Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka |

Michael Glinka

Tili ndi ntchito yaikulu patsogolo pathu! Pangani kalembedwe kanu ndikutsegula njira yatsopano yanyimbo za opera zaku Russia. M. Glinka

Glinka ... anali wolingana ndi zosowa za nthawiyo komanso zoyambira za anthu ake kotero kuti ntchito yomwe adayamba idakula ndikukula mu nthawi yaifupi kwambiri, ndipo adapereka zipatso zomwe sizinali zodziwika mdziko lathu mzaka zonse za mbiri yake. moyo. V. Stasov

Kwa munthu wa M. Glinka, chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia kwa nthawi yoyamba chinaika patsogolo wolemba wa kufunikira kwa dziko. Kutengera miyambo yakale ya anthu aku Russia komanso nyimbo zamaluso, zomwe zachitika komanso luso lazojambula zaku Europe, Glinka adamaliza ntchito yopanga sukulu yanyimbo, yomwe idapambana m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. amodzi mwa malo otsogola mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe, adakhala woyamba kupeka nyimbo zaku Russia. M'buku lake, Glinka anafotokoza zokhumba za nthawiyo. Ntchito zake zimadzazidwa ndi malingaliro okonda dziko, chikhulupiriro mwa anthu. Monga A. Pushkin, Glinka anaimba kukongola kwa moyo, kupambana kwa kulingalira, ubwino, chilungamo. Iye adalenga luso logwirizana ndi lokongola kwambiri kotero kuti munthu satopa ndi kuchisilira, amatulukira ungwiro wochulukira mmenemo.

Kodi nchiyani chimene chinaumba umunthu wa wolemba nyimboyo? Glinka akulemba za izi mu "Zolemba" zake - chitsanzo chodabwitsa cha mabuku okumbukira. Amatcha nyimbo za Chirasha zomwe zimakonda kwambiri paubwana (zinali "zifukwa zoyambirira zomwe pambuyo pake ndinayamba kupanga nyimbo zamtundu wa ku Russia"), komanso gulu la oimba la amalume, lomwe "analikonda koposa zonse." Ali mnyamata, Glinka ankaimba zitoliro ndi violin mmenemo, ndipo pamene ankakula, ankachititsa. “Chisangalalo chandakatulo chamoyo” chinadzaza moyo wake ndi kulira kwa mabelu ndi kuyimba kwa tchalitchi. Glinka wamng'ono adakoka bwino, akulakalaka kuyenda, adasiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro ake ofulumira komanso malingaliro olemera. Zochitika ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zakale zinali mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa mbiri yake kwa wolemba mtsogolo: Nkhondo Yokonda Dziko Lapansi ya 1812 ndi kuwukira kwa Decembrist mu 1825. Iwo adatsimikiza lingaliro lalikulu la kulenga kwauXNUMXbuXNUMXb (“Tiyeni tipereke miyoyo yathu ku Fatherland modabwitsa. zisonkhezero”), komanso zikhulupiriro zandale. Malinga ndi mnzake wa ubwana wake N. Markevich, "Mikhailo Glinka ... sanamvere chisoni ndi Bourbons."

Chiyambukiro chopindulitsa pa Glinka chinali kukhala kwake ku St. Petersburg Noble Boarding School (1817-22), yotchuka chifukwa cha aphunzitsi ake oganiza bwino. Mphunzitsi wake pasukulu yogonera anali V. Küchelbecker, Decembrist wam'tsogolo. Achinyamata adadutsa mumikangano yandale komanso zolembalemba ndi anzawo, ndipo ena mwa anthu omwe anali pafupi ndi Glinka atagonjetsedwa ndi kuwukira kwa Decembrist anali m'gulu la anthu omwe adathamangitsidwa ku Siberia. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Glinka anafunsidwa za kugwirizana kwake ndi "zigawenga".

M'malingaliro ndi luso la wopanga mtsogolo, zolemba za Chirasha zidatenga gawo lalikulu ndi chidwi chake m'mbiri, luso, ndi moyo wa anthu; kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi A. Pushkin, V. Zhukovsky, A. Delvig, A. Griboyedov, V. Odoevsky, A. Mitskevich. Zochitika za nyimbo zinalinso zosiyanasiyana. Glinka anatenga maphunziro a piyano (kuchokera kwa J. Field, ndiyeno kuchokera ku S. Mayer), anaphunzira kuimba ndi kuimba violin. Nthawi zambiri ankapita ku zisudzo, madzulo nyimbo, ankaimba nyimbo 4 m'manja ndi abale Vielgorsky, A. Varlamov, anayamba kulemba zachikondi, masewero a zida. Mu 1825, chimodzi mwazojambula za mawu achi Russia chinawonekera - chikondi "Musayese" ku mavesi a E. Baratynsky.

Zambiri zowoneka bwino zaluso zidaperekedwa kwa Glinka paulendo: ulendo wopita ku Caucasus (1823), kukhala ku Italy, Austria, Germany (1830-34). Mnyamata wochezeka, wachangu, wachangu, yemwe adaphatikiza kukoma mtima ndi kulunjika ndi chidwi chandakatulo, adapeza mabwenzi mosavuta. Ku Italy, Glinka anakhala pafupi ndi V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, anakumana ndi F. Mendelssohn, ndipo kenako G. Berlioz, J. Meyerbeer, S. Moniuszko adzawonekera pakati pa anzake. Glinka adaphunzira mozama komanso mozama, atamaliza maphunziro ake oimba ku Berlin ndi katswiri wina wotchuka Z. Dehn.

Kumeneko, kutali ndi kwawo, kumene Glinka anazindikira tsogolo lake lenileni. "Lingaliro la nyimbo zadziko ... lidamveka bwino, cholinga chake chinali kupanga opera yaku Russia." Ndondomekoyi inakwaniritsidwa atabwerera ku St. Petersburg: mu 1836, sewero la Ivan Susanin linamalizidwa. Chiwembu chake, chotsogoleredwa ndi Zhukovsky, chinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kufotokoza lingaliro la ntchito m'dzina la kupulumutsa dziko la amayi, lomwe linali lochititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa Glinka. Izi zinali zatsopano: mu nyimbo zonse za ku Ulaya ndi ku Russia kunalibe ngwazi yokonda dziko lanu, monga Susanin, yemwe chithunzi chake chimafotokoza bwino za chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Lingaliro la ngwazi limapangidwa ndi Glinka mumitundu yodziwika bwino ya luso la dziko, kutengera miyambo yolemera kwambiri yaku Russia yolemba nyimbo, luso lakwaya la Russian akatswiri, lomwe limaphatikizana ndi malamulo a nyimbo za opera ku Europe, ndi mfundo za chitukuko cha symphonic.

Kuyamba kwa zisudzo pa November 27, 1836 anazindikiridwa ndi ziwerengero za chikhalidwe Russian monga chochitika chofunika kwambiri. "Ndi opera ya Glinka, pali ... chinthu chatsopano mu Art, ndipo nthawi yatsopano imayamba m'mbiri yake - nthawi ya nyimbo za ku Russia," analemba Odoevsky. Opera adayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi anthu aku Russia, pambuyo pake olemba akunja ndi otsutsa. Pushkin, amene analipo pa kuyamba, analemba quatrain:

Kumvetsera nkhani izi Kaduka, kudadetsedwa ndi njiru, Lolani kuti ikukuta, koma Glinka Sangakhoze kukhala mu dothi.

Kupambana kudauzira wolembayo. Mwamsanga pambuyo kuwonekera koyamba kugulu Susanin ntchito anayamba pa opera Ruslan ndi Lyudmila (zochokera pa chiwembu cha ndakatulo Pushkin). Komabe, mikhalidwe yamitundumitundu: ukwati wosapambana umene unatha m’chisudzulo; chifundo chapamwamba - utumiki mu Kwaya ya Khoti, yomwe inatenga mphamvu zambiri; imfa yomvetsa chisoni ya Pushkin mu duel, yomwe inawononga mapulani ogwirira ntchito pamodzi - zonsezi sizinagwirizane ndi kulenga. Kusokoneza chisokonezo chapakhomo. Kwa nthawi ndithu Glinka ankakhala ndi wolemba sewero N. Kukolnik m'malo a phokoso ndi osangalala a chidole cha "abale" - ojambula, olemba ndakatulo, omwe adasokoneza kwambiri kulenga. Ngakhale izi, ntchitoyo inapita patsogolo, ndipo ntchito zina zinali zofanana - zachikondi zochokera ku ndakatulo za Pushkin, nyimbo ya "Farewell to Petersburg" (pa siteshoni ya Kukolnik), buku loyamba la "Fantasy Waltz", nyimbo za "Kukolnik". Prince Kholmsky".

Zochita za Glinka monga woimba komanso mphunzitsi wamawu zidayambanso nthawi yomweyo. Amalemba "Etudes for the Voice", "Exercises to Improve Voice", "School of Singing". Pakati pa ophunzira ake ndi S. Gulak-Artemovsky, D. Leonova ndi ena.

Kuyamba kwa "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" pa November 27, 1842 kunabweretsa Glinka zovuta zambiri. Anthu olemekezeka, motsogozedwa ndi banja lachifumu, anadana ndi masewerowa. Ndipo pakati pa othandizira a Glinka, malingaliro adagawanika kwambiri. Zifukwa za malingaliro ovuta ku opera zimachokera kuzinthu zatsopano za ntchitoyo, yomwe masewero a opera, omwe poyamba sankadziwika ku Ulaya, anayamba, pamene nyimbo zosiyanasiyana zophiphiritsira zinawonekera muzodabwitsa kwambiri - epic. , zoyimba, zakum'mawa, zabwino kwambiri. Glinka “anaimba ndakatulo ya Pushkin mwachidziŵikire” (B. Asafiev), ndipo zochitika zosafulumira za zochitika zozikidwa pa kusintha kwa zithunzi zokongola zinasonkhezeredwa ndi mawu a Pushkin akuti: “Zochita zakale, nthano zakalekale.” Monga chitukuko cha maganizo kwambiri Pushkin, mbali zina za opera anaonekera mu opera. Nyimbo zadzuwa, zoyimba chikondi cha moyo, chikhulupiriro pakupambana kwa zabwino pa zoyipa, zimafanana ndi zodziwika bwino "Dzuwa likhale ndi moyo wautali, mdima ubisike!", Ndipo mawonekedwe owala amtundu wa opera, titero, amakula mizere yoyambira; "Pali mzimu waku Russia, pali fungo la Russia." Glinka anakhala zaka zingapo kunja kunja ku Paris (1844-45) ndi ku Spain (1845-47), ataphunzira mwapadera Spanish ulendo. Ku Paris, konsati ya ntchito za Glinka inachitika bwino kwambiri, yomwe analemba kuti: "... woyamba wa ku Russia wolemba nyimbo, amene adadziwitsa anthu a ku Paris ku dzina lake ndi ntchito zake zolembedwa Russia ndi Russia“. Zojambula zaku Spain zidalimbikitsa Glinka kuti apange zidutswa ziwiri za symphonic: "Jota wa Aragon" (1845) ndi "Memories of a Summer Night in Madrid" (1848-51). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mu 1848, wotchuka "Kamarinskaya" anawonekera - zongopeka pamitu ya nyimbo ziwiri za Chirasha. Nyimbo za symphonic za ku Russia zimachokera ku mabukuwa, omwenso "amanenedwa kwa odziwa bwino komanso anthu wamba."

Kwa zaka khumi zapitazi za moyo wake, Glinka ankakhala mosinthana mu Russia (Novospasskoye, St. Petersburg, Smolensk) ndi kunja (Warsaw, Paris, Berlin). Mkhalidwe wa udani wokulirakulirabe umene unali wokulirakulirabe unali ndi chiyambukiro chofooketsa pa iye. Ndi gulu laling'ono chabe la osilira owona ndi achangu omwe adamuthandizira pazaka izi. Ena mwa iwo ndi A. Dargomyzhsky, amene ubwenzi anayamba pa kupanga opera Ivan Susanin; V. Stasov, A. Serov, wamng'ono M. Balakirev. Ntchito yolenga ya Glinka ikucheperachepera, koma zatsopano zaluso zaku Russia zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwa "sukulu yachilengedwe" sizinamudutse ndikutsimikiza komwe amafufuza mwaluso. Akuyamba ntchito pa symphony pulogalamu "Taras Bulba" ndi opera-sewero "Awiri mkazi" (malinga ndi A. Shakhovsky, wosamalizidwa). Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi chidabuka pazaluso zama polyphonic za Renaissance, lingaliro lauXNUMXbuXNUMXb kuthekera kolumikiza "Western Fugue ndi mawu a nyimbo zathu zomangira za ukwati wololedwa. Izi zidatsogoleranso Glinka mu 1856 kupita ku Berlin kupita ku Z. Den. Gawo latsopano mu mbiri yake ya kulenga linayamba, lomwe silinakonzedwe kuti lithe ... Glinka analibe nthawi yoti akwaniritse zambiri zomwe zinakonzedwa. Komabe, malingaliro ake anapangidwa mu ntchito ya olemba Russian a mibadwo yotsatira, amene analemba pa mbendera yawo luso dzina la woyambitsa wa nyimbo Russian.

O. Averyanova