Johann Sebastian Bach |

Johann Sebastian Bach

Bach si watsopano, osati wakale, ndi zina zambiri - ndi zamuyaya ... R. Schumann

Chaka cha 1520 chikuwonetsa muzu wa nthambi ya banja lakale la Bachs. Ku Germany, mawu akuti "Bach" ndi "woimba" anali ofanana kwa zaka mazana angapo. Komabe, mu wachisanu mbadwo “pakati pawo . . . munatuluka munthu amene luso lake laulemerero linaŵala moŵala kwambiri kotero kuti chiwalitsiro cha kuwalako chinawagwera. Anali Johann Sebastian Bach, kukongola ndi kunyada kwa banja lake ndi dziko la makolo ake, munthu yemwe, monga palibe wina aliyense, adatsogoleredwa ndi Art of Music. Analemba motero mu 1802 I. Forkel, wolemba mbiri yakale komanso m'modzi mwa odziwa zowona za wolemba nyimbo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana latsopano, chifukwa cha zaka za Bach adatsazikana ndi cantor wamkulu atangomwalira. Koma ngakhale pa moyo wa wosankhidwa wa "Art of Music" kunali kovuta kutchula wosankhidwa wa tsoka. Kunja, mbiri ya Bach si yosiyana ndi yonena za woimba aliyense German kumayambiriro kwa zaka 1521-22. Bach adabadwira m'tawuni yaying'ono ya Thuringian ya Eisenach, yomwe ili pafupi ndi nsanja yodziwika bwino ya Wartburg, komwe ku Middle Ages, malinga ndi nthano, mtundu wa minnesang udasinthika, ndipo mu XNUMX-XNUMX. mawu a M. Luther anamveka: ku Wartburg wokonzanso wamkulu anamasulira Baibulo m’chinenero cha makolo.

JS Bach sanali mwana wodabwitsa, koma kuyambira ali mwana, pokhala m'malo oimba, adalandira maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Choyamba, motsogoleredwa ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu JK Bach ndi aphunzitsi a sukulu J. Arnold ndi E. Herda ku Ohrdruf (1696-99), kenako ku sukulu ya St. Michael's Church ku Lüneburg (1700-02). Pofika zaka 17, anali ndi harpsichord, violin, viola, organ, anaimba kwaya, ndipo pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mawu ake, adakhala ngati woyang'anira (wothandizira cantor). Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, Bach adamva ntchito yake m'munda wa organ, adaphunzira mwakhama ndi ambuye a Middle and North German - J. Pachelbel, J. Lewe, G. Boehm, J. Reinken - luso la kukonzanso ziwalo, zomwe zinali maziko a luso lake lolemba. Izi ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kudziwana ndi nyimbo za ku Ulaya: Bach adatenga nawo mbali m'makonsati a bwalo lamilandu lodziwika ndi zokonda zake zachifalansa ku Celle, anali ndi mwayi wopeza ambuye ambiri a ku Italy omwe amasungidwa mu laibulale ya sukulu, ndipo pamapeto pake, pa maulendo obwerezabwereza. ku Hamburg, adatha kuzolowerana ndi zisudzo zakumaloko.

Mu 1702, kuchokera m'makoma a Michaelschule, woimba wophunzira bwino anatuluka, koma Bach sanataye kukoma kwa kuphunzira, "kutsanzira" zonse zomwe zingathandize kukulitsa luso lake m'moyo wake wonse. Kuyesetsa kosalekeza kuti asinthe kunali ntchito yake yoimba, yomwe, malinga ndi mwambo wa nthawiyo, inali yogwirizana ndi tchalitchi, mzinda kapena khoti. Osati mwangozi, zomwe zinapereka izi kapena ntchitoyo, koma molimba mtima komanso mosalekeza, adakwera kupita kugawo lina la olamulira anyimbo kuchokera kwa oimba (Arnstadt ndi Mühlhausen, 1703-08) kupita kwa concertmaster (Weimar, 170817), bandmaster (Keten, 171723) ), potsiriza, cantor ndi wotsogolera nyimbo (Leipzig, 1723-50). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pafupi ndi Bach, woimba nyimbo, woimba nyimbo wa Bach adakula ndikupeza mphamvu, akudutsa malire a ntchito zenizeni zomwe adayikidwa kwa iye muzokonda zake za kulenga ndi zomwe anachita. Woimba wa Arnstadt akunyozedwa chifukwa chopanga "zosiyanasiyana zachilendo zakwaya ... zomwe zidachititsa manyazi anthu ammudzi." Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi cha m’zaka khumi zoyambirira za m’ma 33. 1985 chorales anapeza posachedwapa (1705) monga mbali wamba (Khrisimasi mpaka Isitala) ntchito zosonkhanitsira wa Lutheran limba Tsakhov, komanso wopeka ndi theorist GA Sorge). Pamlingo wokulirapo, zitonzo izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo zoyambirira za chiwalo cha Bach, lingaliro lomwe lidayamba kupangidwa kale ku Arnstadt. Makamaka nditayendera m'nyengo yozizira ya 06-XNUMX. Lübeck, komwe adapita pakuitana kwa D. Buxtehude (wolemba nyimbo wotchuka ndi woimba ankafuna wolowa m'malo yemwe, pamodzi ndi kupeza malo ku Marienkirche, anali wokonzeka kukwatira mwana wake yekhayo). Bach sanakhale ku Lübeck, koma kulankhulana ndi Buxtehude kunasiya chizindikiro chachikulu pa ntchito yake yonse.

Mu 1707, Bach anasamukira ku Mühlhausen kuti akayambe ntchito ya oimba mu tchalitchi cha St. Blaise. Gawo lomwe limapereka mwayi wokulirapo kuposa ku Arnstadt, koma losakwanira, m'mawu a Bach mwiniwake, "kuimba ... paliponse, zomwe ... mndandanda wambiri wa zolemba zabwino kwambiri za tchalitchi (zolemba zosiya ntchito zotumizidwa kwa woweruza wa mzinda wa Mühlhausen pa June 25, 1708). Zolinga izi Bach adzachita ku Weimar ku khothi la Duke Ernst wa Saxe-Weimar, komwe amadikirira zochitika zosiyanasiyana m'tchalitchi cha Castle komanso chapel. Ku Weimar, gawo loyamba komanso lofunikira kwambiri pagawo la organ idajambulidwa. Madeti enieni sanasungidwe, koma zikuwoneka kuti (pakati pa ena ambiri) mwaluso monga Toccata ndi Fugue mu D wamng'ono, Preludes ndi Fugues mu C wamng'ono ndi F wamng'ono, Toccata mu C yaikulu, Passacaglia mu C wamng'ono, komanso “kabuku ka Organ” kodziwika bwino kamene “wongoyamba kumene kuimba amapatsidwa malangizo a mmene angayendetsere kwaya m’njira zosiyanasiyana.” Kutchuka kwa Bach, "wodziwa bwino kwambiri komanso mlangizi, makamaka potengera mawonekedwe ... Choncho, zaka za Weimar zikuphatikizapo mpikisano wolephera ndi woimba nyimbo wotchuka wa ku France ndi harpsichordist L. Marchand, yemwe adachoka ku "nkhondo" asanakumane ndi mdani wake, yemwe anali ndi nthano zambiri.

Ndi kusankhidwa kwake mu 1714 kukhala vice-kapellmeister, maloto a Bach a "nyimbo za tchalitchi" adakwaniritsidwa, zomwe, malinga ndi mgwirizano, amayenera kupereka mwezi uliwonse. Makamaka mumtundu wa cantata yatsopano yokhala ndi zolemba zopangira (zokamba za m'Baibulo, nyimbo zakwaya, ndakatulo zaulere, za "madrigal") ndi zida zofananira zanyimbo (mawu oyambira oimba, "zowuma" ndi mawu obwereza, aria, chorale). Komabe, mapangidwe a cantata iliyonse ali kutali ndi malingaliro aliwonse. Zokwanira kufananitsa ngale zotere zachidziwitso choyambirira cha mawu ndi zida monga BWV {Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) - mndandanda wa ntchito za JS Bach.} 11, 12, 21. Bach sanaiwale za "zolemba zambiri" a olemba ena. Zoterezi, mwachitsanzo, zimasungidwa m'makope a Bach a nthawi ya Weimar, omwe mwina adakonzekera zochitika zomwe zikubwera za Passion for Luke ndi wolemba wosadziwika (kwa nthawi yayitali amanenedwa molakwika ndi Bach) ndi Passion for Mark wolemba R. Kaiser, zomwe zidakhala ngati chitsanzo cha ntchito zawo zamtundu uwu.

Osachepera ndi Bach - kammermusikus ndi concertmaster. Pokhala pakati pa moyo woimba kwambiri wa bwalo la Weimar, adatha kudziwana bwino ndi nyimbo za ku Europe. Monga nthawi zonse, kudziwana kumeneku ndi Bach kunali kulenga, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi makonzedwe a bungwe la concerto ndi A. Vivaldi, makonzedwe a clavier a A. Marcello, T. Albinoni ndi ena.

Zaka za Weimar zimadziwikanso ndi kukopa koyamba kwa mtundu wa solo violin sonata ndi suite. Zoyeserera zonsezi zidapeza kukhazikitsidwa kwawo mwanzeru pamalo atsopano: mu 1717, Bach adaitanidwa ku Keten paudindo wa Grand Ducal Kapellmeister waku Anhalt-Keten. Nyimbo zabwino kwambiri zidalamulira pano chifukwa cha Prince Leopold wa Anhalt-Keten mwiniwake, wokonda nyimbo komanso woyimba yemwe ankaimba harpsichord, gamba, komanso mawu abwino. Zokonda za Bach, zomwe ntchito zake zidaphatikizira kutsagana ndi kuyimba ndi kusewera kwa kalonga, ndipo koposa zonse, utsogoleri wa tchalitchi chabwino kwambiri chomwe chili ndi mamembala 15-18 odziwa za orchestra, mwachilengedwe amasamukira kumalo opangira zida. Solo, makamaka violin ndi ma concerto oimba, kuphatikiza ma concerto 6 a Brandenburg, ma suites oimba, solo violin ndi cello sonatas. Izi ndi zolembera zosakwanira za "kukolola" kwa Keten.

Ku Keten, mzere wina umatsegulidwa (kapena m'malo mwake, ngati titanthawuza "Bukhu la Organ") mu ntchito ya mbuye: nyimbo zophunzitsira, m'chinenero cha Bach, "kuti apindule ndi kugwiritsa ntchito achinyamata oimba omwe akufuna kuphunzira." Yoyamba mndandandawu ndi Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's Music Notebook (yoyamba mu 1720 kwa mwana woyamba kubadwa komanso wokondedwa wa abambo ake, wolemba nyimbo wotchuka wamtsogolo). Pano, kuwonjezera kuvina kakang'ono ndi makonzedwe a chorales, pali ma prototypes a voliyumu 1 ya Well-Tempered Clavier (prelude), magawo awiri ndi atatu a Inventions (mayawo ndi zongopeka). Bach mwiniwake amamaliza zosonkhanitsazi mu 1722 ndi 1723, motsatana.

Ku Keten, "Notebook ya Anna Magdalena Bach" (mkazi wachiwiri wa wolembayo) idayambika, yomwe imaphatikizapo, pamodzi ndi zidutswa za olemba osiyanasiyana, 5 mwa 6 "French Suites". M'zaka zomwezo, "Little Preludes ndi Fughettas", "English Suites", "Chromatic Fantasy ndi Fugue" ndi nyimbo zina za clavier zinalengedwa. Monga momwe chiwerengero cha ophunzira a Bach chinkachulukira chaka ndi chaka, zolemba zake zophunzitsira zinawonjezeredwa, zomwe zinkayenera kukhala sukulu ya zisudzo kwa mibadwo yonse yotsatira ya oimba.

Mndandanda wa ma opus a Keten ungakhale wosakwanira popanda kutchula nyimbo za mawu. Ichi ndi mndandanda wonse wa cantatas zadziko, zambiri zomwe sizinasungidwe ndipo zalandira moyo wachiwiri kale ndi malemba atsopano, auzimu. M'njira zambiri, zobisika, zosagona pa ntchito yoimba (mu Reformed Church of Keten "nyimbo zokhazikika" sizinali zofunikira) zinabala zipatso mu nthawi yomaliza komanso yochuluka kwambiri ya ntchito ya mbuyeyo.

Bach akulowa m'munda watsopano wa cantor wa Sukulu ya St. Thomas ndi wotsogolera nyimbo wa mzinda wa Leipzig osati opanda kanthu: "mayesero" cantatas BWV 22, 23 alembedwa kale; Magnificat; "Passion according to John". Leipzig ndiye malo omaliza oyendayenda a Bach. Kunja, makamaka kuweruza ndi gawo lachiwiri la mutu wake, nsonga yofunidwa ya utsogoleri wovomerezeka idafikiridwa pano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, "Kudzipereka" (malo 14) omwe anayenera kusaina "pokhudzana ndi kutenga udindo" ndi kulephera kukwaniritsa zomwe zinali zodzaza ndi mikangano ndi tchalitchi ndi akuluakulu a mizinda, zikuchitira umboni za zovuta za gawoli. wa biography ya Bach. Zaka 3 zoyamba (1723-26) zinali nyimbo za tchalitchi. Mpaka mikangano ndi maulamuliro inayamba ndipo woweruzayo adapereka ndalama zothandizira nyimbo zachipembedzo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti oimba akatswiri atha kutenga nawo mbali pamasewerowa, mphamvu ya cantor yatsopanoyo inalibe malire. Zochitika zonse za Weimar ndi Köthen zidalowa muzaluso za Leipzig.

Kukula kwa zomwe zidapangidwa ndikuchitidwa panthawiyi ndizosayerekezeka: ma cantatas opitilira 150 amapangidwa sabata iliyonse (!), 2nd ed. "Chilakolako molingana ndi Yohane", komanso malinga ndi deta yatsopano, ndi "Passion molingana ndi Mateyu". Chiwonetsero choyamba cha ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya Bach sichinachitike mu 1729, monga momwe amaganizira mpaka pano, koma mu 1727. nkhani za nyimbo za tchalitchi, ndi kuwonjezeredwa kwa malingaliro opanda tsankho ponena za kuchepa kwake” (August 23, 1730, memorandum to the Leipzig memorandum), analipidwa ndi zochita za mtundu wina. Bach Kapellmeister akubweranso kutsogolo, nthawi ino akutsogoza wophunzira wa Collegium musicum. Bach adatsogolera bwaloli mu 1729-37, kenako mu 1739-44 (?) Ndi makonsati amlungu ndi mlungu ku Zimmermann Garden kapena Zimmermann Coffee House, Bach adathandizira kwambiri pa moyo wanyimbo wapagulu. Repertoire ndiyosiyana kwambiri: ma symphonies (orchestral suites), cantatas zadziko ndipo, zowonadi, ma concerto - "mkate" wamisonkhano yonse yamasewera ndi akatswiri anthawiyo. Apa ndipamene ma concerto osiyanasiyana a Leipzig akuyenera kuti adawuka - a clavier ndi orchestra, omwe amatengera ma concerto ake a violin, violin ndi oboe, ndi zina. .

Mothandizidwa ndi bwalo la Bach, moyo wanyimbo wamzindawu ku Leipzig udapitiliranso, kaya zinali "nyimbo zomveka pa tsiku lopambana la dzina la Augustus II, zomwe zidachitika madzulo ndikuwunikira m'munda wa Zimmermann", kapena " Nyimbo zamadzulo zokhala ndi malipenga ndi timpani” polemekeza Augustus yemweyo, kapena “nyimbo zausiku zokhala ndi miuni yambiri ya sera, ndi kulira kwa malipenga ndi timpani”, ndi zina zotero. malo apadera ndi a Missa operekedwa kwa Augustus III (Kyrie, Gloria, 1733) - gawo la chilengedwe china chachikulu cha Bach - Misa mu B yaying'ono, yomalizidwa kokha mu 1747-48. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, Bach wakhala akuyang'ana kwambiri nyimbo zopanda cholinga chilichonse. Awa ndi voliyumu yachiwiri ya The Well-Tempered Clavier (1744), komanso partitas, Concerto ya ku Italy, Organ Mass, Aria yokhala ndi Zosiyanasiyana (zotchedwa Goldberg's pambuyo pa imfa ya Bach), zomwe zidaphatikizidwa m'gulu la Clavier Exercises. . Mosiyana ndi nyimbo zamapemphero, zomwe Bach mwachiwonekere ankaziwona ngati msonkho ku lusoli, adafuna kuti ma opus ake omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito apezeke kwa anthu onse. Pansi pa mkonzi wake, Clavier Exercises ndi nyimbo zina zingapo zidasindikizidwa, kuphatikiza 2 yomaliza, zida zazikulu kwambiri.

Mu 1737, wafilosofi ndi wolemba mbiri yakale, wophunzira wa Bach, L. Mitzler, adapanga bungwe la Society of Musical Sciences ku Leipzig, kumene counterpoint, kapena, monga momwe tinganenere tsopano, polyphony, adadziwika kuti "woyamba pakati pa ofanana". Panthaŵi zosiyanasiyana, G. Telemann, GF Handel analoŵa m’Sosaite. Mu 1747, JS Bach wa polyphonist wamkulu adakhala membala. M'chaka chomwechi, woimbayo adayendera nyumba yachifumu ku Potsdam, komwe adakonza chida chatsopano panthawiyo - piyano - pamaso pa Frederick II pamutu womwe adakhazikitsa. Lingaliro lachifumu lidabwezeredwa kwa wolemba kambirimbiri - Bach adapanga chipilala chosayerekezeka cha zojambulajambula - "Zopereka Zoyimba", kuzungulira kwakukulu kwa ma canon 10, ma ricercars awiri ndi magawo anayi a sonata a chitoliro, violin ndi harpsichord.

Ndipo pafupi ndi "Nyimbo Yopereka Nyimbo" kuzungulira kwatsopano kwa "mdima umodzi" kunali kukhwima, lingaliro lomwe lidayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 40. Ndilo "Art of the Fugue" lomwe lili ndi mitundu yonse ya ma counterpoints ndi canons. "Matenda (chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, Bach adachita khungu. - TF) inamulepheretsa kutsiriza mapeto a fugue ... ndi kukonza yomaliza ... Ntchitoyi inawona kuwala kokha pambuyo pa imfa ya wolemba, "kuzindikiritsa luso lapamwamba kwambiri la polyphonic.

Woimira wotsiriza wa miyambo yakale ya makolo akale komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo wojambula wokonzeka padziko lonse wa nthawi yatsopano - ndi momwe JS Bach akuwonekera m'mbiri yakale. Wolemba nyimbo yemwe adakwanitsa ngati palibe wina aliyense munthawi yake yopatsa mayina akulu kuti aphatikize zosagwirizana. Zovomerezeka za Chidatchi ndi concerto ya ku Italy, kwaya ya Chiprotestanti ndi kuphatikizika kwa Chifalansa, chipembedzo chimodzi chokha ndi Italy virtuosic aria… Phatikizani zonse mopingasa komanso moyimirira, monse mokulira ndi kuzama. Choncho, momasuka nyimbo zake, m'mawu a nthawiyo, masitaelo a "zisudzo, chipinda ndi mpingo", polyphony ndi homophony, zida ndi mawu chiyambi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake magawo olekanitsa amasamuka mosavuta kuchokera ku nyimbo kupita ku zolemba, zonse kusunga (monga, mwachitsanzo, mu Misa mu B yaying'ono, magawo awiri pa atatu okhala ndi nyimbo zomveka kale), ndikusintha mawonekedwe awo: aria kuchokera ku Cantata ya Ukwati. (BWV 202) imakhala yomaliza ya violin ya sonatas (BWV 1019), symphony ndi kwaya yochokera ku cantata (BWV 146) ndizofanana ndi magawo oyamba komanso odekha a Clavier Concerto mu D zazing'ono (BWV 1052), kugwedezeka. kuchokera ku ochestra Suite mu D yaikulu (BWV 1069), wolemera ndi kwaya phokoso, amatsegula cantata BWV110. Zitsanzo zamtunduwu zinapanga encyclopedia yonse. M'chilichonse (chokhachokha ndi opera), mbuyeyo analankhula mokwanira komanso kwathunthu, ngati kuti akumaliza kusinthika kwa mtundu wina. Ndipo ndizophiphiritsira kwambiri kuti chilengedwe cha malingaliro a Bach Art of the Fugue, olembedwa mu mawonekedwe a mphambu, alibe malangizo ogwirira ntchito. Bach, titero, amalankhula naye onse oyimba. “M’ntchito imeneyi,” F. Marpurg analemba m’mawu oyamba a chofalitsidwa cha Art of Fugue, “zokongola zobisika kwambiri zimene tingaziyerekezere m’zojambulazi zatsekeredwa . Panalibe wogula osati wa kusindikiza kochepa kwambiri, komanso kwa "mapulani olembedwa bwino ndi mwaukhondo" a luso la Bach, lomwe linalengezedwa kuti likugulitsidwa mu 1756 "kuchokera dzanja kupita ku dzanja pamtengo wokwanira" ndi Philippe Emanuel, "kotero kuti ntchito imeneyi ndi yopindulitsa anthu - inadziwika kulikonse. Kasoti wa kuiwala analendewera dzina la wamkulu cantor. Koma kuiwalika kumeneku sikunali kotheratu. Ntchito za Bach, zosindikizidwa, ndipo koposa zonse, zolembedwa pamanja - mu autographs ndi makope angapo - zidakhazikika m'magulu a ophunzira ake ndi odziwa bwino, onse otchuka komanso osadziwika bwino. Pakati pawo pali olemba I. Kirnberger ndi F. Marpurg wotchulidwa kale; wodziwa bwino nyimbo zakale, Baron van Swieten, yemwe m'nyumba yake WA Mozart adalumikizana ndi Bach; wolemba ndi mphunzitsi K. Nefe, yemwe adalimbikitsa chikondi kwa Bach kwa wophunzira wake L. Beethoven. Kale mu 70s. Zaka za m'ma 11 zimayamba kusonkhanitsa zinthu za buku lake I. Forkel, yemwe adayika maziko a nthambi yatsopano ya musicology - maphunziro a Bach. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, mkulu wa Berlin Singing Academy, bwenzi ndi mtolankhani wa IW Goethe K. Zelter, anali wokangalika kwambiri. Mwiniwake wa zolemba zolemera kwambiri za Bach, adapereka imodzi mwazo kwa F. Mendelssohn wazaka makumi awiri. Awa anali Matthew Passion, sewero la mbiri yakale lomwe pa Meyi 1829, XNUMX lidalengeza za kubwera kwa nyengo yatsopano ya Bach. "Buku lotsekedwa, chuma chobisika pansi" (B. Marx) chinatsegulidwa, ndipo mtsinje wamphamvu wa "Bach movement" unasesa dziko lonse la nyimbo.

Lerolino, zokumana nazo zambiri zasonkhanitsidwa pophunzira ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito ya wopeka wamkuluyo. Bach Society yakhalapo kuyambira 1850 (chiyambire 1900, New Bach Society, yomwe mu 1969 inakhala gulu lapadziko lonse lokhala ndi magawo mu GDR, FRG, USA, Czechoslovakia, Japan, France, ndi mayiko ena). Potengera NBO, zikondwerero za Bach zimachitika, komanso mipikisano yapadziko lonse lapansi ya osewera omwe adatchulidwa pambuyo pake. JS Bach. Mu 1907, poyambitsa NBO, Bach Museum ku Eisenach idatsegulidwa, yomwe lero ili ndi anzawo angapo m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Germany, kuphatikiza yomwe idatsegulidwa mu 1985 pazaka 300 zakubadwa kwa wolemba "Johann- Sebastian-Bach- Museum” ku Leipzig.

Pali maukonde ambiri a mabungwe a Bach padziko lapansi. Akuluakulu mwa iwo ndi Bach-Institut ku Göttingen (Germany) ndi National Research and Memorial Center ya JS Bach ku Federal Republic of Germany ku Leipzig. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi zakhala zikudziwika ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika kwambiri: zolemba zinayi za Bach-Documente zasindikizidwa, ndondomeko yatsopano ya nyimbo za mawu yakhazikitsidwa, komanso Art of the Fugue, 14 omwe poyamba sankadziwika kuchokera ku Zosiyanasiyana za Goldberg ndi makwaya 33 a chiwalo zasindikizidwa. Kuyambira 1954, Institute ku Göttingen ndi Bach Center ku Leipzig akhala akupanga zolemba zatsopano za Bach. Kusindikizidwa kwa mndandanda wa zowunikira ndi zolemba za ntchito za Bach "Bach-Compendium" mogwirizana ndi yunivesite ya Harvard (USA) ikupitiriza.

Njira yodziwira cholowa cha Bach ndi yosatha, monganso Bach mwiniwakeyo alibe malire - gwero losatha (tiyeni tikumbukire sewero lodziwika bwino la mawu: der Bach - mtsinje) wa zochitika zapamwamba kwambiri za mzimu wa munthu.

T. Frumkis

Makhalidwe a kulenga

Ntchito ya Bach, pafupifupi yosadziwika pa moyo wake, inaiwalika kwa nthawi yaitali pambuyo pa imfa yake. Zinatenga nthawi kuti zitheke kuyamikira cholowa chosiyidwa ndi wolemba wamkulu kwambiri.

Kukula kwaukadaulo m'zaka za zana la XNUMX kunali kovuta komanso kotsutsana. Chikoka cha malingaliro akale a feudal-aristocratic anali amphamvu; koma mphukira za ma bourgeoisie atsopano, zomwe zinawonetsa zosowa zauzimu za gulu laling'ono, lotsogola m'mbiri ya ma bourgeoisie, linali litayamba kale kukhwima.

Polimbana kwambiri ndi njira, kupyolera mu kukana ndi kuwononga mitundu yakale, luso latsopano linatsimikiziridwa. Kukwezeka kozizira kwa tsoka lachikale, ndi malamulo ake, ziwembu, ndi zithunzi zokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu olemekezeka, kunatsutsidwa ndi buku la bourgeois, sewero lovuta kwambiri la moyo wa Afilisti. Mosiyana ndi opera wamba ndi zokongoletsera zamakhothi, mphamvu, kuphweka ndi chikhalidwe cha demokarasi cha comic opera chinalimbikitsidwa; Nyimbo zopepuka komanso zosadziletsa zamtundu watsiku ndi tsiku zidayimitsidwa motsutsana ndi luso la tchalitchi "lophunzira" la oimba ambiri.

M'mikhalidwe yotereyi, kuchulukira kwa mawonekedwe ndi njira zofotokozera zomwe zidatengera zakale m'mabuku a Bach zidapereka chifukwa choganizira kuti ntchito yake ndi yachikale komanso yolemetsa. Panthawi yomwe anthu ambiri anali ndi chidwi ndi zaluso zaluso, ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso zosavuta, nyimbo za Bach zinkawoneka zovuta komanso zosamvetsetseka. Ngakhale ana aamuna a wolemba nyimboyo sanaone kalikonse m’ntchito za atate wawo koma kuphunzira.

Bach adakondedwa poyera ndi oimba omwe mayina awo sanasungidwe bwino; kumbali ina, iwo sanali “kungophunzira chabe” koma anali ndi “zokoma, zanzeru ndi zachifundo.”

Otsatira nyimbo za tchalitchi cha Orthodox ankadananso ndi Bach. Motero, ntchito ya Bach, imene inalipo kale kwambiri panthaŵi yake, inakanidwa ndi ochirikiza zaluso zamphamvu, limodzinso ndi awo amene anawona m’nyimbo za Bach kuswa malamulo a tchalitchi ndi mbiri yakale.

Polimbana ndi njira zotsutsana za nthawi yovutayi m'mbiri ya nyimbo, pang'onopang'ono kutsogolera kunachitika, njira za chitukuko chatsopanocho zinayamba, zomwe zinatsogolera ku symphonism ya Haydn, Mozart, ku luso la Gluck. Ndipo pokhapokha, pomwe akatswiri odziwika bwino kwambiri azaka za m'ma XNUMX adakweza chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, pomwe cholowa cha Johann Sebastian Bach chidawonekera.

Mozart ndi Beethoven anali oyamba kuzindikira tanthauzo lake lenileni. Mozart, yemwe anali wolemba kale wa The Marriage of Figaro ndi Don Giovanni, atadziwa ntchito za Bach, zomwe poyamba sankazidziwa, anafuula kuti: "Pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire pano!" Beethoven mokondwera akunena kuti: “Mwachitsanzo ist kein Bach – er ist ein Ozean” (“Iye si mtsinje – iye ndi nyanja”). Malinga ndi Serov, mawu ophiphiritsa ameneŵa amafotokoza bwino kwambiri “kuzama kwa ganizo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosatha ya luso la Bach.”

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1802, kutsitsimula pang'onopang'ono kwa ntchito ya Bach kumayamba. Mu 1850, mbiri yoyamba ya wolembayo idawonekera, yolembedwa ndi wolemba mbiri waku Germany Forkel; ndi zinthu zolemera komanso zosangalatsa, adawonetsa chidwi pa moyo ndi umunthu wa Bach. Chifukwa cha mabodza a Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, nyimbo za Bach zinayamba kulowa m'malo ambiri. M’zaka za m’ma 30, bungwe la Bach Society linakhazikitsidwa, lomwe linakhazikitsa cholinga chake chopeza ndi kusonkhanitsa zolemba zonse zomwe zinali za woimba wamkuluyo, ndi kuzifalitsa m’gulu la mabuku onse. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ntchito ya Bach idayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono m'moyo wanyimbo, zomveka kuchokera pa siteji, ndikuphatikizidwa muzolemba zamaphunziro. Koma panali malingaliro ambiri otsutsana pakutanthauzira ndi kuwunika kwa nyimbo za Bach. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amati Bach anali munthu woganiza bwino, yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi nyimbo komanso masamu, ena amamuwona ngati munthu wosamvetsetseka wosiyana ndi moyo kapena woyimba wa tchalitchi cha orthodox philanthropist.

Zoyipa kwambiri pakumvetsetsa zomwe zili mu nyimbo za Bach zinali malingaliro ake ngati nkhokwe ya "nzeru" zama polyphonic. Malingaliro ofananawo adachepetsa ntchito ya Bach kukhala buku la ophunzira a polyphony. Serov analemba za izi mokwiya: "Panali nthawi yomwe dziko lonse loimba linkayang'ana nyimbo za Sebastian Bach ngati zinyalala zapasukulu, zonyansa, zomwe nthawi zina, monga, monga Clavecin bien tempere, ndizoyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. ndi zojambula za Moscheles ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi a Czerny. Kuyambira nthawi ya Mendelssohn, kukoma kwayambanso kutsamira kwa Bach, mochuluka kuposa nthawi yomwe iye mwini adakhalapo - ndipo tsopano pali "otsogolera a conservatories" omwe, m'dzina la Conservatism, sachita manyazi kuphunzitsa ophunzira awo. kusewera ma fugues a Bach popanda kufotokoza momveka bwino, mwachitsanzo, "zolimbitsa thupi", monga masewera othyola zala ... mtima, ndi mantha ndi chikhulupiriro, ndizo ntchito za Bach wamkulu.

Ku Russia, malingaliro abwino pantchito ya Bach adatsimikizika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndemanga ya ntchito za Bach inawonekera mu "Pocket Book for Music Lovers" lofalitsidwa ku St. Petersburg, momwe kusinthasintha kwa luso lake ndi luso lapadera linadziwika.

Kwa oimba otsogola a ku Russia, luso la Bach linali chisonyezero cha mphamvu yamphamvu yolenga, yolemeretsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu. Oimba a ku Russia a mibadwo yosiyanasiyana ndi machitidwe adatha kumvetsetsa mu zovuta za Bach polyphony ndakatulo zapamwamba zakumverera ndi mphamvu yamaganizo.

Kuzama kwa zithunzi za nyimbo za Bach sikungatheke. Aliyense wa iwo amatha kukhala ndi nkhani yonse, ndakatulo, nkhani; zochitika zazikulu zimachitika mu chilichonse, chomwe chimatha kuyikidwanso muzojambula zazikulu zanyimbo kapena kukhazikika mu kachipangizo kakang'ono ka laconic.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa moyo m'zaka zakale, zamakono ndi zam'tsogolo, chirichonse chimene wolemba ndakatulo wouziridwa angamve, zomwe woganiza ndi filosofi angaganizire, zili muzojambula zonse za Bach. Kupanga kwakukulu kumalola kugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi pamiyeso yosiyanasiyana, mitundu, ndi mawonekedwe. Nyimbo za Bach mwachibadwa zimaphatikiza kukongola kwa mitundu ya zilakolako, B-Misa yaying'ono ndi kuphweka kosasunthika kwa ma preludes ang'onoang'ono kapena zopangidwa; sewero la nyimbo za ziwalo ndi cantatas - zokhala ndi mawu olingalira anyimbo zamakwaya; phokoso la chipinda cha filigree preludes ndi fugues wa Well-Tempered Clavier ndi virtuoso luntha ndi nyonga ya Brandenburg Concertos.

Zomwe zimakhudzidwa komanso filosofi ya nyimbo za Bach zili mu umunthu wozama, m'chikondi chopanda dyera kwa anthu. Iye amamvera chisoni munthu amene ali ndi chisoni, amagawana naye chisangalalo chake, amamva chisoni ndi chikhumbo cha choonadi ndi chilungamo. Muzojambula zake, Bach akuwonetsa zolemekezeka komanso zokongola zomwe zimabisika mwa munthu; njira zamaganizo zamakhalidwe zimadzazidwa ndi ntchito yake.

Osati munkhondo yogwira ntchito komanso osati muzochita zamwamuna, Bach akuwonetsa ngwazi yake. Kupyolera mu zokumana nazo zamalingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro, malingaliro ake ku zenizeni, ku dziko lozungulira iye zimawonekera. Bach samachoka ku moyo weniweni. Chinali chowonadi cha zenizeni, zovuta zomwe anthu a ku Germany adapirira, zomwe zidayambitsa zithunzi za tsoka lalikulu; Sizopanda pake kuti mutu wa kuvutika ukudutsa mu nyimbo zonse za Bach. Koma mdima wa dziko lozungulira sungathe kuwononga kapena kuchotsa malingaliro amuyaya a moyo, chisangalalo chake ndi ziyembekezo zake zazikulu. Mitu yachisangalalo, kutengeka kwachangu ndi zolumikizana ndi mitu ya masautso, kuwonetsa zenizeni mu umodzi wake wosiyana.

Bach ndi wamkulu mofananamo pofotokozera malingaliro osavuta aumunthu ndi kufotokoza kuya kwa nzeru za anthu, patsoka lalikulu ndi kuwulula chikhumbo cha dziko lonse lapansi.

Luso la Bach limadziwika ndi kulumikizana kwapafupi komanso kulumikizana kwa magawo ake onse. Kufanana kwa zophiphiritsa kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikondana kwambiri ndi tinthu tating'ono ta Well-Tempered Clavier, zojambula zazikulu za B-minor mass - zokhala ndi ma suites a violin kapena harpsichord.

Bach alibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyimbo zauzimu ndi zadziko. Zomwe zimafala ndi chikhalidwe cha zithunzi za nyimbo, njira zowonetsera, njira zachitukuko. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti Bach anasamutsidwa mosavuta kuchoka ku ntchito zakuthupi kupita ku zauzimu osati mitu yaumwini, zigawo zazikulu, koma ngakhale ziwerengero zomaliza, popanda kusintha dongosolo la nyimbo kapena chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. Mitu ya kuzunzika ndi chisoni, malingaliro anzeru, zosangalatsa zaumphawi zosadziletsa zitha kupezeka mu cantatas ndi oratorios, mumalingaliro a ziwalo ndi ma fugues, mu suites za clavier kapena violin.

Sikuti ntchito ndi ya mtundu wauzimu kapena wakuthupi imene imatsimikizira kufunika kwake. Phindu losatha la zolengedwa za Bach liri mu kukwezeka kwa malingaliro, mumalingaliro ozama amakhalidwe abwino omwe amawayika muzolemba zilizonse, kaya zadziko kapena zauzimu, mu kukongola ndi ungwiro wosowa wamitundu.

Kupanga kwa Bach kuli ndi mphamvu zake, chiyero chamakhalidwe osatha komanso mphamvu zazikulu pazaluso za anthu. Bach adatengera miyambo yolemba nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu komanso kupanga nyimbo kuchokera kwa oimba ambiri, adakhazikika m'maganizo mwake pozindikira miyambo yoimba. Potsirizira pake, kufufuza kwapafupi kwa zipilala za luso loimba nyimbo kunawonjezera chidziwitso cha Bach. Chipilala choterechi komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo gwero losatha la kulenga kwa iye linali nyimbo yachipulotesitanti.

Nyimbo zachipulotesitanti zinayamba kalekale. Pa nthawi ya Kukonzanso, nyimbo zakwaya, monga nyimbo zankhondo, zinalimbikitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu ambiri pankhondoyi. Nyimbo yakuti “Ambuye ndiye linga lathu”, yolembedwa ndi Luther, yomwe inali ndi mphamvu yankhondo ya Apulotesitanti, inakhala nyimbo ya kukonzanso zinthu.

Okonzanso anagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri nyimbo zachikunja, nyimbo zimene zakhala zofala kwa nthaŵi yaitali m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mosasamala kanthu za zomwe anali nazo kale, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosamveka komanso zosamveka bwino, zolemba zachipembedzo zidalumikizidwa kwa iwo, ndipo zidasandulika kukhala nyimbo zakwaya. Chiwerengero cha makwaya sichinaphatikizepo nyimbo zachi German zokha, komanso French, Italy, ndi Czech.

M’malo mwa nyimbo zachikatolika zachilendo kwa anthu, zoimbidwa ndi kwaya m’chinenero cha Chilatini chosamvetsetseka, nyimbo zakwaya zofikirika kwa atchalitchi onse zimayambitsidwa, zomwe zimaimbidwa ndi chitaganya chonse m’chinenero chawo cha Chijeremani.

Choncho nyimbo zachikunja zinazika mizu ndi kuzoloŵera chipembedzo chatsopanocho. Kutegwa “mbungano yoonse ya Bunakristo izumanane kwiimba,” lwiimbo lwacikombelo lulatolwa mumajwi aajulu, alimwi amajwi aasalala alakonzya kukkomana; polyphony zovuta zimakhala zosavuta ndikukakamizika kutuluka mu chorale; nyumba yosungiramo zida zapadera imapangidwa momwe kukhazikika kwachirendo, chizolowezi chophatikizana ndi mawu onse ndikuwunikira nyimbo zapamwamba zimaphatikizidwa ndikuyenda kwa mawu apakati.

Kuphatikizika kwachilendo kwa polyphony ndi homophony ndi mawonekedwe a chorale.

Nyimbo zamakolo, zosinthidwa kukhala nyimbo zakwaya, komabe zidakhalabe nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu, ndipo magulu anyimbo achipulotesitanti adakhala nkhokwe ndi nkhokwe ya nyimbo zamtundu. Bach adatulutsa nyimbo zanyimbo zolemera kwambiri m'magulu akalewa; iye anabwerera ku nyimbo zakwaya zokhutiritsa zamaganizo ndi mzimu wa nyimbo za Chiprotestanti za Kukonzanso, anabwezeretsa nyimbo zakwaya ku tanthauzo lake lakale, ndiko kuti, anaukitsa kwayayo monga mpangidwe wa chisonyezero cha malingaliro ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Chorale si mtundu wokhawo wolumikizana ndi nyimbo za Bach ndi zaluso zamakolo. Champhamvu komanso chobala zipatso kwambiri chinali chikoka cha nyimbo zamtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'magulu ambiri opangira zida ndi zidutswa zina, Bach sikuti amangopanganso zithunzi za nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku; amakulitsa m’njira yatsopano mitundu yambiri yamitundu imene yakhazikitsidwa makamaka m’moyo wa m’tauni ndipo imapanga mipata yachitukuko chawo chowonjezereka.

Mafomu obwerekedwa kuchokera ku nyimbo zachikhalidwe, nyimbo ndi nyimbo zovina atha kupezeka muzolemba zilizonse za Bach. Osatchulanso nyimbo zakudziko, amazigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana m'zolemba zake zauzimu: mu cantatas, oratorios, zilakolako, ndi B-Misa yaying'ono.

******

Cholowa cha Bach chili pafupi kwambiri. Ngakhale zomwe zatsala zimawerengera mazana ambiri a mayina. Zimadziwikanso kuti nyimbo zambiri za Bach zidasokonekera. Mwa ma cantata mazana atatu omwe anali a Bach, pafupifupi zana adasowa popanda kuwatsata. Mwa zilakolako zisanu, Zowawa malinga ndi Yohane ndi Passion malinga ndi Mateyu zasungidwa.

Bach adayamba kupanga mochedwa kwambiri. Ntchito zoyamba zodziwika kwa ife zinalembedwa pafupi ndi zaka makumi awiri; palibe kukayika kuti zinachitikira ntchito zothandiza, paokha anapeza nzeru zongopeka anachita ntchito yaikulu, popeza kale mu nyimbo zoyambirira za Bach munthu akhoza kumva chidaliro cha kulemba, kulimba mtima kuganiza ndi kufufuza kulenga. Njira yopita ku ulemerero sinali yaitali. Kwa Bach ngati woyimba, idabwera koyamba pagawo lanyimbo zamagulu, ndiye kuti, munthawi ya Weimar. Koma luso la woimbayo linawululidwa mokwanira komanso momveka bwino ku Leipzig.

Bach adapereka chidwi chofanana pamitundu yonse yanyimbo. Ndi chipiriro chodabwitsa komanso chikhumbo chofuna kusintha, adakwaniritsa pagulu lililonse padera chiyero cha crystalline cha kalembedwe, kugwirizana kwachikale kwa zinthu zonse.

Sanatope kukonzanso ndi “kuwongolera” zomwe adalemba, kuchuluka kwake kapena kukula kwa ntchitoyo sikunamulepheretse. Motero, malembo apamanja a voliyumu yoyamba ya The Well-Tempered Clavier anakopedwa ndi iye kanayi. Chilakolako malinga ndi Yohane chinasintha zambiri; Baibulo loyamba la "Passion molingana ndi Yohane" likunena za 1724, ndipo Baibulo lomaliza - zaka zomaliza za moyo wake. Zambiri mwazolemba za Bach zidasinthidwa ndikuwongolera nthawi zambiri.

Woyambitsa wamkulu komanso woyambitsa mitundu ingapo yamitundu yatsopano, Bach sanalembepo ma opera ndipo sanayese ngakhale kutero. Komabe, Bach adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ochititsa chidwi m'njira zambiri komanso zosunthika. Chitsanzo cha mitu yokwezeka, yachisoni kapena yamphamvu ya Bach imapezeka m'mawu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, m'mawu a operatic lamentos, mu ngwazi zazikulu za nyumba ya opera yaku France.

M'mawu oimba, Bach amagwiritsa ntchito momasuka mitundu yonse ya kuyimba payekha komwe kumapangidwa ndi machitidwe oimba, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma arias, zobwerezabwereza. Iye samapewa ma ensembles amawu, amayambitsa njira yosangalatsa ya konsati, ndiko kuti, mpikisano pakati pa mawu a solo ndi chida.

M'mabuku ena, monga, mwachitsanzo, mu The St. Matthew Passion, mfundo zazikulu za operaturgy (kugwirizana pakati pa nyimbo ndi sewero, kupitiriza kwa nyimbo ndi chitukuko chochititsa chidwi) zimaphatikizidwa mokhazikika kusiyana ndi masewero amakono a ku Italy a Bach. . Kamodzi Bach adayenera kumvera zonyoza chifukwa cha zisudzo za nyimbo zachipembedzo.

Palibe nkhani zamwambo kapena zolemba zauzimu zomwe zidasungidwa nyimbo zomwe zidapulumutsa Bach ku "mlandu" wotere. Kutanthauzira kwa zithunzi zozoloŵereka kunali kotsutsana kwambiri ndi malamulo a tchalitchi cha orthodox, ndipo zomwe zili mkati ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko cha nyimbo zinaswa malingaliro okhudza cholinga ndi cholinga cha nyimbo za tchalitchi.

Kuzama kwamalingaliro, kuthekera kwazambiri zamafilosofi a zochitika zamoyo, kuthekera koyang'ana zinthu zovuta muzithunzi zojambulidwa zanyimbo zidadziwonetsera ndi mphamvu yachilendo mu nyimbo za Bach. Katunduyu adatsimikiza kufunikira kwa chitukuko chanthawi yayitali cha lingaliro la nyimbo, zomwe zidapangitsa chikhumbo chofuna kuwululidwa kokhazikika komanso kokwanira kwa zomwe zili m'chifanizo cha nyimbo.

Bach adapeza malamulo ambiri ndi achilengedwe akuyenda kwa lingaliro la nyimbo, adawonetsa kukhazikika kwa kukula kwa chithunzi cha nyimbo. Iye anali woyamba kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito katundu wofunika kwambiri wa nyimbo za polyphonic: mphamvu ndi malingaliro a ndondomeko yotsegulira mizere ya nyimbo.

Zolemba za Bach ndizodzaza ndi symphony yachilendo. Kukula kwa symphonic mkati kumagwirizanitsa ziwerengero zambiri zomwe zatsirizidwa za B zazing'ono za B kukhala zogwirizana, zimapereka cholinga cha kuyenda mu fugues yaing'ono ya Well-Tempered Clavier.

Bach sanali kokha polyphonist wamkulu, komanso harmonist wodziwika bwino. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Beethoven ankaona kuti Bach ndi bambo wa mgwirizano. Pali ntchito zambiri za Bach momwe nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imakhalapo, pomwe mawonekedwe ndi njira za polyphony sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito konse. Chodabwitsa nthawi zina mwa iwo ndi kulimba mtima kwamatsatidwe amtundu wa chord-harmonic, kufotokozera kwapadera komwe kumamveka bwino, komwe kumadziwika kuti ndi chiyembekezo chakutali chamalingaliro omveka a oimba azaka za zana la XNUMX. Ngakhale m'mapangidwe a Bach a polyphonic, mzere wawo susokoneza kumverera kwadzalo la harmonic.

Lingaliro la kusinthika kwa makiyi, kulumikizana kwa tonal kunalinso kwatsopano kwa nthawi ya Bach. Kukula kwa ladotonal, kuyenda kwa ladotonal ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso maziko amitundu yambiri ya Bach. Kupezeka kwa maubwenzi a tonal ndi kulumikizana kunakhala kuyembekezera kwa machitidwe ofanana mu mawonekedwe a sonata a classics a Viennese.

Koma ngakhale chofunika kwambiri cha kupezeka m'munda wa mgwirizano, kumverera mwakuya ndi kuzindikira kwa chord ndi kugwirizana kwake zinchito, wopeka kwambiri kuganiza ndi polyphonic, zithunzi wake nyimbo amabadwa ku zinthu za polyphony. Rimsky-Korsakov analemba kuti: “Kutsutsa kunali chinenero chandakatulo cha wopeka waluso.

Kwa Bach, polyphony sinali njira yokha yofotokozera malingaliro oimba: Bach anali wolemba ndakatulo weniweni wa polyphony, wolemba ndakatulo wangwiro komanso wapadera kuti chitsitsimutso cha kalembedwe kameneka chinali kotheka pokhapokha pazikhalidwe zosiyana komanso zosiyana.

Bach's polyphony, choyamba, nyimbo, kayendetsedwe kake, chitukuko chake, ndi moyo wodziimira wa liwu lililonse la nyimbo ndi kusakanikirana kwa mawu ambiri mu nsalu yosuntha, yomwe malo a liwu limodzi amatsimikiziridwa ndi udindo wa wina. "... Kalembedwe ka polyphonal," akulemba Serov, "pamodzi ndi luso logwirizana, amafuna luso lalikulu la nyimbo mwa wolemba. Kugwirizana kokha, ndiko kuti, kulumikiza mwanzeru kwa nyimbo, sikungatheke kuchotsa pano. Ndikofunikira kuti liwu lililonse liziyenda palokha ndipo limakhala losangalatsa panjira yake yoyimba. Ndipo kuchokera kumbali iyi, yosowa kwambiri m'munda wa zilandiridwe za nyimbo, palibe wojambula osati wofanana ndi Johann Sebastian Bach, koma ngakhale woyenerera kulemera kwake kwa nyimbo. Ngati timvetsetsa mawu oti "nyimbo" osati m'lingaliro la alendo aku opera a ku Italy, koma m'lingaliro lenileni la mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha, omasuka a mawu anyimbo m'mawu aliwonse, gulu lomwe nthawi zonse limalemba ndakatulo komanso lotanthawuza kwambiri, ndiye kuti palibe woyimba nyimbo. dziko lalikulu kuposa Bach.

V. Galatskaya

• Zojambula za ziwalo za Bach →
• Bach's clavier art →
• Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier →
• Ntchito ya mawu a Bach →
• Kukonda kwa Baha →
• Cantata Baha →
• Bach's Violin Art →
• Kupanga kwa zida za Bach →
• Prelude ndi Fugue wolemba Bach →