Giovanni Mario |
Giovanni Mario
Mmodzi mwa oimba abwino kwambiri azaka za zana la XNUMX, Mario anali ndi mawu omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino okhala ndi timbre yowoneka bwino, nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, komanso luso lapamwamba kwambiri. Anali wochita bwino kwambiri wanyimbo za lyric.
Giovanni Mario (dzina lenileni Giovanni Matteo de Candia) anabadwa pa October 18, 1810 ku Cagliari, Sardinia. Pokhala wokonda kwambiri dziko lawo komanso wodzipereka kwambiri pazaluso, adasiya maudindo abanja ndi malo ali achichepere, ndikukhala membala wa gulu lomenyera ufulu wadziko. Pamapeto pake, Giovanni anakakamizika kuthawa kwawo ku Sardinia, motsatiridwa ndi gendarms.
Ku Paris, adatengedwa ndi Giacomo Meyerbeer, yemwe adamukonzekeretsa kuti alowe ku Paris Conservatoire. Apa anaphunzira kuimba ndi L. Popshar ndi M. Bordogna. Nditamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory, kuwerengera achinyamata pansi pa pseudonym Mario anayamba kuchita pa siteji.
Pa malangizo a Meyerbeer, mu 1838 iye anachita mbali yaikulu mu opera Robert Mdyerekezi pa siteji ya Grand Opera. Kuyambira 1839, Mario wakhala akuimba bwino kwambiri pa siteji ya Italy Theatre, kukhala woyamba woimba udindo waukulu mu opera Donizetti: Charles ("Linda di Chamouni", 1842), Ernesto ("Don Pasquale", 1843) .
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 40, Mario adachita ku England, komwe adayimba ku Covent Garden Theatre. Apa, tsogolo la woimba Giulia Grisi ndi Mario, amene mokhudza mtima ankakondana, ogwirizana. Ojambula mu chikondi anakhalabe osagwirizana osati m'moyo, komanso pa siteji.
Pokhala wotchuka, Mario anayenda ku Ulaya konse, ndipo anapereka gawo lalikulu la malipiro ake akuluakulu kwa okonda dziko la Italy.
"Mario anali wojambula wa chikhalidwe chapamwamba," akulemba AA Gozenpud - mwamuna yemwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro opita patsogolo a nthawiyo, ndipo koposa zonse wokonda dziko lawo, Mazzini amalingaliro ofanana. Sikuti Mario mowolowa manja anathandiza omenyera ufulu wa Italy. Wojambula-nzika, adawonetsa momveka bwino mutu waufulu mu ntchito yake, ngakhale mwayi wa izi unali wochepa ndi repertoire ndipo, koposa zonse, ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu: lyric tenor nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati wokonda mu opera. Heroics si gawo lake. Heine, mboni ya zisudzo zoyamba za Mario ndi Grisi, adangowona nyimbo zokhazo zomwe adachita. Ndemanga yake idalembedwa mu 1842 ndipo idawonetsa mbali imodzi ya ntchito za oimba.
Zachidziwikire, mawuwo adakhalabe pafupi ndi Grisi ndi Mario pambuyo pake, koma sanafotokoze mbali zonse zamasewera awo. Roubini sanachite nawo masewera a Meyerbeer ndi Verdi wachichepere, zokonda zake zokongoletsa zidatsimikiziridwa ndi utatu wa Rossini-Bellini-Donizetti. Mario ndi woimira nthawi ina, ngakhale adakhudzidwa ndi Rubini.
Womasulira wodziwika bwino wa maudindo a Edgar ("Lucia di Lammermoor"), Count Almaviva ("The Barber of Seville"), Arthur ("Puritanes"), Nemorino ("Love Potion"), Ernesto ("Don Pasquale") ndi ena ambiri, iye ndi luso lomwelo iye anachita Robert, Raoul ndi John mu opera Meyerbeer, Duke mu Rigoletto, Manrico ku Il trovatore, Alfred ku La Traviata.
Dargomyzhsky, yemwe anamva Mario m'zaka zoyamba za masewero ake pa siteji, mu 1844 ananena zotsatirazi: "... Mario, woimba bwino kwambiri, ndi mawu osangalatsa, atsopano, koma osalimba, ndi wabwino kwambiri moti anandikumbutsa. zambiri za Rubini, kwa amene iye, komabe, , momveka bwino akuyang'ana kutsanzira. Iye sanakhale womaliza, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti ayenera kukwera kwambiri. "
M’chaka chomwechi, wolemba nyimbo wa ku Russia komanso wotsutsa AN Serov analemba kuti: “Anthu a ku Italy anali ndi zionetsero zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m’nyengo yozizira monga mmene zinalili mu Bolshoi Opera. Momwemonso, anthu adadandaula kwambiri za oimbawo, kusiyana kokhako kunali kuti akatswiri oimba a ku Italy nthawi zina safuna kuimba, pamene a French sangathe kuimba. Ma nightingales angapo okondedwa a ku Italy, Signor Mario ndi Signora Grisi, komabe, nthawi zonse ankakhala pa malo awo mu holo ya Vantadour ndipo ankatinyamula ndi ma trills awo kupita ku kasupe wophuka kwambiri, pamene kuzizira, matalala ndi mphepo zinkawomba ku Paris, ma concert a piyano anaphulika. zokambirana mu zipinda wachiwiri ndi Poland. Inde, iwo ali okondwa, olodza usiku; sewero la ku Italy ndi malo oimbidwa nthawi zonse kumene ndimathawirako pamene nyengo yozizira imandichititsa misala, pamene chisanu cha moyo chimakhala chosapiririka kwa ine. Kumeneko, mu ngodya yosangalatsa ya bokosi lotsekedwa theka, mudzatenthetsa mwangwiro kachiwiri; zithumwa zanyimbo zidzasintha chowonadi cholimba kukhala ndakatulo, kulakalaka kudzatayika mu arabesque yamaluwa, ndipo mtima udzamwetuliranso. Ndizosangalatsa bwanji pamene Mario akuimba, ndipo m'maso mwa Grisi phokoso la nightingale mwachikondi likuwonekera ngati kulira kowonekera. Zinali chisangalalo chotani nanga pamene Grisi akuimba, ndipo maonekedwe achikondi a Mario ndi kumwetulira kwachimwemwe kumatseguka momvekera bwino m’mawu ake! Banja losangalatsa! Wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Perisiya yemwe adatcha nightingale duwa pakati pa mbalame, ndi duwa la nightingale pakati pa maluwa, apa akanakhala osokonezeka komanso osokonezeka poyerekezera, chifukwa onse awiri, iye ndi iye, Mario ndi Grisi, amawala osati ndi kuimba kokha, komanso ndi nyimbo. kukongola.
Mu 1849-1853, Mario ndi mkazi wake Giulia Grisi anachita pa siteji ya Italy Opera ku St. Timbre yochititsa chidwi, kuwona mtima ndi kukongola kwa phokoso, malinga ndi anthu amasiku ano, zinakopa omvera. Pochita chidwi ndi mmene Mario ankachitira m’gulu la Arthur mu The Puritans, V. Botkin analemba kuti: “Mawu a Mario ndi ochititsa chidwi kwambiri moti phokoso la cello lofatsa kwambiri limaoneka ngati louma, loipa akamaimba: kutentha kwa magetsi kumayenda mmenemo nthawi yomweyo. imakulowetsani, imayenda mosangalatsa kudzera m'mitsempha ndikubweretsa malingaliro onse mumalingaliro akuya; uku sikuli chisoni, osati nkhawa ya m'maganizo, osati chisangalalo champhamvu, koma kutengeka maganizo.
Luso la Mario linamulola kuti afotokoze malingaliro ena ndi kuya ndi mphamvu zomwezo - osati kukoma mtima kokha ndi kufooka, komanso mkwiyo, mkwiyo, kutaya mtima. Pachiwonetsero cha temberero ku Lucia, wojambulayo, pamodzi ndi ngwazi, amalira, amakayikira komanso amavutika. Serov analemba za chochitika chomaliza: "Ichi ndi chowonadi chodabwitsa chomwe chafika pachimake." Mowona mtima kwambiri, Mario amayendetsanso zochitika za msonkhano wa Manrico ndi Leonora ku Il trovatore, kuchoka ku "chisangalalo chopanda nzeru, chachibwana, kuiwala zonse zapadziko lapansi", "kukayikakayika, kunyozedwa kowawa, kukhumudwa kotheratu." wokondedwa wosiyidwa ..." - "Pano ndakatulo zoona, sewero lenileni," analemba Serov wosilira.
"Iye anali woimba wosapambana wa gawo la Arnold ku William Tell," akutero Gozenpud. - Ku St. Petersburg, Tamberlik nthawi zambiri ankayimba, koma m'ma concerts, kumene atatu a opera iyi, anasiya zisudzo, nthawi zambiri ankamveka, Mario adatenga nawo mbali. "Pochita masewero ake, Arnold anali kulira mokweza komanso "Alarmi" wake wamphamvu! anadzaza, anagwedeza ndi kulimbikitsa holo yaikulu yonse.” Ndi seŵero lamphamvu, iye anachita mbali ya Raoul mu The Huguenots ndi John mu The Prophet (The Siege of Leiden), kumene P. Viardot anali mnzake.
Pokhala ndi chithumwa chosowa siteji, kukongola, pulasitiki, kuthekera kuvala suti, Mario mu gawo lililonse lomwe adasewera adabadwanso mwatsopano. Serov analemba za kunyada kwa Castilian kwa Mario-Ferdinand mu The Favourite, ponena za chilakolako chake chodetsa nkhaŵa pa udindo wa wokondedwa wa Lucia watsoka, za kulemekezeka ndi kulimba mtima kwa Raul wake. Poteteza ulemu ndi chiyero, Mario adadzudzula nkhanza, kusuliza komanso kudzikuza. Zinkawoneka kuti palibe chomwe chinasintha mu maonekedwe a siteji ya ngwazi, mawu ake ankamveka ngati okopa, koma mosadziwika bwino kwa omvera-woonerera, wojambulayo adawulula nkhanza ndi zopanda pake zapamtima za munthuyo. Ameneyo anali Duke wake ku Rigoletto.
Apa woimbayo adapanga chithunzi cha munthu wachiwerewere, wosuliza, yemwe ali ndi cholinga chimodzi chokha - zosangalatsa. Duke wake amadzinenera kuti ali ndi ufulu woyima pamwamba pa malamulo onse. Mario - The Duke ndi wowopsa ndi mzimu wopanda pake.
A. Stakhovich analemba kuti: “Oimba nyimbo otchuka onse amene ndinamva pambuyo pa Mario mu opera iyi, kuchokera ku Tamberlik mpaka ku Mazini ... anaimba ... mu aria iyi, chisangalalo chonse ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa msilikali poyembekezera kupambana kosavuta. Umu si momwe Mario adayimbira nyimboyi, yomwe idaseweredwa ngakhale ndi hurdy-gurdies. Pakuyimba kwake, munthu amatha kumva kuzindikira kwa mfumu, kuwonongedwa ndi chikondi cha zokongola zonse zonyada za bwalo lake ndikukhutitsidwa ndi kupambana ... Nyimboyi inamveka modabwitsa m'milomo ya Mario kwa nthawi yomaliza, pamene, ngati nyalugwe, akuzunza wozunzidwayo, wosekayo adabangula mtemboyo ... Mphindi ino mu opera ili pamwamba pa mawu onse omveka a Triboulet mu sewero la Hugo. Koma mphindi yowopsya iyi, yomwe imapereka mwayi wochuluka ku luso la wojambula waluso mu udindo wa Rigoletto, inali yodzaza ndi mantha kwa anthu, ndi nyimbo imodzi yakumbuyo ya Mario. Modekha, pafupifupi kutsanulidwa mozama, mawu ake adamveka, pang'onopang'ono kuzirala m'bandakucha - tsiku linali likubwera, ndipo masiku ambiri oterowo adzatsatira, ndipo mopanda chilango, mosasamala, koma ndi zosangalatsa zomwezo, zaulemerero. moyo wa “ngwazi ya mfumu” ukayenda. Zowonadi, pomwe Mario adayimba nyimboyi, tsokalo ...
Pofotokoza za kulenga kwa Mario monga woimba wachikondi, wotsutsa Otechestvennye Zapiski analemba kuti "ndi wa sukulu ya Rubini ndi Ivanov, yemwe ali ndi khalidwe lalikulu ... , kudzipereka, cantabile. Kukoma mtima kumeneku kuli ndi chizindikiro choyambirira komanso chowoneka bwino cha nebula: m'mawu a Mario muli zambiri zachikondi zomwe zimamveka m'mamvekedwe a Waldhorn - mtundu wa mawu ndi wosayerekezeka komanso wosangalatsa kwambiri. Kugawana chikhalidwe cha omvera a sukuluyi, ali ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri (sasamala za si-bemol wapamwamba, ndipo falsetto amafika ku fa). Rubini wina anali ndi kusintha kosaoneka kuchokera ku chifuwa cha chifuwa kupita ku fistula; Pa ma teno onse omwe adamva pambuyo pake, Mario adayandikira kuposa ena ku ungwiro uwu: falsetto yake ndi yodzaza, yofewa, yodekha komanso yowongoka mosavuta ku mithunzi ya piyano ... … Kuyimba kwa Mario ndi mavesi a bravura ndi okongola, monga oimba onse omwe amaphunzitsidwa ndi anthu a ku France ... Kuyimba kulikonse kumakhala ndi mitundu yodabwitsa, tinene kuti Mario nthawi zina amatengeka nazo ... Kuyimba kwake kumakhala ndi kutentha kwenikweni ... Masewera a Mario ndi okongola .
Serov, yemwe adayamikira kwambiri luso la Mario, adanena kuti "talente ya woimba nyimbo zamphamvu kwambiri", "chisomo, chithumwa, kumasuka", kukoma kwapamwamba ndi stylistic flair. Serov analemba kuti Mario mu "Huguenots" adadziwonetsa yekha "wojambula bwino kwambiri, yemwe pakali pano alibe wofanana naye"; makamaka anagogomezera kufotokoza kwake kochititsa chidwi. "Kusewera kotere pa siteji ya opera ndi chinthu chomwe sichinachitikepo."
Mario anatchera khutu ku mbali yowonetsera, kulondola kwa mbiri yakale kwa zovalazo. Choncho, kupanga chifaniziro cha Duke Mario anabweretsa ngwazi ya opera pafupi khalidwe la sewero Viktor Hugo. Maonekedwe, zodzikongoletsera, zovala, wojambulayo adabalanso mawonekedwe a Francis I woona. Malingana ndi Serov, chinali chithunzi chotsitsimutsidwa cha mbiriyakale.
Komabe, si Mario yekha amene anayamikira kulondola kwa mbiri yakale kwa zovalazo. Chochitika chochititsa chidwi chinachitika panthawi yopanga Meyerbeer's The Prophet ku St. Petersburg mu 50s. Posachedwapa, zipolowe zoukira boma zafalikira ku Ulaya konse. Malinga ndi chiwembu cha sewerolo, imfa ya munthu wonyenga amene ankayesa kudziveka korona anayenera kusonyeza kuti tsoka ngati limeneli akuyembekezera aliyense amene asokoneza mphamvu yovomerezeka. Mfumu ya ku Russia Nicholas I mwiniyo adatsata kukonzekera kwa sewerolo ndi chidwi chapadera, kumvetsera ngakhale tsatanetsatane wa chovalacho. Korona wovekedwa ndi Yohane wazunguliridwa ndi mtanda. A. Rubinstein akunena kuti, atapita kumbuyo, mfumu inatembenukira kwa wojambula (Mario) ndi pempho lochotsa korona. Ndiye Nikolai Pavlovich akuthyola mtanda ku korona ndi kubwerera kwa woyimba wodabwitsa. Mtanda sukanakhoza kuphimba mutu wa wopandukayo.
Mu 1855/68 woyimba anayenda ku Paris, London, Madrid, ndipo mu 1872/73 anapita ku USA.
Mu 1870, Mario anachita komaliza ku St. Petersburg, ndipo anachoka pa siteji patapita zaka zitatu.
Mario anamwalira pa December 11, 1883 ku Rome.
