Mbiri ya domra

Akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira zimenezo domra - chida choyambirira cha ku Russia. Komabe, tsogolo lake ndi lapadera komanso lodabwitsa kotero kuti sikoyenera kuthamangira ndi mawu amtunduwu, pali mitundu iwiri ya maonekedwe ake, iliyonse yomwe ingakhale yowona.

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa domra komwe kwabwera kwa ife kuyambira zaka za zana la 16, koma amalankhula za domra ngati chida chomwe chadziwika kale ku Russia.Chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zodziwika bwino za chiyambi cha chida chodulira choyimba ichi ndi cholowa chakum'mawa. Zida zofanana kwambiri m'mawonekedwe ndi njira zotulutsira mawu zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu akale a ku Turkey ndipo ankatchedwa maseche. Ndipo dzina lakuti "domra" mwachiwonekere liribe muzu waku Russia. Baibuloli limathandizidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti maseche a kum'mawa anali ndi bolodi lomveka lomwelo ndipo mawu ake ankatengedwa mothandizidwa ndi tchipisi tamatabwa. Amakhulupirira kuti inali tambur yomwe inali kholo la zida zambiri zakum'maŵa: Turkish baglamu, Kazakh dombra, Tajik rubab. Amakhulupirira kuti zinali kuchokera ku maseche, panthawi ya kusintha kwina, kuti domra ya ku Russia ikanatha. Ndipo izo zinabweretsedwa ku Russia Yakale pa nthawi ya ubale wapamtima wamalonda ndi mayiko a Kummawa, kapena nthawi ya goli la Mongol-Tatar.

Malingana ndi mtundu wina, mizu ya domra yamakono iyenera kufunidwa mu lute ya ku Ulaya. Ngakhale kuti, m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, chida chilichonse choimbira chokhala ndi thupi lozungulira ndi zingwe, chimene mawu ankatulutsamo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodulira, chinali kutchedwa lute. Mukafufuza mbiri yakale, mungapeze kuti ili ndi mizu yakummawa ndipo inachokera ku chida cha Chiarabu - al-ud, koma kenako Asilavo a ku Ulaya adakhudza mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe. Izi zitha kutsimikiziridwa ndi kobza yaku Ukraine-Polish ndi mtundu wake wamakono - bandura. Middle Ages ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha ubale wapamtima wa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe, motero domra amaonedwa kuti ndi wachibale wa zida zonse zoimbidwa ndi zingwe za nthawi imeneyo.

M'zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 17, inali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha Russia. Skomoroshestvo, yomwe inali yofala ku Russia, nthawi zonse ankagwiritsa ntchito domra pochita masewera awo mumsewu, pamodzi ndi azeze ndi nyanga. Anayendayenda m'dziko lonselo, kuchita zisudzo, kunyodola olemekezeka a tchalitchi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakwiyitsa akuluakulu ndi tchalitchi. Panali gulu lonse la "Amusement Chamber" lomwe linkasangalatsa "gulu lapamwamba" mothandizidwa ndi chida choimbira ichi. Komabe, kuyambira 1648, nthawi yodabwitsa imabwera kwa domra. Mothandizidwa ndi tchalitchi, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich adatcha zisudzo za buffoons "masewera a ziwanda" ndipo adapereka lamulo loletsa "zida zamasewera a ziwanda" - domra, zeze, nyanga, ndi zina zambiri. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi mpaka zaka za zana la 19 , zolemba zakale sizimatchula domra.

Nkhaniyo ikanatha momvetsa chisoni, ngati mu 1896, m'dera la Vyatka, wofufuza wamkulu komanso woimba wa nthawi imeneyo - VV Andreev, sanapeze chida chachilendo choimba chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe a hemispherical. Pamodzi ndi mbuye SI Nalimov, adapanga pulojekiti yopanga chida chotengera kapangidwe kachitsanzo komwe kapezeka. Pambuyo pomanganso ndi kuphunzira zolemba zakale, adatsimikiza kuti iyi ndi domra yakale.

"Great Russian Orchestra" - otchedwa balalaika orchestra motsogozedwa ndi Andreev, analipo ngakhale asanatuluke domra, koma mbuye anadandaula za kusowa kwa gulu lotsogolera nyimbo, chifukwa cha udindo umene iye anagwirizana mwangwiro. Pamodzi ndi wopeka ndi limba NP Fomin, amene thandizo mamembala a bwalo la nyimbo Andreev anaphunzira zoimbira nyimbo ndi kufika pa mlingo akatswiri, domra anayamba kusanduka chida maphunziro.

Kodi domra ikuwoneka bwanji? Pali lingaliro lakuti poyamba linapangidwa ndi zipika. Kumeneko, matabwa anabowoledwa pakati, ndodo (khosi) inamalizidwa, minyewa yotambasulidwa ya nyama inali ngati zingwe. Masewerawa ankachitika ndi sliver, nthenga, kapena fupa la nsomba. Domra yamakono ili ndi thupi labwino kwambiri lopangidwa ndi mapulo, birch, khosi lopangidwa ndi matabwa olimba. Kusewera domra, plectrum yopangidwa kuchokera ku chipolopolo cha kamba, ndipo kuti amve phokoso losamveka, plectrum yopangidwa ndi chikopa chenicheni imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chida cha zingwe chimakhala ndi thupi lozungulira, pafupifupi kutalika kwa khosi, zingwe zitatu, sikelo ya kotala. Mu 1908, mitundu yoyambirira ya zingwe zinayi za domra idapangidwa. Izo zinachitika pa kuumirira kondakitala wotchuka - G. Lyubimov, ndipo lingaliro anazindikira ndi mbuye wa zida zoimbira - S. Burovy. Komabe, chingwe cha 4 chinali chocheperapo poyerekeza ndi domra yachikhalidwe ya zingwe zitatu potengera timbre. Chaka chilichonse, chidwi chinawonjezeka, ndipo mu 3 konsati yoyamba inachitika, kumene domra anakhala chida payekha. Linalembedwa ndi N. Budashkin ndipo linali lopambana kwambiri m'zaka zotsatira. Chotsatira chake chinali kutsegulidwa kwa dipatimenti yoyamba ya zida za anthu ku Russia ku Institute. Gnesins, omwe anali ndi dipatimenti ya domra. Yu. Shishakov anakhala mphunzitsi woyamba.

kuchuluka ku Europe. M’Baibulo lotembenuzidwa ndi Semyon Budnov, dzina la chidacho linatchulidwa pofuna kusonyeza mmene Aisrayeli anayamikirira Mulungu m’masalimo olembedwa ndi Mfumu Davide “Tamandani Yehova pa domra”. Mu Ukulu wa Lithuania, chida ichi choimbira chinali kuonedwa ngati zosangalatsa wamba kwa anthu wamba, koma mu ulamuliro wa Grand Dukes a Radziwills, ankaimba pabwalo kusangalatsa khutu.

Pakali pano, konsati, chipinda nyimbo nyimbo ikuchitika pa domra mu Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, komanso m'mayiko ena pambuyo Soviet. Olemba ambiri apereka nthawi yawo popanga nyimbo za chida ichi. Njira yayifupi chotere yomwe domra yadutsa, kuchokera kwa anthu kupita ku chida chamaphunziro, palibe chida china choimbira cha gulu lamakono la symphony orchestra chomwe chadutsamo.