Jean-Philippe Rameau |

Jean-Philippe Rameau

… Munthu ayenera kumukonda iye ndi ulemu wachifundo umene wasungidwa mogwirizana ndi makolo, zosasangalatsa pang’ono, koma amene ankadziwa kulankhula chowonadi mokongola kwambiri. C. Debussy

Atakhala wotchuka m'zaka zake zokhwima, JF Rameau samakumbukiranso ubwana wake ndi unyamata wake kotero kuti ngakhale mkazi wake sankadziwa chilichonse za izo. Pokhapokha kuchokera muzolemba ndi zidutswa zazing'ono za anthu a m'nthawi yathu tikhoza kumanganso njira yomwe inamufikitsa ku Parisian Olympus. Tsiku lake lobadwa silikudziwika, ndipo anabatizidwa pa September 25, 1683 ku Dijon. Bambo ake a Ramo ankagwira ntchito yokonza tchalitchi, ndipo mnyamatayo anaphunzira maphunziro ake oyambirira kwa iye. Nyimbo nthawi yomweyo inakhala chilakolako chake chokha. Ali ndi zaka 18, anapita ku Milan, koma posakhalitsa anabwerera ku France, kumene anayamba kuyenda ndi magulu oyendayenda monga woyimba zeze, kenako anatumikira monga oimba m'mizinda ingapo: Avignon, Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, Dijon, Montpellier. , Lyon. Izi zinapitirira mpaka 1722, pamene Rameau anasindikiza buku lake loyamba lachiphunzitso, A Treatise on Harmony. Nkhaniyi ndi wolemba wake adakambidwa ku Paris, komwe Rameau adasamukira ku 1722 kapena koyambirira kwa 1723.

Munthu wakuya komanso wowona mtima, koma osati wadziko, Rameau adapeza otsatira komanso otsutsa pakati pa anthu odziwika bwino aku France: Voltaire adamutcha "Orpheus wathu", koma Rousseau, katswiri wazosavuta komanso wachilengedwe mu nyimbo, adadzudzula kwambiri Rameau chifukwa " maphunziro” ndi ” kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo molakwika ”(malinga ndi A. Gretry, chidani cha Rousseau chinabwera chifukwa cha ndemanga yachidule ya Rameau ya opera yake yakuti “ Gallant Muses ”). Kusankha kuchita m'munda wa opaleshoni yekha pa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu, Rameau 1733 anakhala kutsogolera opera kupeka wa France, komanso osasiya ntchito zake sayansi ndi pedagogical. Mu 1745 analandira udindo wa wopeka khoti, ndipo atatsala pang'ono imfa yake - olemekezeka. Komabe, kupambana sikunamupangitse kuti asinthe khalidwe lake lodziimira payekha ndikulankhula, chifukwa chake Ramo ankadziwika kuti ndi wosadziwika komanso wosayanjana. Nyuzipepala ya mumzinda waukulu, poyankha imfa ya Rameau, “mmodzi mwa oimba otchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya,” inati: “Anamwalira ali ndi mphamvu. Ansembe osiyanasiyana sanapeze kalikonse kwa iye; kenako wansembe anawonekera ... analankhula kwa nthawi yayitali kotero kuti wodwala ... anafuula mokwiya: “N’chifukwa chiyani mwabwera kuno kudzayimba kwa ine, bambo wansembe? Uli ndi mawu abodza!'” Sewero la Rameau ndi zisudzo zake zinali za nthawi yonse m'mbiri ya zisudzo za ku France. Opera yake yoyamba, Samson, ku libretto yolembedwa ndi Voltaire (1732), sinaseweredwe chifukwa cha nkhani ya m'Baibulo. Kuchokera mu 1733, ntchito za Rameau zakhala pa siteji ya Royal Academy of Music, zomwe zimachititsa chidwi ndi mikangano. Pogwirizana ndi bwalo lamilandu, Rameau adakakamizika kutembenukira ku ziwembu ndi mitundu yomwe adalandira kuchokera kwa JB Lully, koma adawamasulira m'njira yatsopano. Otsatira a Lully adadzudzula Rameau chifukwa chochita zinthu molimba mtima, komanso olemba mabukuwa, omwe adawonetsa zofuna za anthu a demokalase (makamaka Rousseau ndi Diderot), chifukwa chokhulupirika ku mtundu wanyimbo wa Versailles ndi mafanizo ake, ngwazi zachifumu ndi zozizwitsa za siteji: zonsezi zidawoneka kwa iwo. anachronism yamoyo. Luso lanzeru la Rameau linatsimikizira luso lapamwamba la ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri. M'mavuto anyimbo Hippolytus ndi Arisia (1733), Castor ndi Pollux (1737), Dardanus (1739), Rameau, akukulitsa miyambo yabwino ya Lully, amatsegula njira zodziwikiratu za KV zolimba komanso zokonda.

Mavuto a opera-ballet "Gallant India" (1735) amagwirizana ndi malingaliro a Rousseau okhudza "munthu wachilengedwe" ndikulemekeza chikondi monga mphamvu yomwe imagwirizanitsa anthu onse padziko lapansi. Opera-ballet Platea (1735) amaphatikiza nthabwala, mawu, zochititsa chidwi komanso zoseketsa. Pazonse, Rameau adapanga pafupifupi 40 siteji ntchito. Mkhalidwe wa libretto mwa iwo kaŵirikaŵiri unali pansi pa chitsutso chirichonse, koma wopeka nyimboyo mwanthabwala anati: “Ndipatseni nyuzipepala ya Dutch Newspaper ndipo ndidzayimba nyimbo.” Koma iye anali wodzifunira yekha monga woimba, pokhulupirira kuti woimba nyimbo za opera ayenera kudziŵa zonse ziŵiri zisudzo ndi chibadwa cha anthu, ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu; kumvetsa zonse kuvina, ndi kuimba, ndi zovala. Ndipo kukongola kosangalatsa kwa nyimbo za Ra-mo kaŵirikaŵiri kumapambanitsa mafanizo ozizira kapena kukongola kwapabwalo kwa nkhani zongopeka. Nyimbo za Arias zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kumveka bwino, gulu loimba limatsindika zochitika zazikulu ndikujambula zithunzi za chilengedwe ndi nkhondo. Koma Rameau sanadzikhazikitse yekha ntchito yopanga zofunikira komanso zoyambirira zopangira zopangira. Choncho, kupambana kwa kusintha kwa machitidwe a Gluck ndi machitidwe a m'nthawi ya Revolution ya ku France zinapangitsa kuti ntchito za Rameau ziwonongeke. Only mu XIX-XX zaka. luso la nyimbo Rameau anazindikira kachiwiri; adasiyidwa ndi K. Saint-Saens, K. Debussy, M, Ravel, O. Messiaen.

Gawo lalikulu la ntchito ya u3bu1706bRamo ndi nyimbo za harpsichord. Wolembayo anali wotsogola kwambiri, zolemba zake za 1722 za harpsichord (1728, 5, c. 11) zinali ndi ma suites XNUMX momwe zidutswa zovina (allemande, courante, minuet, sarabande, gigue) zimasinthidwa ndi zilembo zomwe zinali ndi mayina ofotokozera ( "Madandaulo Ofatsa", "Kukambirana kwa Muses", "Savages", "Whirlwinds", ndi zina). Poyerekeza ndi nyimbo za harpsichord za F. Couperin, wotchedwa "wamkulu" chifukwa cha luso lake m'moyo wake, kalembedwe ka Rameau ndi kochititsa chidwi komanso kowonetsera. Kugonjera nthawi zina kwa Couperin mu kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane komanso kusakhazikika kwamalingaliro, Rameau m'masewera ake abwino kwambiri amakwaniritsa zauzimu ("Kuyimba Mbalame", "Mkazi Wachibwana"), chidwi chokondwa ("Gypsy", "Mfumukazi"), kuphatikiza mochenjera kwa nthabwala ndi kukhumudwa ( "Nkhuku", "Khromusha"). Katswiri waluso wa Rameau ndi Variations Gavotte, momwe mutu wovina wosangalatsa pang'onopang'ono umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Seweroli likuwoneka kuti likugwira mayendedwe auzimu a nthawiyo: kuchokera mu ndakatulo zoyengedwa bwino za zikondwerero zamphamvu muzojambula za Watteau mpaka kusinthika kwachikale kwa zojambula za David. Kuphatikiza pa ma suti apayekha, Rameau adalemba ma concerto XNUMX a harpsichord omwe amatsagana ndi ma ensembles akuchipinda.

Anthu a m'nthawi ya Rameau adayamba kudziwika ngati katswiri wanyimbo, ndiyeno ngati wolemba nyimbo. Buku lake lakuti “Treatise on Harmony” linali ndi zinthu zambiri zotulukira bwino zomwe zinayala maziko a chiphunzitso cha sayansi cha mgwirizano. Kuchokera ku 1726 mpaka 1762 Rameau adasindikiza mabuku ndi zolemba zina 15 momwe adafotokozera ndikuteteza malingaliro ake pazotsutsana ndi otsutsa motsogozedwa ndi Rousseau. Academy of Sciences of France anayamikira kwambiri ntchito za Rameau. Wasayansi wina wodziwika bwino, d'Alembert, adakhala wodziwika bwino wa malingaliro ake, ndipo Diderot analemba nkhani ya Nephew wa Rameau, yemwe anali wamoyo weniweni Jean-Francois Rameau, mwana wa mchimwene wa wolemba nyimbo Claude.

Kubwerera kwa nyimbo za Rameau kumabwalo ochitirako konsati ndi magawo a opera kudayamba m'zaka za 1908. ndipo makamaka chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za oimba aku France. M’mawu olekanitsa kwa omvera sewero loyamba la opera ya Rameau yotchedwa Hippolyte ndi Arisia, C. Debussy analemba m’chaka cha XNUMX kuti: “Tisaope kusonyeza ulemu kwambiri kapena kukhudza mtima kwambiri. Tiyeni timvetsere kumtima kwa Ramo. Sipanakhaleponso mawu achi French… "

L. Kirillina

Wobadwira m'banja la olimba; wachisanu ndi chiwiri mwa ana khumi ndi mmodzi. Mu 1701 anaganiza zodzipereka ku nyimbo. Atakhala pang'ono ku Milan, adakhala mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi ndi oimba, woyamba ku Avignon, kenako ku Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, ndi Lyon. Mu 1714 akukumana ndi sewero lachikondi; mu 1722 iye amafalitsa Treatise pa Harmony, zomwe zinamulola kuti apeze malo omwe amawafunira a organist ku Paris. Mu 1726 anakwatira Marie-Louise Mango wochokera ku banja la oimba, omwe adzakhala nawo ana anayi. Kuyambira 1731, wakhala akuchititsa oimba payekha wa wolemekezeka Alexandre de La Pupliner, wokonda nyimbo, bwenzi la ojambula zithunzi ndi aluntha (ndi, makamaka Voltaire). Mu 1733 adawonetsa opera ya Hippolyte ndi Arisia, yomwe idayambitsa mkangano waukulu, womwe udakonzedwanso mu 1752 chifukwa cha Rousseau ndi d'Alembert.

Ma opera akuluakulu:

Hippolytus ndi Arisia (1733), Gallant India (1735-1736), Castor ndi Pollux (1737, 1154), Dardanus (1739, 1744), Platea (1745), Temple of Glory (1745-1746), Zoroaster (1749-1756) ), Abaris, kapena Boreads (1764, 1982).

Osachepera kunja kwa France, bwalo lamasewera la Rameau silinazindikiridwe. Pali zopinga panjira imeneyi, okhudzana ndi khalidwe la woimba, ndi tsogolo lake lapadera monga mlembi wa ntchito zisudzo ndi talente pang'ono wosaneneka, nthawi zina zochokera mwambo, nthawi zina kwambiri mosaletseka kufunafuna zomveka zatsopano, makamaka nyimbo zatsopano. Vuto lina lagona pa chikhalidwe cha zisudzo za Rameau, zodzaza ndi zowerengera zazitali komanso kuvina kolemekezeka, ngakhale momasuka. Kukonda kwake chilankhulo chachikulu, chofananira, mwadala, choyimba komanso chochititsa chidwi, pafupifupi osachita zinthu mopupuluma, zomwe amakonda pakusintha kwanyimbo ndi kumveka bwino - zonsezi zimapereka chiwonetsero chazidziwitso zazikulu komanso zamwambo ndipo, titero, amatembenuza nyimbo. otchulidwa ku maziko.

Koma ichi ndi chithunzi choyamba, osaganizira mfundo zazikulu zomwe woimbayo akuyang'ana pa khalidwe, pa izi kapena zochitikazo ndikuziwunikira. Munthawi izi, mphamvu zonse zomvetsa chisoni za sukulu yayikulu yaku France, sukulu ya Corneille komanso, mokulirapo, Racine, imakhalanso ndi moyo. Chilengezochi chimakhazikitsidwa pamaziko a chilankhulo cha Chifalansa ndi chisamaliro chomwecho, chinthu chomwe chidzakhalapo mpaka Berlioz. Pankhani ya nyimbo, malo otsogola amakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika, kuchokera kusinthasintha-wofatsa mpaka achiwawa, chifukwa chomwe chinenero cha French opera seria chakhazikitsidwa; apa Rameau akuyembekezera olemba a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana, monga Cherubini. Ndipo kukondwa kwina kwa magulu ankhondo ankhondo kumatha kukumbutsa Meyerbeer. Popeza Rameau amakonda masewero a nthano, akuyamba kuyala maziko a "Grand opera", momwe mphamvu, kukongola ndi zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kukoma kwabwino mu kalembedwe, ndi kukongola kwa malo. Masewero a Rameau amaphatikizapo zochitika za choreographic zomwe zimatsagana ndi nyimbo zokongola zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito yofotokozera, zomwe zimapereka chithumwa komanso kukopa, kuyembekezera mayankho amakono kwambiri pafupi ndi Stravinsky.

Atakhala zaka zoposa theka la zaka zake kutali ndi zisudzo, Rameau adabadwanso ndi moyo watsopano ataitanidwa ku Paris. Nyimbo zake zimasintha. Amakwatira mkazi wamng'ono kwambiri, amawonekera m'mabuku a zisudzo ndi ntchito za sayansi, ndipo kuchokera ku "ukwati" wake mochedwa "French opera ya tsogolo" imabadwa.

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)