo, kutsatira popanda kuyimitsidwa momveka bwino, caesura, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndizotheka kukhazikitsa molondola nthawi yomaliza mutuwo (mwachitsanzo, mu C-dur fugue kuchokera ku vol. 1 "The Well-Tempered Clavier" wolemba I. C. Bach) kapena ayi (mwachitsanzo, mu chiwonetsero cha 1, op. fugues mu C minor op. 101 No 3 Glazunov); b) P. olekanitsidwa ndi mutuwo ndi caesura, cadenza, yomwe imawonekera m'makutu (mwachitsanzo, mu h-moll fugue kuchokera ku t. 1 ya kuzungulira komweko kwa Bach), nthawi zina ngakhale kupuma kokulirapo (mwachitsanzo, mu D-dur fugue kuchokera ku fp. cycle "24 Preludes and Fugues" ndi Shchedrin); Komanso, nthawi zina, mutu ndi P. olumikizidwa ndi gulu, kapena codette (mwachitsanzo, mu Es-dur fugue kuchokera ku otchedwa. 1 Bach kuzungulira). AP ikhoza kuyamba nthawi yomweyo. ndi yankho (nthawi zambiri; mwachitsanzo, mu A-dur fugue kuchokera Vol. 2 Clavier Wokwiya Kwambiri Wolemba Bach; mu cis-moll fugue kuchokera vol. 1, chiyambi cha yankho chikugwirizana ndi phokoso loyamba la P., lomwe nthawi yomweyo limakhala phokoso lomaliza la mutuwo), pambuyo pa chiyambi cha yankho (mwachitsanzo, mu E-dur fugue kuchokera ku t. 1 ya mkombero wa Bach womwe watchulidwa - 4 kotala pambuyo pa stretto kulowa yankho), nthawi zina yankho lisanalowe (mwachitsanzo, mu Cis-dur fugue kuchokera ku vol. 1 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier - zinayi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo kuposa yankho). Mu zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za polyphonic za P. imakwaniritsa mikhalidwe yotsutsana: imayamba, imapangitsa kuti mawu omwe akubwerawo amveke bwino, koma samataya mtundu wake wamayimbidwe. munthu payekha, amasiyana ndi kuyankha (makamaka motsatizana), ngakhale nthawi zambiri sakhala odziyimira pawokha. maphunziro. zakuthupi. P., monga lamulo, ndi melodic yachilengedwe. kupitiriza mutuwo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku chitukuko, kusintha kwa zolinga zake. Kusintha kotereku kumatha kukhala kosiyana ndi koonekeratu: mwachitsanzo, mu g-moll fugue kuchokera ku vol. 1 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, cholinga choyambirira chayankho chimatsutsidwa ndi gawo la P., lopangidwa kuchokera ku kusintha kwa mutu wa cadenza, ndipo, mosiyana, gawo la yankho la yankho limatsutsidwa ndi ena. gawo P., kutengera gawo loyamba la mutuwo. Muzochitika zina za kudalira P. kuchokera kuzinthu zamutuwu zimadziwonetsera mosadziwika bwino: mwachitsanzo, mu c-moll fugue kuchokera ku vol. 1 ya Op. Bakha P. imakula kuchokera pamzere wama metrical wamutuwu (kutsika kotsika kuchokera pa sitepe ya XNUMX kupita ku XNUMX, yopangidwa ndi mawu akugwa pamikwingwirima yamphamvu komanso yamphamvu ya bar). Nthawi zina mu P. Wolembayo amasungabe kayendedwe ka codette (mwachitsanzo, mu fugue kuchokera ku Bach's Chromatic Fantasy ndi Fugue). Mu fugues kapena mafomu otsanzira olembedwa pamaziko a mfundo za dodecaphony, umodzi ndi kudalira kwa zinthu zamutuwu ndi P. zoperekedwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito P. zosankha zina. mzere. Mwachitsanzo, mu fugue kuchokera kumapeto kwa symphony 3 ya Karaev, yoyamba (onani. nambala 6) ndi yachiwiri (nambala 7, kutsutsana ndi fugue) zosungidwa ndi P. ndi zosintha za mndandanda. Pamodzi ndi mtundu wanyimbo wosonyezedwa, kulumikizana kwa mutuwo ndi P. pali P., yotengera zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, mu f-moll fugue kuchokera ku otchedwa. 1 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier), ndipo nthawi zina posiyanitsa zinthu ndi mutuwo (mwachitsanzo, mu fugue kuchokera ku sonata C-dur ya solo ya violin yolembedwa ndi I. C. Bach; apa mothandizidwa ndi P. kuyankha pang'ono kwa chromatic ku diatonic. mutu). Mtundu uwu wa P. - ceteris paribus - nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi mutuwo ndi kadenza ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala chinthu chatsopano mu kapangidwe ka fugue. Inde, P. ndi chinthu chotukuka komanso chofunikira kwambiri mu gis-moll double fugue kuchokera ku Vol. 2 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, pomwe mutu wachiwiri ukumveka ngati nyimbo yochokera kwa P. mpaka mutu woyamba, monga zotsatira za kutalika kwake. zamitundumitundu. chitukuko. Pali nthawi zambiri pamene, pa zinthu za P. ma interludes a fugue amamangidwa, zomwe zimawonjezera gawo la P. m'mawonekedwe ofunikira kwambiri awa. Mwachitsanzo, mu c-moll fugue kuchokera vol. Kuzungulira kwa 1 kwa Bach kumalumikizana ndi zinthu za P. ndi polyphonic. zosankha; mu d-moll fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu yomweyi, kusamutsidwa kwa zinthu za interlude ndi mutu kuchokera ku kiyi yopambana (mu mipiringidzo 15-21) kupita ku kiyi yaikulu (kuchokera ku bar 36) imapanga ma ratios a sonata mu mawonekedwe. . AP mu fugue kuchokera ku suite "Tomb of Couperin" imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi M. Ravel kwenikweni ili pamlingo wofanana ndi mutuwo: pamaziko ake, zolumikizira zimamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kukopa, P. mafomu amadutsa. Mwa iye. mu musicology, mawu akuti Gegensatz, Kontrasubjekt amatanthauza Ch. ayi. P., yosungidwa (yathunthu kapena pang'ono) panthawi yonse yokhazikitsidwa ndi mutuwo (nthawi zina, osapatula ngakhale stretto - onani, mwachitsanzo, kubwereza kwa fugue kuchokera ku op. quintet g-moll Shostakovich, nambala 35, pamene mutu ndi P. kupanga 4-goli. ovomerezeka awiri a gulu la 2). Zofanana ndi P. otchedwa retained, nthawi zonse amakumana ndi zotsutsana ndi mutuwo (m'mabuku ena akale a polyphony, mwachitsanzo. m'buku la G. Bellermann, amatsutsana ndi P. amatanthauzidwa kukhala owirikiza, omwe sagwirizana ndi mawu ovomerezeka panopo). Potsutsana ndi P. ambiri, ena sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. njira zopatsirana. kukonza zinthu, popeza chidwi chimasamutsidwa ku ch. ayi. wa systematist. kuwonetsa zosankha zaubwenzi pakati pa mutuwo ndi P., zomwe ndizomwe zimafotokozera. Tanthauzo la njira yodziwika bwino iyi (mu Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi theka la fugues lili ndi P.); kotero, phokoso lochititsa chidwi la kwaya 5-goli. fugue "Et in terra pax" No 4 mu Gloria kuchokera ku Bach's mass mu h-moll imapezeka makamaka ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa mutuwu ndi zomwe P. Zosokoneza modabwitsa. ma fugues okhala ndi awiri amasiyana pakuchulukira (mwachitsanzo, ma fugues c-moll ndi h-moll kuchokera ku otchedwa. 1 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, Shostakovich's Fugue ku C-dur) makamaka ndi atatu omwe adasungidwa P.

2) M'lingaliro lalikulu, P. ndi chotsutsana ndi kuwonetsera kulikonse kwa mutu motsanzira; kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, P. akhoza kutchedwa counterpoint to the 2nd mutu woyambira wa symphony ya 21 ya Myaskovsky (onani chithunzi 1); pamalo omwewo (nambala 3) P. mpaka mutu woyamba ndi mawu apamwamba, kupanga cholinga chachiwiri. canon mu octave yokhala ndi kuwirikiza kawiri. Kuphatikiza apo, P. nthawi zina amatchedwa liwu lililonse lomwe limatsutsana ndi linzake, lomveka momveka bwino. M'lingaliro limeneli, mawu akuti "P". pafupi ndi chimodzi mwa matanthauzo a lingaliro la "kutsutsa" (mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsera koyamba kwa mutuwo mu nyimbo yoyamba ya mlendo wa Vedenets kuchokera ku opera "Sadko" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov).

Zothandizira: onani pansi pa Art. Fugue.

VP Frayonov