Phunziro 2

Chiphunzitso cha nyimbo sichingatheke popanda nyimbo. Mwaziwona kale izi pamene mudaphunzira masitepe a sikelo mu phunziro loyamba. Mukudziwa kale kuti masitepe akuluakulu a sikelo amapatsidwa mayina ofanana ndi zolemba, ndipo mumamvetsetsa kuti kutsika ndi chiyani, mwachitsanzo, zolemba.

Izi ndizokwanira kuti muyambe kuphunzira zolemba zanyimbo kuyambira pachiyambi. Ngati nyimbo zodziwika bwino ndizodziwika kwa inu, pendanibe zomwe mwaphunzirazo kuti muwonetsetse kuti simunaphonye kalikonse mutaphunzira nyimbo kale.

Izi ndizofunikira kuti m'tsogolomu mutha kusanthula mozama zolemba zomwe zalembedwa pamtengowo, ndikuyenda m'ma tabu ndi nyimbo ngati mupeza nyimbo yojambulira nyimbo kapena tabu.

Zindikirani kuti malo ambiri amakono oimba nyimbo nthawi zambiri amapereka gitala ndendende nyimbo kapena tabulature (ma tabu) a nyimbo, m'malo mokhala ndi mawu achikhalidwe pa oimba. Kwa oimba a novice, muyenera kufotokozera kuti chords ndi ma tabo ndi zolemba zomwezo, zongolembedwa mwanjira ina, mwachitsanzo, mumtundu wina wa nyimbo, kotero kuphunzira zolemba ndikofunikira. Mwambiri, tiyeni tiyambe!

Amene anatulukira zolembazo

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kupatuka pang'ono kwa mbiriyakale. Akukhulupirira kuti munthu woyamba yemwe adabwera ndi lingaliro la u11buXNUMXbkupanga malowa ndi zikwangwani anali wamonke wa Florentine komanso wolemba nyimbo Guido d'Arezzo. Izi zidachitika mu theka loyamba lazaka za zana la XNUMX. Guido anaphunzitsa oimba a m’nyumba ya amonkewo nyimbo zosiyanasiyana za m’tchalitchi, ndipo kuti amveketse bwino kwayayo, anatulukira njira ya zizindikiro zosonyeza kamvekedwe ka mawuwo.

Awa anali mabwalo omwe anali pamizere inayi yofanana. Pamene phokoso likufunika kupangidwa, m'pamenenso malowa anali okwera. Panali manotsi 6 okha m'mawu ake, ndipo adatenga mayina awo kuchokera ku masilabi oyambilira a mizere ya Hymn akuimba Yohane Mbatizi: Ut, Resonare, Mira, Famuli, Solve, Labii. N'zosavuta kuona kuti 5 mwa iwo - "re", "mi", "fa", "sol", "la" - akugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. Mwa njira, nyimbo ya nyimboyi inalembedwa ndi Guido d'Arezzo mwiniwake.

Pambuyo pake, cholemba "si" chinawonjezedwa pamzere wa nyimbo, mzere wachisanu, treble ndi bass clefs, mwangozi, zomwe tidzaphunzira lero, zinawonjezeredwa kwa oimba. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, pamene kulemba makalata kubadwa, kunali chizolowezi kuyambitsa sikelo ndi cholembera "la", chomwe chinapatsidwa dzina lachilembo choyamba cha zilembo za Chilatini A. Mogwirizana ndi izi, cholemba "si" kutsatira adapeza chilembo chachiwiri cha zilembo za B.

Kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa sikelo ndi masitepe ake akuluakulu omwe adapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 17, ndipo phokoso, lofanana ndi msinkhu wa B-flat, kwa nthawi yaitali linkaganiziridwa kuti ndilo gawo lalikulu la nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, osati otsika kapena apamwamba. Masiku ano, kachitidwe ka zolemba mu mawonekedwe a C, D, E, F, G, A, B amaonedwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka. Ngakhale kutchulidwa kwa cholemba "si" mu mawonekedwe a H kumapezekanso. Tayamba kale ndipo tipitiliza kuphunzira machitidwe a notation ndi notation of notation pa stave, yotengedwa mu dziko lamakono la nyimbo.

Mood osati pa notnom stane

Mukudziwa kale kuti cholemba ndi mawu anyimbo. Zolemba zimasiyana malinga ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu, ndipo noti iliyonse ili ndi dzina lake. Munamvetsetsanso kuti ndodoyo ndi mizere 5 yofananira pomwe zolembazo zili. Cholemba chilichonse chili ndi malo ake. Kwenikweni, umu ndi momwe mungadziwire zolemba poyang'ana zolemba zomwe zili pamtengowo. Tsopano tiyeni tiphatikize chidziwitso ichi ndikuwona momwe ndodo imawonekera ndi zolemba m'njira zambiri (musayang'anenso zithunzi kumanzere):

khola (aka ndodo) - awa ndi mizere 5 yofananira yomwe mukuwona pachithunzichi. Zozungulira pamanotsi ndi zizindikiro za zolemba. Pa antchito apamwamba mukuwona zolemba za octave 1, pansi - zolemba za octave yaying'ono.

Poyambira pazochitika zonsezi ndi cholemba "ku" cha octave 1, ndipo wolamulira wina amaperekedwa kwa izo. Kusiyanitsa ndiko kuti pa antchito apamwamba, zolembazo zimachokera pansi mpaka pamwamba, kotero kuti "C" cholemba cha 1 octave chili pansi. Pa ogwira ntchito otsika, zolembazo zimachokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, kotero kuti C note ya 1 octave ili pamwamba.

Komabe, timakumbukira kuti nyimbo zomveka zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa ma octave ang'onoang'ono ndi oyambirira. Choncho, kuti mupeze chithunzi chonse cha dongosolo la manotsi pamtengo, muyenera kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane chithunzi kuyika zolemba:

Osamala kwambiri mwa inu mwawona kuti ngakhale muzithunzi zatsatanetsatane sitikuwona ma octave onse. Kuti tiwone makonzedwe olondola a zolemba zonse, timafunikiranso olamulira owonjezera. Onani momwe izo zikuwonekera pa chitsanzo cha counteroctave:

Ndipo tsopano mwakonzeka kuphunzira malo a zolemba zonse pamtengowo. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, tiyeni tigwirizanitse chithunzi cha ogwira ntchito oimba ndi kiyibodi ya piyano, yomwe mudali nayo kale nthawi yoti muganizire pamene mudadutsa phunziro la nambala 1. Zindikirani pamene chidziwitso choyamba cha C cha octave 1 chikukhudzana ndi ogwira ntchito pamwamba ndi pansi. mizere. Tinamulemba chizindikiro mu red:

Kwa ambiri omwe amawona chithunzi chonsechi kwa nthawi yoyamba, funso likubwera: momwe mungakumbukire?!.. Kawirikawiri, muyenera kukumbukira malo a cholemba choyamba "ku" octave 1, ndi zina zonse. zolemba ndi ndondomeko yomveka yofananira ndi mawu oyamba "ku".

Zochita "Lezginka" zidzakuthandizani kuloweza zolemba mosavuta. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, izo ziribe kanthu kochita ndi nyimbo, koma cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa kugwirizanitsa ntchito zamanja ndi zamanzere za ubongo mwa ana [A. Sirotyuk, 2015]. Tangoganizani kuti nkhonya kapena kanjedza yokhala ndi zala zomangika ndi bwalo losonyeza cholemba, ndipo dzanja lolunjika lomwe lili mkatikati mwa m'mphepete mwa kanjedza ndi lozungulira. zowonjezera zowonjezera wolemba zolemba:

Chifukwa chake mukukumbukira kuti wolamulira wowonjezerayo amadula bwalo pakati, kutanthauza "ku":

Komanso kudzakhala kosavuta. Cholemba "D" chikhoza kuimiridwa ngati nkhonya yomwe ili pamwamba pa burashi yotambasula. Cholemba chotsatira "mi" chidzadulidwa pakati ndi burashi yayitali, koma burashi sidzawonetsanso mzere wowonjezera, koma m'munsi mwa mizere isanu ya ogwira ntchito. Pacholemba "F" timakweza nkhonya pamwamba pa mzere, ndikudula cholemba "G" ndi burashi lalitali, lomwe tsopano likuwonetsa mzere wachiwiri kuchokera pansi pa ndodo. Ndikuganiza kuti mwamvetsetsa mfundo yopangira zolemba. Momwemonso, mutha kuyika zolemba zomwe zimatsikira ku "ku" kwa octave 1.

Ngati mukufuna kuphunzira mamnemonics apadera omwe angakuthandizeni kukumbukira zambiri, lembani maphunziro athu a Mnemotechnics, ndipo m'kanthawi kochepa (kuposa mwezi umodzi) mudzamvetsetsa kuti mulibe vuto la kukumbukira. Pali njira zabwino zoloweza pamtima kuposa zomwe mudagwiritsapo kale.

Kotero, ndi makonzedwe a zolemba pamtengowo, timaganiza, kawirikawiri, chirichonse chikuwonekera. Omvetsera kwambiri awona kale kuti ndi makonzedwe a zolemba zomwe takambirana pamwambapa, malo okhwima ndi ma flats, mwachitsanzo, kukweza ndi kutsitsa cholembacho, sichikhalanso. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi timafunikira mwangozi muzolemba.

Zizindikiro Zosintha

Pamapeto pa phunziro lapitalo, mwaphunzira kale zizindikiritso zakuthwa (♯) ndi zosalala (♭). Mwamvetsetsa kale kuti ngati cholemba chikukwera ndi semitone, chizindikiro chakuthwa chikuwonjezeredwa kwa icho, ngati chigwa ndi semitone, chizindikiro chathyathyathya chikuwonjezeredwa. Chifukwa chake, cholembera cha G chikhoza kulembedwa ngati G♯, ndi chotsitsa cha G ngati G♭. Chakuthwa ndi chathyathyathya amatchedwa zizindikiro za kusintha, mwachitsanzo, kusintha. Mawuwa amachokera ku Latin alterare, yomwe imamasulira kuti "kusintha."

Kuwonjezeka kwa 2 semitones kumasonyezedwa ndi kuwirikiza, mwachitsanzo, kuwirikiza kawiri, kuchepa kwa 2 semitones kumasonyezedwa ndi kawiri, mwachitsanzo, kawiri. Pakuthwa kawiri pali chithunzi chapadera chomwe chimawoneka ngati mtanda, koma, chifukwa ndizovuta kuchitola pa kiyibodi, zolemba ♯♯ kapena zizindikiro ziwiri zokha ## zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti atchule lathyathyathya iwiri, amalemba zizindikilo ziwiri ♭♭ kapena zilembo zachilatini bb.

Kuwonetsa kukwera kapena kugwa kwa cholemba pa oimba, chizindikiro chakuthwa kapena chophwanyika chimakhala nthawi yomweyo chisanachitike, kapena, ngati cholemba chimodzi kapena china chikufunika kutsitsidwa kapena kukwezedwa pantchito yonse, kumayambiriro kwa ogwira ntchito. ndi zolemba za ntchito. Pazochitika zomwe kusintha kwa zolemba kumaperekedwa pa ntchito yonse, zizindikiro za sharps ndi flats zimaperekedwa malo ena pamtengo:

Tiyeni tifotokoze momveka bwino zomwe zili pachithunzichi kuti mawu akuti "mu treble clef" amatanthauza ndodo ya zolemba za 1-5 octaves, ndi mawu akuti "mu bass clef" - ndodo ya ma octave ena onse kuyambira ang'onoang'ono mpaka ang'onoang'ono. Pambuyo pake tikambirana za treble ndi bass clef mwatsatanetsatane. Pakalipano, tiyeni tikambirane momwe tingakumbukire malo a sharps ndi flats pa ndodo.

M'malo mwake, izi sizili zovuta ngati mwakwanitsa kuphunzira komwe kuli zithunzi zomwe zimayimira zolemba. Chifukwa chake, chizindikiro chakuthwa chili pamzere womwewo wa ogwira ntchito monga cholembera chomwe chiyenera kukwezedwa. Kwa ogwira ntchito mu treble clef, muyenera kukumbukira komwe zolembazo zili pakati pa "A" ya octave 1 mpaka "G" ya 2 octave, ndipo mudzamvetsetsa mosavuta. dongosolo la kuyika kwa sharps:

Ndendende chitsanzo chomwecho chikuwonetsedwa mu dongosolo la ma flats. Amakhalanso pamizere yofanana ndi zolemba zomwe amalozera. Zolemba m'maguluwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano ngati chitsogozo. kuchokera ku "fa" ya 1st octave kufika "mi" ya 2nd octave:

Ndi zosongoka ndi ma flats mu bass clef, mawonekedwe omwewo amagwiranso ntchito. Kuti muwongolere mawu akuthwa, muyenera kukumbukira komwe zolembazo zili kuchokera ku "mchere" wa octave yaing'ono kupita ku "la" wa octave yayikulu:

Kuti muyang'ane m'ma flats, muyenera kukumbukira malo a zolembazo kuchokera ku "mi" ya octave yaing'ono kupita ku "fa" ya octave yayikulu:

Monga momwe mwadziwira kale, chifukwa cha kukonzekera kwazitsulo ndi ma flats kumayambiriro kwa ntchito pafupi ndi clef - treble kapena bass - olamulira akuluakulu okha a ogwira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwangozi zotere zimatchedwa key.

Ngozi zomwe zimangotanthauza cholemba chimodzi chokha zimatchedwa mwachisawawa kapena kauntala, zimachita muyeso imodzi ndipo zimapezeka nthawi yomweyo chisanachitike.

Ndipo tsopano tiyeni tiwone zoyenera kuchita ngati mukufuna kuletsa lakuthwa kapena lathyathyathya, lomwe lili koyambirira kwa ndodo. Kufunika kotereku kungabwere panthawi yosinthira mawu, mwachitsanzo, posinthira kamvekedwe kena. Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo za pop, pomwe choyimba chomaliza kapena vesi ndi choyimbira zimayimbidwa ma semitone 1-2 kuposa mavesi am'mbuyomu ndikusiya.

Kwa ichi, pali chizindikiro china mwangozi: bekar. Ntchito yake ndikuletsa zochita za sharps ndi flats. Bekars amagawidwa mwachisawawa komanso ofunikira.

Ntchito Zothandizira:

Kuti zimveke bwino, onani pomwe zili chothandizira chokhazikika pamtengo:

Tsopano yang'anani pamene chinsinsi kumbuyondipo mudzamvetsetsa kusiyana kwake:

Tiyeni timveketse bwino kuti zolemba pamtengo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gitala ndi piyano, ndi zida zina zilizonse zoimbira, koma ma tabo omwe mukuwona pachithunzi chapitachi pansi pa ndodo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gitala.

Magitala ali ndi mizere 6 malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zingwe za gitala. Mzere wapamwamba umasonyeza chingwe cha thinnest, chomwe chidzakhala pansi ngati mutatenga gitala. Mzere wapansi umatanthawuza chingwe chokhuthala kwambiri cha gitala, chomwe ndi chingwe chapamwamba pamene mugwira gitala m'manja mwanu. Manambalawa akuwonetsa zovuta zomwe muyenera kukanikiza chingwe chomwe nambalayo yalembedwa.

Pokhudzana ndi fanizo la wothandizira mwachisawawa, tikuwona kuti poyamba kunali koyenera kusewera "c-sharp", zomwe ziri chimodzimodzi pa fret yachiwiri ya chingwe cha 2. Pambuyo pa bekar, mwachitsanzo, kuletsa lakuthwa, muyenera kuyimba cholemba choyera "ku", chomwe chili pamtundu woyamba wa chingwe chachiwiri. Phunziro lomaliza la maphunziro athu lidzaperekedwa pakuyimba zida zosiyanasiyana zoimbira, kuphatikiza gitala, ndipo tidzakuuzani momwe mungalowere mosavuta malo a zolemba pa guitar fretboard.

Tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule zonse zokhudza ngozi pachithunzi chotsatira:

Ngati mukudziwa kale kusewera chida choimbira, ndipo tsopano mwaganiza zosintha chiphunzitso chanu, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge ndime 11 "Zizindikiro za Kusintha" m'buku la Varfolomey Vakhromeev "Elementary Theory of Music", komwe kuli zitsanzo za zolemba za nyimbo [ V. Vakhromeev, 1961. Tikupitilira kukwaniritsa malonjezo omwe adapangidwa kale ndipo tidzakuuzani makiyi omwe ali okhudzana ndi ndodo.

Makiyi pa ndodo

Tidagwiritsapo kale mawu akuti "mu treble clef" ndi "mu bass clef". Tiyeni ndikuuzeni zomwe tikutanthauza. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kukwera kwinakwake kumaperekedwa kwa mzere uliwonse wa ogwira ntchito. Poona kuti padziko lapansi pali zida zoimbira zambiri zimene zimatulutsa mawu osiyanasiyana, panafunika “malo otchulira mawu” ena, ndipo udindo wawo unaperekedwa ku makiyi.

Mfungulo imalembedwa kotero kuti mzere womwe kuwerengera kumayambira kuwoloka pamfundo yayikulu. Mwanjira iyi, fungulo limapereka ku cholembedwa chomwe chalembedwa pamzerewu mayendedwe enieni, okhudzana ndi momwe mamvekedwe ndi mayina a mawu ena amawerengedwa. Pali mitundu ingapo ya makiyi.

Keys - mndandanda:

Tiyeni tiyeni tifotokozere:

Zindikirani kuti panali makiyi enanso "Pakale". Mfungulo "Chitani" pamzere woyamba amatchedwa soprano, pa 1 - mezzo-soprano, pa 2 - baritone, ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo za mawu molingana ndi mitundu yosonyezedwa. Nthawi zambiri, kung'ung'udza kosiyana m'zolemba kumafunika kuti asapange mizere yowonjezereka ya ogwira ntchito mochulukira ndikuwongolera kuzindikira kwa zolemba. Mwa njira, kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwerenga nyimbo, zolemba zingapo zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe tidzakambirana tsopano.

Kutalika kwa zolemba

Pamene pa phunziro 1 tinaphunzira zakuthupi za phokoso, tinaphunzira kuti kwa phokoso la nyimbo, nthawi yake ndi khalidwe lofunika. Kuyang'ana ogwira ntchito, woimbayo ayenera kumvetsetsa osati zolemba zomwe azisewera, komanso kutalika kwake.

Kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyenda, mabwalo olembera amatha kukhala opepuka kapena akuda (opanda kanthu kapena amithunzi), okhala ndi "michira", "ndodo", "mizere" ndi zina zotero. Kuyang'ana ma nuances awa, zimadziwikiratu ngati ichi ndi cholemba chonse kapena theka, kapena china. Zimatsalira kuti tidziwe kuti "lonse", "theka", ndi zina zotero.

Momwe mungawerengere nthawi:

Zikuwonekeratu kuti mutha kuwerengera mosiyanasiyana, kotero chida chapadera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa kuwerengera: metronome. Kumeneko, mtunda pakati pa phokoso umayendetsedwa bwino ndipo chipangizocho, titero, chimawerengera m'malo mwa inu. Tsopano pali mapulogalamu osawerengeka omwe ali ndi ntchito ya metronome, onse odziyimira pawokha komanso kukhala ndi njira iyi ngati gawo la mapulogalamu ena am'manja a oimba.

Pa Google Play, mutha kupeza, mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya Soundbrenner metronome, kapena mutha kutsitsa pulogalamu yosinthira gitala ya Guitar Tuna, pomwe pagawo la "Zida" padzakhala "Chord Library" ndi "Metronome" (musaiwale lolani kuti pulogalamuyo ipeze maikolofoni). Kenako, tiyeni tiwone momwe kutalika kwa zolemba kumasonyezedwa.

Nthawi (zolemba):

Zikuwoneka kuti mfundoyi ndi yomveka, koma kuti mumveke bwino, tikukupatsani fanizo lotsatirali:

Ngati zolemba za 8, 16, 32 zipita motsatira, ndizozoloŵera kuziphatikiza m'magulu osati "kunyezimira" ndi "michira" kapena "mbendera" zambiri. Kwa izi, zomwe zimatchedwa "nthiti" zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi kuchuluka kwa m'mphepete, mutha kumvetsetsa nthawi yomweyo ndi zolemba ziti zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu gulu kuti mutayika.

Kuphatikiza zolemba mugulu:

Ndi momwemo zikuwoneka:

Kawirikawiri, zolemba zimaphatikizidwa muyeso. Kumbukirani kuti kugunda ndi zolemba ndi zizindikiro zomwe zikutsagana nazo pakati pa mizere iwiri yowongoka, yomwe imatchedwa mizere ya stroke:

Monga momwe mwawonera, bata limatha kuyang'ana mmwamba kapena pansi. Pali malamulo pano.

Mayendedwe odekha:

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi nthawi ya zolemba zitha kupezeka mu Vakhromeev "Elementary Theory of Music" [V. Vakhromeev, 1961.

Ndipo, potsiriza, mu nyimbo iliyonse pali phokoso ndi kupuma pakati pawo. Tiye tikambirane za iwo.

Imapuma

Kuima kumayesedwa mofanana ndi nthawi ya manotsi. Kupuma kumatha kukhala kofanana ndendende ndi gawo lonse, theka, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, kupuma kumatha kukhala nthawi yayitali kuposa cholemba chonse, ndipo mayina apadera adapangidwa pamilandu yotere. Choncho, ngati kupuma kumatenga nthawi 2 kuposa cholemba chonse, kumatchedwa brevis, ngati kuli kotalika nthawi 4, ndi longa, ndi nthawi 8, ndiye kuti ndi maxim. Mndandanda wathunthu wamaudindo wokhala ndi mayina umapezeka mu tebulo ili:

Chifukwa chake, muphunziro lamasiku ano, mudadziwa zolemba zanyimbo kuyambira poyambira, muli ndi lingaliro langozi, kulemba zolemba, kufotokoza zopumira ndi malingaliro ena okhudzana ndi mutuwu. Tikuganiza kuti izi ndizokwanira pa ntchito imodzi. Tsopano zatsala kuphatikizira mfundo zazikulu za phunziroli mothandizidwa ndi mayeso otsimikizira.

Chiyeso cha kumvetsetsa kwa phunziro

Ngati mukufuna kuyesa chidziwitso chanu pamutu waphunziroli, mutha kuyesa mayeso achidule okhala ndi mafunso angapo. Njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingakhale yolondola pafunso lililonse. Mukasankha chimodzi mwazosankha, dongosololi limasunthira ku funso lotsatira. Mfundo zomwe mumalandira zimakhudzidwa ndi kulondola kwa mayankho anu komanso nthawi yomwe mumadutsa. Chonde dziwani kuti mafunso amasiyana nthawi iliyonse, ndipo zosankha zimasokonekera.

Ndipo tsopano titembenukira ku phunziro la mgwirizano mu nyimbo.