Krzysztof Penderecki |

Krzysztof Penderecki

Ndipotu, ngati kugona kunja, kunja kwa dziko lathu, Palibe malire a danga, ndiye kuti maganizo amayesa kupeza. Ndi chiyani pamene malingaliro athu amathamangira, Ndi kumene mzimu wathu umawulukira, kuwuka mwa munthu waulere. Lucretius. Pa chikhalidwe cha zinthu (K. Penderecki. Cosmogony)

Nyimbo za theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX. ndizovuta kulingalira popanda ntchito ya wolemba nyimbo wa ku Poland K. Penderecki. Zinawonetseratu zotsutsana ndi zofufuza za nyimbo zapambuyo pa nkhondo, kuponyedwa kwake pakati pa kusagwirizana kosiyana. Chikhumbo cha kulimba mtima kwatsopano pankhani yofotokozera komanso kumverera kwa kulumikizana kwachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chazaka mazana ambiri, kudziletsa kopitilira muyeso mu nyimbo zina zachipinda komanso chidwi chazomveka, pafupifupi "cosmic" za mawu ndi ma symphonic. ntchito. Mphamvu zamunthu wopanga zimakakamiza wojambulayo kuyesa machitidwe ndi masitayelo osiyanasiyana "kuti apeze mphamvu", kuti adziwe zonse zomwe zachitika posachedwa pakupanga mapangidwe azaka za zana la XNUMX.

Penderecki anabadwira m'banja la loya, kumene kunalibe akatswiri oimba, koma nthawi zambiri ankaimba nyimbo. Makolo, kuphunzitsa Krzysztof kuimba violin ndi limba, sankaganiza kuti adzakhala woimba. Ali ndi zaka 15, Penderecki ankachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kuimba violin. Ku Denbitz yaying'ono, gulu lokhalo loimba linali gulu la brass la mzinda. Mtsogoleri wake S. Darlyak adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha woimba wamtsogolo. Mu masewero olimbitsa thupi Krzysztof anakonza okhestra yake, imene anali onse woyimba zeze ndi wochititsa. Mu 1951 adaganiza zokhala woimba ndipo adasiya kuphunzira ku Krakow. Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi makalasi kusukulu ya nyimbo, Penderetsky amapita ku yunivesite, akumvetsera nkhani za filosofi yachikale ndi filosofi ya R. Ingarden. Amaphunzira bwino Chilatini ndi Chigiriki, ali ndi chidwi ndi chikhalidwe chakale. Makalasi mu maphunziro a theoretical ndi F. Skolyshevsky - umunthu wowala kwambiri, woyimba piyano ndi wopeka, wafizikiki ndi masamu - adayika Penderetsky luso loganiza paokha. Nditaphunzira naye, Penderetsky analowa Sukulu Yapamwamba Yoimba ya Krakow m'kalasi ya wolemba nyimbo A. Malyavsky. Wolemba wachinyamatayo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyimbo za B. Bartok, I. Stravinsky, amaphunzira kalembedwe ka P. Boulez, mu 1958 amakumana ndi L. Nono, yemwe amayendera Krakow.

Mu 1959, Penderecki anapambana mpikisano wokonzedwa ndi Union of Polish Composers, kupereka nyimbo za orchestra - "Strophes", "Emanations" ndi "Masalmo a Davide". Kutchuka kwapadziko lonse kwa wolembayo kumayamba ndi ntchito izi: zimachitidwa ku France, Italy, Austria. Pa maphunziro ochokera ku Union of Composers, Penderecki amapita ku Italy kwa miyezi iwiri.

Kuyambira 1960, timayamba ntchito yolenga ya wolemba. Chaka chino, amapanga imodzi mwa nyimbo zodziwika kwambiri za nyimbo za pambuyo pa nkhondo, Hiroshima Victims Memorial Tran, zomwe amapereka ku Hiroshima City Museum. Penderecki amatenga nawo mbali pafupipafupi pazikondwerero zanyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi ku Warsaw, Donaueschingen, Zagreb, ndipo amakumana ndi oimba ambiri ndi osindikiza. Ntchito za woimbayo zimadodometsa ndi zachilendo za njira osati kwa omvera okha, komanso kwa oimba, omwe nthawi zina samavomereza mwamsanga kuti aphunzire. Kuphatikiza pa nyimbo zoimbira, Penderecki mu 60s. amalemba nyimbo za zisudzo ndi makanema, masewero ndi zidole. Amagwira ntchito ku Experimental Studio ya Wailesi yaku Poland, komwe amapanga nyimbo zake zamagetsi, kuphatikiza sewero la "Ekecheiria" potsegulira Masewera a Olimpiki a Munich mu 1972.

Kuyambira 1962, ntchito za woimbayo zamveka m'mizinda ya USA ndi Japan. Penderecki amapereka maphunziro a nyimbo zamakono ku Darmstadt, Stockholm, Berlin. Pambuyo pa eccentric, kwambiri avant-garde zikuchokera "Fluorescence" kwa oimba, taipilaita, galasi ndi chitsulo zinthu, mabelu magetsi, macheka, wopeka akutembenukira kwa nyimbo zoimbira payekha ndi oimba ndi ntchito zazikulu: opera, ballet, oratorio, cantata. (oratorio "Dies irae ", yoperekedwa kwa omwe adazunzidwa ku Auschwitz, - 1967; opera ya ana "The Strongest"; oratorio "Passion malinga ndi Luka" - 1965, ntchito yayikulu yomwe idayika Penderecki m'modzi mwa olemba omwe adachita bwino kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX) .

Mu 1966, wopeka anapita ku chikondwerero cha nyimbo za mayiko Latin America, Venezuela ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba anapita ku USSR, kumene iye anabwera mobwerezabwereza monga wochititsa, woimba nyimbo zake. Mu 1966-68. Wopeka amaphunzitsa kalasi yolemba ku Essen (FRG), mu 1969 - ku West Berlin. Mu 1969, opera yatsopano ya Penderecki The Devils of Lüden (1968) inachitikira ku Hamburg ndi Stuttgart, yomwe m'chaka chomwecho inawonekera pamasitepe a mizinda 15 padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1970, Penderecki anamaliza imodzi mwa nyimbo zake zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, Matins. Ponena za zolemba ndi nyimbo za utumiki wa Orthodox, wolemba amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira. Kuimba koyamba kwa Matins ku Vienna (1971) kunadzutsa chidwi chachikulu pakati pa omvera, otsutsa ndi gulu lonse la nyimbo za ku Ulaya. Mwa dongosolo la UN, wolembayo, yemwe amasangalala kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, amapangira makonsati apachaka a UN the oratorio "Cosmogony", yomangidwa ndi mawu a akatswiri akale komanso amakono ponena za chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. Kapangidwe ka chilengedwe - kuchokera ku Lucretius kupita ku Yuri Gagarin. Penderetsky wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito yophunzitsa: kuyambira 1972 wakhala rector wa Sukulu Yapamwamba ya Nyimbo ya Krakow, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amaphunzitsa kalasi ya nyimbo ku yunivesite ya Yale (USA). Kwa chaka cha 200 cha United States, wolemba nyimboyo akulemba opera ya Paradise Lost yochokera ku ndakatulo ya J. Milton (yoyamba ku Chicago, 1978). Kuchokera kuzinthu zina zazikulu za 70s. munthu akhoza kutchula First Symphony, oratorio imagwira ntchito "Magnificat" ndi "Song of Songs", komanso Violin Concerto (1977), yoperekedwa kwa woimba woyamba I. Stern ndi kulembedwa mwachikondi. Mu 1980 wolembayo analemba Second Symphony ndi Te Deum.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Penderetsky wakhala akupereka zoimbaimba kwambiri, ntchito ndi ophunzira oimba ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Zikondwerero za nyimbo zake zimachitikira ku Stuttgart (1979) ndi Krakow (1980), ndipo Penderecki mwiniwake amakonza chikondwerero chapadziko lonse cha oimba achichepere ku Lusławice. Kusiyanitsa kowoneka bwino kwa nyimbo za Penderecki kumafotokoza chidwi chake chokhazikika pazisudzo zanyimbo. Opera yachitatu ya woimba The Black Mask (1986) yochokera pa sewero la G. Hauptmann limagwirizanitsa mawu amanjenje ndi zinthu za oratorio, kulondola kwamaganizo ndi kuya kwa mavuto osatha. "Ndinalemba Black Mask ngati kuti inali ntchito yanga yomaliza," adatero Penderecki poyankhulana. - "Kwa ine ndekha, ndidaganiza zothetsa nthawi yokonda kukondana mochedwa."

Wopeka nyimboyo tsopano ali pachimake pa kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi, pokhala mmodzi wa oimba olemekezeka kwambiri. Nyimbo zake zimamveka m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimachitidwa ndi ojambula otchuka kwambiri, oimba oimba, mabwalo a zisudzo, akugwira omvera masauzande ambiri.

V. Ilyeva