Giovanni Battista Viotti |

Giovanni Battista Viotti

N'zovuta tsopano ngakhale kulingalira zomwe Viotti ankasangalala nazo panthawi ya moyo wake. Nthawi yonse ya chitukuko cha luso la violin padziko lonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina lake; iye anali mtundu wa muyezo umene oimba violin ankapimidwa ndi kuyesedwa, mibadwo ya oimba inaphunzira kuchokera ku ntchito zake, ma concerto ake anali chitsanzo kwa oimba. Ngakhale Beethoven, popanga Violin Concerto, adatsogozedwa ndi Concerto ya Twentieth ya Viotti.

Viotti, wachi Italiya, adakhala mtsogoleri wa sukulu ya violin yaku France, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zojambulajambula zachi French. Pamlingo waukulu, Jean-Louis Duport Jr. (1749-1819) adachokera ku Viotti, kusamutsa mfundo zambiri za woyimba violini wotchuka ku cello. Rode, Baio, Kreutzer, ophunzira ndi admirers Viotti, anapereka mizere yosangalala zotsatirazi kwa iye mu Sukulu: m'manja mwa ambuye wamkulu anapeza khalidwe losiyana, amene ankafuna kupereka. Zosavuta komanso zoyimba pansi pa zala za Corelli; ogwirizana, odekha, odzaza chisomo pansi pa uta wa Tartini; zosangalatsa komanso zoyera ku Gavignier's; wamkulu ndi wolemekezeka pa Punyani; wodzaza ndi moto, wodzala ndi kulimba mtima, womvetsa chisoni, wamkulu m'manja mwa Viotti, wafika paungwiro kuti afotokoze zilakolako ndi mphamvu ndi ulemu umenewo womwe umateteza malo omwe amakhala ndikufotokozera mphamvu zomwe ali nazo pa moyo.

Viotti anabadwa pa May 23, 1753 m’tauni ya Fontanetto, pafupi ndi Crescentino, m’chigawo cha Piedmontese, m’banja la wosula zitsulo yemwe ankadziwa kuimba nyanga. Mwanayo adalandira maphunziro ake oyamba a nyimbo kuchokera kwa abambo ake. Luso la nyimbo la mnyamatayo linawonekera mofulumira, ali ndi zaka 8. Bambo ake anamugulira violin pawonetsero, ndipo Viotti wamng'ono anayamba kuphunzira kuchokera pamenepo, makamaka kudziphunzitsa yekha. Phindu lina linabwera kuchokera ku maphunziro ake ndi woimba nyimbo za lute Giovannini, yemwe anakhazikika m'mudzi mwawo kwa chaka chimodzi. Panthawiyo Viotti anali ndi zaka 11. Giovannini ankadziwika kuti ndi woimba wabwino, koma nthawi yochepa ya msonkhano wawo imasonyeza kuti sakanatha kupereka makamaka Viotti.

Mu 1766 Viotti anapita ku Turin. Woimba nyimbo wina Pavia adamudziwitsa kwa Bishopu wa Strombia, ndipo msonkhano uwu unakhala wabwino kwa woimbayo. Pochita chidwi ndi talente ya woyimba violini, bishopuyo adaganiza zomuthandiza ndipo adalimbikitsa Marquis de Voghera, yemwe anali kufunafuna "mnzake wophunzitsa" wa mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka 18, Prince della Cisterna. Panthaŵiyo, m’manyumba olemekezeka munali mwambo kutenga mnyamata waluso m’nyumba mwawo kuti akathandize pa chitukuko cha ana awo. Viotti anakhazikika m'nyumba ya kalonga ndipo anatumizidwa kuti akaphunzire ndi Punyani wotchuka. Pambuyo pake, Prince della Cisterna adadzitamandira kuti maphunziro a Viotti ndi Pugnani adamutengera ndalama zoposa 20000 francs: "Koma sindinong'oneza bondo ndalama izi. Kukhalapo kwa wojambula woteroyo sikukanakhoza kulipidwa kwambiri.

Pugnani "adapukutira" masewera a Viotti, kumusandutsa mbuye wathunthu. Zikuoneka kuti ankakonda kwambiri wophunzira wake waluso, chifukwa mwamsanga pamene iye anali wokonzeka mokwanira, iye anapita naye pa ulendo konsati ku mizinda ya ku Ulaya. Izi zinachitika mu 1780. Ulendowu usanachitike, kuyambira mu 1775, Viotti ankagwira ntchito m’gulu la oimba m’nyumba yopemphereramo ku Turin.

Viotti anapereka ma concerts ku Geneva, Bern, Dresden, Berlin ndipo ngakhale anafika ku St. Petersburg, kumene, komabe, analibe zisudzo zapagulu; iye ankasewera yekha pa bwalo lachifumu, anapereka Potemkin kwa Catherine II. Zoimbaimba za woyimba violini wamng'ono zinkachitika ndi kupambana kosalekeza komanso kowonjezereka, ndipo pamene Viotti anafika ku Paris cha m'ma 1781, dzina lake linali lodziwika kale.

Paris anakumana ndi Viotti ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu. Absolutism idakhala zaka zake zomaliza, malankhulidwe amoto adanenedwa paliponse, malingaliro ademokalase adasangalatsa malingaliro. Ndipo Viotti sanakhalebe wopanda chidwi ndi zomwe zinali kuchitika. Anachita chidwi ndi malingaliro a olemba mabuku, makamaka Rousseau, amene adagwada pamaso pa moyo wake wonse.

Komabe, kawonedwe ka dziko ka woyimba violin sanali wokhazikika; izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo za mbiri yake. Chisinthiko chisanachitike, adagwira ntchito za woimba wa khothi, poyamba ndi Prince Gamenet, kenako ndi Kalonga wa Soubise, ndipo potsiriza ndi Marie Antoinette. Heron Allen amatchula mawu okhulupirika a Viotti kuchokera mu mbiri yake. Pambuyo pa sewero loyamba pamaso pa Marie Antoinette mu 1784, Viotti analemba kuti: "Ndinaganiza kuti ndisalankhulenso ndi anthu ndikudzipereka ndekha pantchito ya mfumuyi. Monga mphotho, adandigulira, panthawi ya Minister Colonna, penshoni ya mapaundi 150.

Mbiri ya Viotti nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi nkhani zomwe zimatsimikizira kunyada kwake kwaluso, zomwe sizinamulole kuti agwade pamaso pa mphamvu zomwe zilipo. Mwachitsanzo, Fayol anati: “Mfumukazi ya ku France Marie Antoinette inalakalaka Viotti abwere ku Versailles. Tsiku la konsati linafika. Abwalo onse anabwera ndipo konsati inayamba. Mipiringidzo yoyamba ya solo inachititsa chidwi kwambiri, pamene mwadzidzidzi kulira kunamveka m'chipinda chotsatira: "Malo a Monsignor Comte d'Artois!". Pakati pa chisokonezo chimene chinatsatira, Viotti anatenga vayolini m’dzanja lake natuluka, akusiya bwalo lonse, zimene zinachititsa manyazi opezekapo. Ndipo apa pali nkhani ina, yomwe idanenedwanso ndi Fayol. Iye ali ndi chidwi ndi chiwonetsero cha kunyada kwa mtundu wina - munthu wa "gawo lachitatu". Mu 1790, membala wa National Assembly, bwenzi la Viotti, ankakhala m'nyumba imodzi ya ku Paris pansanjika yachisanu. Woyimba violini wotchuka adavomera kuti achite nawo konsati kunyumba kwake. Dziwani kuti anthu olemekezeka ankakhala m’zipinda zapansi pa nyumbazi. Pamene Viotti anamva kuti anthu olemekezeka angapo ndi akazi apamwamba aitanidwa ku konsati yake, iye anati: “Taweramira mokwanira kwa iwo, tsopano adzukire kwa ife.”

Pa Marichi 15, 1782, Viotti adawonekera koyamba pamaso pa anthu aku Paris pa konsati yotseguka pa Concert spirituel. Linali bungwe lachikale la konsati logwirizana makamaka ndi magulu olemekezeka ndi ma bourgeoisie akuluakulu. Pa nthawi yomwe Viotti adasewera, Concert spirituel (Spiritual Concert) idapikisana ndi "Concerts of Amateurs" (Concerts des Amateurs), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1770 ndi Gossec ndipo idasinthidwanso mu 1780 kukhala "Concerts of the Olympic Lodge" ("Concerts de la Loge Olimpique"). Omvera ambiri a mabwanawe anasonkhana pano. Komabe, mpaka kutsekedwa kwake mu 1796, "Concert spiriuel" inali holo yayikulu kwambiri komanso yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, ntchito Viotti yomweyo anakopa chidwi kwa iye. Mtsogoleri wa Concert spirituel Legros (1739-1793), m’chikalata cholembedwa pa March 24, 1782, ananena kuti “ndi konsati yomwe inachitikira Lamlungu, Viotti analimbitsa kutchuka kwakukulu kumene anali atapeza kale ku France.”

Pachimake cha kutchuka kwake Viotti mwadzidzidzi anasiya kuchita mu zoimbaimba. Eimar, mlembi wa Viotti's Anecdotes, akufotokoza mfundo imeneyi ndi mfundo yakuti woyimba violiniyo ankanyoza kuombera m'manja kwa anthu, omwe sankamvetsa bwino nyimbo. Komabe, monga momwe tikudziwira kuchokera ku mbiri yodziwika ya woimbayo, Viotti akufotokoza kukana kwake ku zoimbaimba zapagulu ndi ntchito ya woimba wa khoti Marie Antoinette, yemwe adaganiza zodzipereka panthawiyo.

Komabe, chimodzi sichitsutsana ndi chinzake. Viotti ananyansidwa kwambiri ndi zokonda za anthu. Pofika 1785 anali bwenzi lapamtima la Cherubini. Anakhazikika pamodzi ku rue Michodière, ayi. 8; kunyumba kwawo kunkabwera oimba komanso okonda nyimbo. Pamaso pa omvera otere, Viotti adasewera mofunitsitsa.

Madzulo a kusinthaku, mu 1789, a Count of Provence, mchimwene wake wa mfumu, pamodzi ndi Leonard Otier, wometa tsitsi wa Marie Antoinette, adakonza zisudzo za King's Brother, akuyitana Martini ndi Viotti monga otsogolera. Viotti nthawi zonse amakokera ku mitundu yonse ya ntchito za bungwe ndipo, monga lamulo, izi zinatha kulephera kwa iye. Mu Tuileries Hall, sewero la zisudzo za ku Italy ndi ku France, nthabwala za prose, ndakatulo ndi vaudeville zidayamba kuperekedwa. Pakatikati pa bwalo latsopanolo panali gulu la zisudzo za ku Italy, zomwe zidaleredwa ndi Viotti, yemwe adayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu. Komabe, kusinthaku kudapangitsa kuti bwalo la zisudzo liwonongeke. Martini "panthawi yovuta kwambiri ya kuukira boma adakakamizika kubisala kuti aiwale kulumikizana kwake ndi khothi." Zinthu sizinali bwino ndi Viotti: “Nditaika pafupifupi chilichonse chimene ndinali nacho m’bwalo la zisudzo la ku Italy, ndinachita mantha kwambiri nditayandikira mtsinje woipa umenewu. Ndinali ndivuto lalikulu chotani nanga ndi mapangano otani amene ndinafunikira kupanga kuti ndituluke muvutoli! Viotti akukumbukira m’nkhani yake yolembedwa ndi E. Heron-Allen.

Mpaka nthawi ina mu chitukuko cha zochitika Viotti mwachionekere anayesa kupitiriza. Iye anakana kusamuka ndipo atavala yunifolomu ya National Guard, anakhalabe ndi zisudzo. Nyumbayi inatsekedwa mu 1791, ndipo Viotti anaganiza zochoka ku France. Madzulo a kumangidwa kwa banja lachifumu, anathawira ku Paris ku London, kumene anafika pa July 21 kapena 22, 1792. Kumeneko analandiridwa ndi manja awiri. Chaka chotsatira, mu July 1793, anakakamizika kupita ku Italy chifukwa cha imfa ya amayi ake ndi kusamalira abale ake, omwe anali adakali ana. Komabe, Riemann akunena kuti ulendo wa Viotti wopita kudziko lakwawo ukugwirizana ndi chikhumbo chake chofuna kuona bambo ake, omwe posakhalitsa anamwalira. Njira imodzi kapena imzake, koma kunja kwa England, Viotti anali mpaka 1794, atafika pa nthawi imeneyi osati Italy, komanso Switzerland, Germany, Flanders.

Kubwerera ku London, kwa zaka ziwiri (1794-1795) anatsogolera ntchito kwambiri konsati, kuchita pafupifupi makonsati onse okonzedwa ndi wotchuka German woyimba zeze Johann Peter Salomon (1745-1815), amene anakhazikika mu likulu English kuyambira 1781. Zoimbaimba Salomon. anali otchuka kwambiri.

Zina mwa zisudzo za Viotti, konsati yake mu Disembala 1794 ndi wosewera wotchuka wa bass Dragonetti ali ndi chidwi. Adaimba nyimbo ya Viotti, pomwe Dragonetti akusewera gawo lachiwiri la violin pa bass iwiri.

Pokhala ku London, Viotti adayambanso kuchita nawo ntchito zamagulu. Anagwira nawo ntchito yoyang'anira Royal Theatre, atatenga zochitika za Opera ya ku Italy, ndipo Wilhelm Kramer atachoka pa udindo wa mkulu wa Royal Theatre, adalowa m'malo mwake.

Mu 1798, moyo wake wamtendere unasweka mwadzidzidzi. Anaimbidwa mlandu wapolisi wotsutsana ndi Directory, omwe adalowa m'malo mwa Msonkhano wa revolutionary, komanso kuti adakumana ndi atsogoleri ena a French revolution. Anapemphedwa kuti achoke ku England pasanathe maola 24.

Viotti anakakhala m’tauni ya Schoenfeldts pafupi ndi Hamburg, kumene anakhalako pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Kumeneko anapeka nyimbo kwambiri, kulemberana makalata ndi mmodzi wa anzake apamtima Achingelezi, Chinnery, ndipo anaphunzira ndi Friedrich Wilhelm Piksis (1786-1842), amene pambuyo pake anali woimba violin wotchuka wa ku Czechoslovakia ndi mphunzitsi, woyambitsa sukulu ya violin ku Prague.

Mu 1801 Viotti analandira chilolezo chobwerera ku London. Koma sanathe kutenga nawo mbali m’moyo wanyimbo wa likulu la dzikolo ndipo, malinga ndi malangizo a Chinnery, anayamba malonda a vinyo. Kunali kusuntha koyipa. Viotti adakhala wamalonda wosatheka ndipo adasokonekera. Kuchokera mu wilo ya Viotti, ya pa March 13, 1822, tikuphunzira kuti sanabweze ngongole zomwe anapanga pa malonda oipawo. Iye analemba kuti moyo wake unang’ambika pozindikira kuti akufa popanda kubweza ngongole ya Chinnery ya 24000 francs, yomwe anam’bwereka chifukwa cha malonda a vinyo. "Ndikafa osabweza ngongoleyi, ndikukupemphani kuti mugulitse chilichonse chomwe ndingapeze, zindikirani ndikutumiza kwa Chinnery ndi olowa m'malo mwake."

Mu 1802, Viotti abwereranso ku ntchito zoimba ndipo, akukhala mokhazikika ku London, nthawi zina amapita ku Paris, kumene kusewera kwake kumasilirabe.

Zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika za moyo wa Viotti ku London kuchokera ku 1803 mpaka 1813. Mu 1813 adagwira nawo ntchito mwakhama mu bungwe la London Philharmonic Society, akugawana ulemu umenewu ndi Clementi. Kutsegulidwa kwa Sosaite kunachitika pa March 8, 1813, Salomon anatsogolera, pamene Viotti ankaimba m’gulu la oimba.

Polephera kuthana ndi mavuto azachuma omwe akukula, mu 1819 adasamukira ku Paris, komwe, mothandizidwa ndi woyang'anira wake wakale, Count of Provence, yemwe anakhala Mfumu ya France pansi pa dzina la Louis XVIII, adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Italy. Nyumba ya Opera. Pa February 13, 1820, Mtsogoleri wa Berry anaphedwa m'bwalo la zisudzo, ndipo zitseko za bungweli zinatsekedwa kwa anthu. Sewero la ku Italy linasuntha kangapo kuchokera kuchipinda chimodzi kupita ku china ndikukhala moyo womvetsa chisoni. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, m’malo molimbikitsa chuma chake, Viotti anasokonezeka kwambiri. M'chaka cha 1822, atatopa ndi zolephera, anabwerera ku London. Thanzi lake likuipiraipira mofulumira. Pa March 3, 1824, 7 koloko m’mawa, anamwalira kunyumba kwa Caroline Chinnery.

Katundu wocheperako adatsalira kwa iye: mipukutu iwiri ya concertos, violin awiri - Klotz ndi Stradivarius wokongola kwambiri (adapempha kuti agulitse womaliza kuti alipire ngongole), mabokosi awiri a golide ndi wotchi yagolide - ndizo zonse.

Viotti anali woyimba zeze wamkulu. Kuchita kwake ndi chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha kalembedwe ka nyimbo zachikale: masewerawa adasiyanitsidwa ndi olemekezeka apadera, kudzichepetsa kwachisoni, mphamvu zazikulu, moto, komanso nthawi yomweyo kuphweka kokhazikika; anali wodziwika ndi luntha, masculinity wapadera ndi oratorical elation. Viotti anali ndi mawu amphamvu. Kukhwima kwachimuna kwa kachitidwe kunagogomezeredwa ndi kugwedezeka kwapakatikati, koletsa. "Panali china chake chodabwitsa komanso cholimbikitsa pakuchita kwake kotero kuti ngakhale ochita bwino kwambiri adamuthawa ndipo adawoneka ngati wamba," alemba a Heron-Allen, pogwira mawu a Miel.

Kuchita kwa Viotti kunali kofanana ndi ntchito yake. Analemba ma concerto 29 a violin ndi ma concerto 10 a piyano; Ma sonata 12 a violin ndi piyano, zoimbaimba zambiri za violin, ma trios 30 a violin awiri ndi ma bass awiri, magulu 7 a ma quartet a zingwe ndi ma quartets 6 a nyimbo zamtundu; angapo a cello ntchito, angapo mawu zidutswa - okwana pafupifupi 200 nyimbo.

Ma concerto a violin ndi otchuka kwambiri pa cholowa chake. Mu ntchito za mtundu uwu, Viotti anapanga zitsanzo za ngwazi classicism. Kuvuta kwa nyimbo zawo kumakumbutsa zojambula za Davide ndikugwirizanitsa Viotti ndi olemba nyimbo monga Gossec, Cherubini, Lesueur. Zolinga zachitukuko m'mayendedwe oyambirira, njira zamakono ndi zolota mu adagio, demokarasi yowonongeka ya rondos yomaliza, yodzazidwa ndi nyimbo za midzi ya Parisian yogwira ntchito, imasiyanitsa bwino ma concerto ake ndi zilankhulo za violin za anthu a m'nthawi yake. Viotti anali ndi luso lodzipangira yekha, koma adatha kuwonetseratu zochitika za nthawiyo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti nyimbo zake zikhale zofunikira pa nyimbo ndi mbiri.

Monga Lully ndi Cherubini, Viotti akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi woimira weniweni wa zojambula za dziko la France. Mu ntchito yake, Viotti sanaphonye mbali imodzi ya stylistic ya dziko, kusungidwa komwe kunasamalidwa ndi changu chodabwitsa ndi olemba a nyengo yachisinthiko.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Viotti nayenso ankachita maphunziro a pedagogy, ngakhale kuti ambiri sanatenge malo apakati pa moyo wake. Pakati pa ophunzira ake pali oimba violin odziwika bwino monga Pierre Rode, F. Pixis, Alde, Vache, Cartier, Labarre, Libon, Maury, Pioto, Roberecht. Pierre Baio ndi Rudolf Kreutzer ankadziona ngati ophunzira a Viotti, ngakhale kuti sanaphunzirepo kanthu kwa iye.

Zithunzi zingapo za Viotti zapulumuka. Chithunzi chake chodziwika bwino chinajambulidwa mu 1803 ndi wojambula wa ku France Elisabeth Lebrun (1755-1842). Heron-Allen akufotokoza maonekedwe ake motere: “Chilengedwe chinafupa Viotti mowolowa manja mwakuthupi ndi mwauzimu. Mutu waukulu, wolimba mtima, nkhope, ngakhale kuti inalibe mawonekedwe angwiro, inali yowonekera, yosangalatsa, yowala. Maonekedwe ake anali ofanana kwambiri ndi achisomo, makhalidwe ake abwino kwambiri, kulankhula kwake kosangalatsa ndi koyeretsedwa; iye anali wofotokozera mwaluso ndipo mu kufalitsa kwake chochitikacho chinkawoneka kukhala chamoyo kachiwiri. Ngakhale kuti Viotti ankakhala m’khoti la ku France kunali kuipa kwa zinthu, iye sanataye kukoma mtima kwake koonekeratu ndiponso kusachita mantha.

Viotti anamaliza chitukuko cha luso la violin la Kuwala, kuphatikiza muzochita zake ndikugwira ntchito miyambo yayikulu ya Italy ndi France. Mbadwo wotsatira wa violinists unatsegula tsamba latsopano m'mbiri ya violin, yogwirizana ndi nyengo yatsopano - nthawi ya chikondi.

L. Raaben