Sonata-cyclic mawonekedwe |

Fomu ya Sonata-cyclic - mtundu wa cyclic mawonekedwe omwe amalumikizana mumtundu umodzi womaliza, wokhoza kukhala wodziyimira pawokha, koma wolumikizidwa ndi lingaliro lofanana la ntchito. Zodziwika bwino za S. - cf zili muzaluso zapamwamba kwambiri. mgwirizano wadziko lonse. Gawo lirilonse la S. - cf limapanga masewero apadera. ntchito, kuwulula mbali ina ya lingaliro limodzi. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ikasiyanitsidwa ndi gawo lonse, magawo ake amataya kwambiri kuposa magawo amtundu wina - suite. Gawo loyamba la S. - cf, monga lamulo, limalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a sonata (motero dzina).

Kuzungulira kwa sonata, komwe kumatchedwanso sonata-symphony, kudayamba m'zaka za 16th-18th. Ma preclassical ake akale a zitsanzo samawonetsabe kusiyana koonekeratu kuchokera ku suite ndi mitundu ina ya cyclic. mitundu - partitas, toccatas, concerto grosso. Iwo nthawizonse ankachokera pa kusiyana kwa mitengo, mitundu ya kayendedwe ka dipatimenti. zigawo (motero mayina achi French a zigawo za kuzungulira - kuyenda - "kuyenda"). Chiŵerengero cha tempo cha magawo awiri oyambirira pang'onopang'ono kapena (kawirikawiri) mofulumira-wochepa nthawi zambiri chinkabwerezedwa ndi kukulitsa kwambiri kusiyana kwawo mu magawo awiri achiwiri; Magawo atatu adapangidwanso ndi chiyerekezo cha tempo-chachangu-chofulumira (kapena pang'onopang'ono-pang'onopang'ono) .

Mosiyana ndi suite, yopangidwa ndi Ch. ayi. kuchokera kumasewera ovina, mbali za sonata sizinali zobadwa mwachindunji za c.-l. mitundu yovina; fugue anali zothekanso mu sonata. Komabe, kusiyana kumeneku ndi kopanda tsankho ndipo sikungakhale ngati muyeso wolondola.

Kuzungulira kwa sonata kumasiyana momveka bwino ndi ena onse. amangopanga m'mabuku a akale a Viennese ndi omwe adatsogola - FE Bach, omwe adapanga sukulu ya Mannheim. Classic sonata-symphony kuzungulira kumakhala ndi magawo anayi (nthawi zina atatu kapena awiri); kusiyanitsa angapo. mitundu yake kutengera kapangidwe ka oimba. Sonata imapangidwira m'modzi kapena awiri, mu nyimbo zakale ndi atatu (trio-sonata) oimba, atatu kwa atatu, quartet kwa anayi, quintet asanu, sextet kwa asanu ndi limodzi, septet kwa asanu ndi awiri, octet kwa asanu ndi atatu. ochita masewera ndi etc.; mitundu yonseyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la mtundu wa chipinda, nyimbo za chipinda. Symphony imayendetsedwa ndi symphony. okhestra. Konsati nthawi zambiri imakhala ya zida zoimbira payekha (kapena zida ziwiri kapena zitatu) zokhala ndi oimba.

Gawo loyamba la sonata-symphony. cycle - sonata allegro - luso lake lophiphiritsira. pakati. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za gawoli chikhoza kukhala chosiyana - chokondwa, chosewera, chochititsa chidwi, champhamvu, ndi zina zotero, koma nthawi zonse zimadziwika ndi ntchito ndi zogwira mtima. Zomwe zimafotokozedwa m'gawo loyamba zimatsimikizira momwe thupi lonse likuyendera. Gawo lachiwiri ndi lochedwa - lyric. pakati. pakati pa nyimbo zoyimba, kumveketsa bwino kogwirizana ndi zake. zochitika zaumunthu. Maziko amtundu wa gawoli ndi nyimbo, aria, chorale. Amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Rondo ndi yochepa kwambiri, mawonekedwe a sonata popanda chitukuko, mawonekedwe a zosiyana ndizofala kwambiri. Gawo lachitatu limasintha chidwi pazithunzi zakunja, moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zinthu za kuvina. Kwa J. Haydn ndi WA Mozart, iyi ndi minuet. L. Beethoven, pogwiritsa ntchito minuet, kuchokera ku sonata yachiwiri ya piyano. pamodzi ndi izo, amayambitsa scherzo (nthawi zina amapezekanso mu quartets ya Haydn). Scherzo, yomwe imakhala ndi chiyambi chamasewera, nthawi zambiri imasiyanitsidwa ndi kayendedwe ka zotanuka, kusintha kosayembekezereka, ndi kusiyanitsa kwanzeru. Mawonekedwe a minuet ndi scherzo ndizovuta 2-gawo ndi atatu. Mapeto a kuzungulira, kubwezera khalidwe la nyimbo za gawo loyamba, nthawi zambiri amazipanganso muzowonjezereka, zamtundu wa anthu. Kwa iye, kusuntha kwachisangalalo, kulengedwa kwa chinyengo cha zochita zambiri ndizofanana. Mafomu omwe amapezeka kumapeto ndi rondo, sonata, rondo-sonata, ndi zosiyana.

Zomwe zikufotokozedwazo zitha kutchedwa spiral-closed. Lingaliro la mtundu watsopano linayambika mu symphony ya 5 ya Beethoven (1808). Mapeto a symphony ndi phokoso lachigonjetso lachipambano - uku sikubwereranso ku khalidwe la nyimbo za kayendedwe ka koyamba, koma cholinga cha chitukuko cha mbali zonse za kuzungulira. Choncho, zikuchokera akhoza kutchedwa linearly kuyesetsa. M'nthawi ya Beethoven, kuzungulira kwamtunduwu kunayamba kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mawu atsopano ananenedwa ndi Beethoven mu symphony 9 (1824), pamapeto pake adayambitsa kwaya. G. Berlioz mu pulogalamu yake "Fantastic Symphony" (1830) anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito leitteme - "theme-character", zosinthidwa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwembu cholemba.

M'tsogolomu, mayankho ambiri amunthu S.-ts. f. Zina mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zatsopano ndikugwiritsa ntchito mutu waukulu-kukana komwe kumakhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ake. luso. malingaliro ndi ulusi wofiira womwe umadutsa mkombero wonse kapena zigawo zake (PI Tchaikovsky, 5th symphony, 1888, AN Skryabin, 3rd symphony, 1903), kuphatikiza kwa ziwalo zonse kukhala chimodzi mosalekeza, mopitilira, kukhala mawonekedwe ophatikizika (omwewo a Scriabin symphony).

G. Mahler amagwiritsa ntchito wok kwambiri mu symphony. chiyambi (soloist, kwaya), ndi symphony 8 (1907) ndi "Song of the Earth" (1908) zinalembedwa kupanga. mtundu wa symphony-cantata, womwe umagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi olemba ena. P. Hindemith mu 1921 amapanga mankhwala. pansi pa dzina la "Chamber Music" la okhestra yaying'ono. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, dzina lakuti "nyimbo" limakhala dzina la mtundu umodzi wa kayendedwe ka sonata. Mtundu wa concerto kwa oimba, kutsitsimuka m'zaka za m'ma 20. miyambo yachikalekale, imakhalanso imodzi mwa mitundu ya S. - cf ("Concerto mu kalembedwe kakale" ndi Reger, 1912, Krenek's Concerti grossi, 1921 ndi 1924, etc.). Palinso ambiri payekha ndi kupanga. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonekedwe awa, osavomerezeka ku systematization.

Zothandizira: Catuar GL, mawonekedwe oimba nyimbo, gawo 2, M., 1936; Sposobin IV, Mtundu wanyimbo, M.-L., 1947, 4972, p. 138, 242-51; Livanova TN, Sewero lanyimbo la JS Bach ndi kulumikizana kwake kwakanthawi, gawo 1, M., 1948; Skrebkov SS, Kusanthula ntchito zanyimbo, M., 1958, p. 256-58; Mazel LA, Kapangidwe ka nyimbo, M., 1960, p. 400-13; Mtundu wanyimbo, (pansi pa ukonzi wamkulu wa Yu. H. Tyulin), M., 1965, p. 376-81; Reuterstein M., Pa umodzi wa mawonekedwe a sonata-cyclic ku Tchaikovsky, ku Sat. Mafunso a Musical Form, vol. 1, M., 1967, p. 121-50; Protopopov VV, Mfundo za mawonekedwe a nyimbo a Beethoven, M., 1970; ake, Pa mawonekedwe a sonata-cyclic mu ntchito za Chopin, mu Sat. Mafunso a Musical Form, vol. 2, Moscow, 1972; Barsova I., Mavuto a mawonekedwe mu ma symphonies oyambirira a Mahler, ibid., ake, Gustav Mahler's Symphonies, M., 1975; Simakova I. Pa funso la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya symphony, mu Sat. Mafunso a Musical Form, vol. 2, Moscow, 1972; Prout E., Applied forms, L., 1895 Sondhetmer R., Die formale Entwicklung der vorklassischen Sinfonie, “AfMw”, 1910, Jahrg. zinayi; Neu G. von, Der Strukturwandel der zyklischen Sonatenform, “NZfM”, 232, Jahrg. 248, nambala 1922.

VP Bobrovsky