Johann Christian Bach |

Johann Christian Bach

Johann Christian Bach, pakati pa zabwino zina, analera ndi kulima duwa la chisomo ndi chisomo pa nthaka yakale. F. Rohlic

"Wopambana kwambiri mwa ana onse a Sebastian" (G. Abert), wolamulira wa malingaliro a nyimbo za ku Ulaya, mphunzitsi wamakono, woimba wotchuka kwambiri, yemwe angathe kupikisana ndi kutchuka ndi aliyense wa m'nthawi yake. Tsoka lotereli lidagwera womaliza mwa ana aamuna a JS Bach, Johann Christian, yemwe adalowa m'mbiri pansi pa dzina la "Milanese" kapena "London" Bach. Zaka zazing'ono zokha za Johann Christian zinakhala ku Germany: mpaka zaka 15 m'nyumba ya makolo, ndiyeno motsogoleredwa ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu wa Philip Emanuel - "Berlin" Bach - ku Potsdam ku bwalo la Frederick Wamkulu. Mu 1754, mnyamatayo, woyamba ndi yekha wa banja lonse, anasiya kwawo kwamuyaya. Njira yake yagona mu Italy, kupitiriza m'zaka XVIII. kukhala mecca wanyimbo waku Europe. Kumbuyo kwa kupambana kwa woimba ku Berlin monga harpsichordist, komanso chidziwitso chochepa cholemba, chomwe adachipanga kale ku Bologna, ndi Padre Martini wotchuka. Fortune kuyambira pachiyambi adamwetulira Johann Christian, zomwe zidathandizidwa kwambiri ndi kutengera kwake Chikatolika. Makalata oyamikira ochokera ku Naples, ndiyeno ochokera ku Milan, komanso mbiri ya wophunzira wa Padre Martini, adatsegula zitseko za Cathedral ya Milan kwa Johann Christian, kumene adatenga malo a mmodzi wa oimba. Koma ntchito ya woimba tchalitchi, amene anali bambo ake ndi abale, sanali kukopa wamng'ono wa Bachs. Posachedwapa, woimba watsopano analengeza yekha, mofulumira kugonjetsa siteji kutsogolera zisudzo mu Italy: opus ake anali anachita mu Turin, Naples, Milan, Parma, Perugia, ndi kumapeto kwa 60s. ndipo kunyumba, ku Braunschweig. Kutchuka kwa Johann Christian kunafika ku Vienna ndi London, ndipo mu May 1762 adapempha akuluakulu a tchalitchi kuti apite kukakwaniritsa lamulo la opera lochokera ku London Royal Theatre.

Nthawi yatsopano idayamba m'moyo wa maestro, yemwe adayenera kukhala wachiwiri pagulu lodziwika bwino la oimba aku Germany omwe adalemekeza ... nyimbo za Chingerezi: wolowa m'malo wa GF Handel, Johann Christian, anali pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu patsogolo pa kuwonekera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Albion I. Haydn ... sikungakhale kukokomeza kuganizira 3-1762 mu moyo wanyimbo wa likulu English mu nthawi ya Johann Christian, amene moyenerera anapambana dzina "London" Bach.

Mphamvu ya kupeka kwake ndi ntchito zaluso, ngakhale ndi miyezo ya m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. chinali chachikulu. Wamphamvu komanso wofunitsitsa - umu ndi momwe amatiwonera kuchokera ku chithunzi chodabwitsa cha bwenzi lake T. Gainsborough (1776), wotumidwa ndi Padre Martini, adakwanitsa kuphimba pafupifupi mitundu yonse yotheka ya moyo wanyimbo wa nthawiyo.

Choyamba, zisudzo. Onse a Royal Courtyard, komwe "Italian" opus of the maestro adaseweredwa, ndi Royal Covent Garden, pomwe mu 1765 sewero loyamba la nyimbo yachingerezi yachingerezi The Mill Maiden idachitika, zomwe zidamupangitsa kutchuka kwapadera. Nyimbo za “Mtumiki” zinaimbidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Osapambana kwambiri anali ma arias aku Italy, omwe adasindikizidwa ndikufalitsidwa padera, komanso nyimbo zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu atatu.

Gawo lachiwiri lofunika kwambiri la ntchito ya Johann Christian linali kusewera nyimbo ndi kuphunzitsa pakati pa anthu olemekezeka okonda nyimbo, makamaka woyang'anira wake Mfumukazi Charlotte (mwa njira, mbadwa ya Germany). Ndinafunikiranso kuyimba ndi nyimbo zopatulika, zomwe zinkaimbidwa motsatira mwambo wa Chingelezi m’bwalo la zisudzo panthaŵi ya Lent. Nawa oratorios ndi N. Iommelli, G. Pergolesi, komanso nyimbo zake, zomwe wolembayo anayamba kulemba ku Italy (Zofunika, Misa Yaifupi, etc.). Ayenera kuvomereza kuti mitundu yauzimu inali yosangalatsa kwambiri komanso yosapambana (ngakhale milandu yolephera imadziwika) kwa "London" Bach, yemwe adadzipereka kwathunthu ku nyimbo zadziko. Pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, izi zidawonekera m'gawo lofunika kwambiri la maestro - "Bach-Abel concertos", yomwe adakhazikitsa pazamalonda ndi mnzake wachinyamata, wopeka nyimbo ndi wosewera wa gambo, wophunzira wakale wa Johann Sebastian CF. Abele. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1764, Bach-Abel Concertos idakhazikitsa kamvekedwe ka nyimbo zaku London kwa nthawi yayitali. Ziwonetsero, ziwonetsero zopindulitsa, ziwonetsero za zida zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha Johann Christian, piyano idayamba ngati chida choyimbira chokha ku London kwa nthawi yoyamba) - zonsezi zidakhala gawo lofunikira la bizinesi ya Bach-Abel, yomwe idapereka. mpaka 15 zoimbaimba pachaka. Maziko a repertoire anali ntchito za okonza okha: cantatas, symphonies, overtures, concertos, nyimbo zambiri chipinda. Apa munthu amatha kumva nyimbo za Haydn, kudziwana ndi oimba nyimbo za Mannheim Chapel yotchuka.

Kenako mabuku a “Chingelezi” anafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Ulaya. Kale mu 60s. zidachitika ku Paris. Okonda nyimbo za ku Ulaya ankafuna kupeza Johann Christian osati woimba nyimbo, komanso ngati mtsogoleri wa gulu. Kupambana makamaka kunamuyembekezera ku Mannheim, komwe nyimbo zingapo zinalembedwa (kuphatikiza 6 quintets op. 11 ya chitoliro, oboe, violin, viola ndi basso continuo, wodzipereka kwa katswiri wodziwika bwino wa nyimbo Elector Karl Theodor). Johann Christian anasamukira ku Mannheim kwakanthawi, komwe masewera ake a Themistocles (1772) ndi Lucius Sulla (1774) adachita bwino.

Podalira kutchuka kwake m'mabwalo a ku France monga woimba nyimbo, amalembera makamaka Paris (yotumizidwa ndi Royal Academy of Music) opera Amadis wa Gaul, yomwe idachitidwa koyamba pamaso pa Marie Antoinette mu 1779. Pamapeto pake mchitidwe uliwonse - opera sizinali zopambana, zomwe zimasonyeza chiyambi cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito zopanga ndi zojambulajambula za maestro. Dzina lake likupitilizabe kuwonekera pamndandanda wamasewera achifumu, koma Amadis omwe adalephera adayenera kukhala omaliza omaliza a Johann Christian. Pang'onopang'ono, chidwi cha "Bach-Abel Concertos" chimathanso. Zolinga za khothi zomwe zinakana Johann Christian chifukwa cha maudindo achiwiri, kuwonongeka kwa thanzi, ngongole zinachititsa kuti woimbayo amwalire msanga, yemwe anapulumuka mwachidule ulemerero wake womwe unazimiririka. Anthu achingelezi, osirira zachilendo, anaiwala nthawi yomweyo.

Kwa moyo waufupi, "London" Bach adapanga nyimbo zambiri, zomwe zimasonyeza mzimu wa nthawi yake ndi kukwanira kwakukulu. Mzimu wa nthawiyo watsala pang'ono kufika. Mawu ake kwa atate wamkulu "alte Perucke" (lit. - "wig wakale") amadziwika. M'mawu awa, palibe kunyalanyazidwa kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha banja chakale monga chizindikiro cha kutembenukira kwatsopano, kumene Johann Christian anapita kutali kwambiri kuposa abale ake. Ndemanga m'modzi mwa makalata a WA Mozart ndi yodziwika bwino: "Ndikusonkhanitsa ma fugues a Bach. "Monga Sebastian, momwemonso Emanuel ndi Friedemann" (1782), omwe motero sanalekanitse abambo ake ndi ana ake akuluakulu pophunzira kalembedwe kakale. Ndipo Mozart anali ndi kumverera kosiyana kotheratu ndi fano lake la London (kudziŵana kwake kunachitika mu 1764 paulendo wa Mozart ku London), womwe kwa iye unali likulu la luso la nyimbo.

Gawo lalikulu la cholowa cha "London" Bach limapangidwa ndi zisudzo makamaka mumtundu wa seria, womwe unachitika kumapeto kwa 60-70s. Zaka za m'ma XVIII mu ntchito za J. Sarti, P. Guglielmi, N. Piccinni ndi oimira ena otchedwa. Neo-Neapolitan sukulu yachiwiri achinyamata. Udindo wofunikira pakuchita izi ndi Johann Christian, yemwe adayamba ntchito yake ku Naples ndipo adatsogolera zomwe tatchulazi.

Kuwotcha mu 70s. Pankhondo yotchuka pakati pa "glukkists ndi picchinists", "London" Bach mwina anali mbali ya omaliza. Sizinali pachabe kuti iye, popanda kukayikira, anapereka buku lake la Gluck's Orpheus, kupereka, mogwirizana ndi Guglielmi, opera yoyamba yosintha zinthu iyi yokhala ndi manambala oikidwa (!), kotero kuti idapeza sikelo yofunikira pa zosangalatsa zamadzulo. "Zachilendo" zidachitika bwino ku London kwa nyengo zingapo (1769-73), kenako zimatumizidwa ndi Bach kupita ku Naples (1774).

Masewera a Johann Christian mwiniwake, opangidwa molingana ndi dongosolo lodziwika bwino la "konsati yovala zovala", akhalapo kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX. libretto ya mtundu wa Metastasia, kunja kwake sikusiyana kwambiri ndi ma opus ena ambiri amtunduwu. Ichi ndiye cholengedwa chaching'ono kwambiri cha wolemba-wolemba masewero. Mphamvu zawo zili kwina kulikonse: mu kuwolowa manja kwanyimbo, ungwiro wa mawonekedwe, "kulemera kwa mgwirizano, nsalu zaluso za ziwalo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano kosangalatsa kwa zida zoimbira" (C. Burney).

Ntchito yothandiza ya Bach imadziwika ndi mitundu yodabwitsa. Kutchuka kwakukulu kwa zolemba zake, zomwe zidagawidwa m'ndandanda (monga momwe adanenera kuti "okonda zosangalatsa", kuchokera kwa nzika wamba kupita kwa mamembala a maphunziro achifumu), malingaliro otsutsana (Johann Christian anali ndi mitundu ingapo ya 3 ya dzina lake: kuphatikiza mpaka ku Chijeremani. Bach, Chitaliyana. Bakki, English .

M'ntchito zake za orchestra - ma overtures ndi ma symphonies - Johann Christian adayimilira pamaudindo a pre-classicist pomanga zonse (malinga ndi chiwembu cha "Neapolitan", mwachangu - pang'onopang'ono - mwachangu), komanso munjira ya orchestral, nthawi zambiri kutengera pa malo ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. Mwa izi adasiyana ndi a Mannheimers komanso a Haydn oyambilira, ndikuyesetsa kwawo kuti azitha kuwongolera mozungulira komanso nyimbo zake. Komabe, panali zambiri zofanana: monga lamulo, mbali zowopsya za "London" Bach analemba, motero, mu mawonekedwe a sonata allegro ndi "mawonekedwe okondedwa a nthawi ya gallant - rondo" (Abert). Chothandizira kwambiri cha Johann Christian pakukula kwa concerto chikuwonekera mu ntchito yake mumitundu ingapo. Ndi symphony ya konsati ya zida zingapo zoimbira payekha ndi oimba, mtanda pakati pa baroque concerto grosso ndi solo concerto ya okhwima classicism. Wodziwika kwambiri op. 18 kwa oyimba anayi, kukopa chuma chanyimbo, ukoma, ufulu womanga. Zolemba zonse zolembedwa ndi Johann Christian, kupatula ma opus oyambirira a mphepo zamkuntho (chitoliro, oboe ndi bassoon, zomwe zinapangidwa panthawi yomwe ankaphunzira ntchito pansi pa Philipp Emanuel ku Potsdam Chapel), zinalembedwera clavier, chida chomwe chinali ndi tanthauzo lenileni kwa iye. . Ngakhale ali wamng'ono, Johann Christian adadziwonetsera yekha kukhala wosewera mpira waluso kwambiri, yemwe, mwachiwonekere, anali woyenera kwambiri, m'malingaliro a abale, ndi kaduka kawo kakang'ono, gawo la cholowa: 3 harpsichords. Woimba wa konsati, mphunzitsi wotsogola, anathera nthaŵi yaikulu ya moyo wake akuimba chida chomwe ankachikonda kwambiri. Tizigawo tating'onoting'ono tambiri ndi ma sonatas adalembedwera clavier (kuphatikiza "maphunziro" amanja anayi a ophunzira ndi osachita masewera, osangalatsa ndi kutsitsimuka kwawo koyambirira komanso ungwiro wawo, kuchuluka kwa zopezedwa zoyambirira, chisomo ndi kukongola). Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kuzungulira kwa Six sonatas kwa harpsichord kapena "piano-forte" (1765), yokonzedwa ndi Mozart kuti clavier, violin awiri ndi bass. Udindo wa clavier ndi waukulu kwambiri mu nyimbo za chipinda cha Johann Christian.

Ngale ya luso la Johann Christian ndi ma opus ake ophatikizika (quartets, quintets, sextets) okhala ndi gawo lolimba la m'modzi mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Pachimake cha olamulira amtundu uwu ndi Concerto kwa Clavier ndi orchestra (Sizinali mwangozi kuti Johann Christian mu 1763 anapambana mutu wa mfumukazi "mbuye wa nyimbo" ndi Clavier concerto). Ndi kwa iye kuti kuyenerera ndi kupangidwa kwa mtundu watsopano wa concerto ya clavier yokhala ndi mawonekedwe awiri mu 1 kayendedwe.

Imfa ya Johann Christian, yomwe siinawonedwe ndi Londoners, idawonedwa ndi Mozart ngati kutayika kwakukulu kwa dziko loimba. Ndipo patapita zaka mazana ambiri, kumvetsetsa kwa Mozart za “zoyenera” za atate wake wauzimu kunafalikira ponseponse. "Duwa lachisomo ndi chisomo, mwana wopambana kwambiri mwa ana a Sebastian adatenga malo ake oyenera m'mbiri yanyimbo."

T. Frumkis