Maria Callas |

Maria callas

Mmodzi mwa oimba kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi, Maria Callas, anakhala nthano weniweni pa moyo wake. Chilichonse chomwe wojambulayo adakhudza, chirichonse chinawalitsidwa ndi kuwala kwatsopano, kosayembekezereka. Anatha kuyang'ana masamba ambiri a zisudzo za opera ndi mawonekedwe atsopano, kuti apeze kukongola komwe sikukudziwika mwa iwo.

Maria Callas (dzina lenileni Maria Anna Sophia Cecilia Kalogeropoulou) anabadwa pa December 2, 1923 ku New York, m'banja la anthu ochokera ku Greece. Ngakhale kuti ankapeza ndalama zochepa, makolo ake anaganiza zomuphunzitsa kuimba. Luso lodabwitsa la Maria lidawonekera ali mwana. Mu 1937, pamodzi ndi amayi ake, iye anafika ku dziko lakwawo ndipo analowa mmodzi wa Conservatories Athens, Ethnikon Odeon, kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka Maria Trivella.

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Pansi pa utsogoleri wake, Callas adakonzekera ndikuchita gawo lake loyamba la opera pakuchita kwa ophunzira - udindo wa Santuzza mu opera Rural Honor ndi P. Mascagni. Chochitika chachikulu chotero chinachitika mu 1939, chomwe chinakhala ngati chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa moyo wa woimba wamtsogolo. Amasamukira kumalo ena osungiramo zinthu zakale ku Athens, Odeon Afion, ku kalasi ya woyimba wodziwika bwino wa ku Spain Elvira de Hidalgo, yemwe adamaliza kupukuta mawu ake ndikuthandiza Callas kuti achite ngati woyimba wa opera.

Mu 1941, Callas adamupanga ku Athens Opera, akuchita gawo la Tosca mu opera ya Puccini ya dzina lomwelo. Apa iye anagwira ntchito mpaka 1945, pang'onopang'ono kuyamba bwino mbali opera.

Zowonadi, m'mawu a Callas munali "cholakwika" chanzeru. M'kaundula wapakati, adamva phokoso lapadera, ngakhale loponderezedwa. Odziwa kuimba amawona kuti izi ndizovuta, ndipo omvera adawona chithumwa chapadera mu izi. Sizinali mwangozi kuti iwo analankhula za matsenga a mawu ake, kuti iye amakopa omvera ndi kuimba kwake. Woimbayo adamutcha mawu ake "dramatic coloratura".

Kupezeka kwa Callas kunachitika pa Ogasiti 2, 1947, pomwe woimba wosadziwika wazaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi adawonekera pabwalo la Arena di Verona, nyumba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya opera, pomwe pafupifupi oimba onse akulu ndi otsogolera. cha m'ma XNUMX adachita. M'chilimwe, chikondwerero chachikulu cha opera chikuchitika pano, pomwe Callas adachita nawo udindo wa Ponchielli's La Gioconda.

Seweroli lidachitidwa ndi Tullio Serafin, m'modzi mwa okonda kwambiri zisudzo zaku Italy. Ndipo kachiwiri, msonkhano waumwini umatsimikizira tsogolo la wojambula. Ndi pamalingaliro a Serafina kuti Callas adayitanidwa ku Venice. Pano, pansi pa utsogoleri wake, amachita maudindo mu opera "Turandot" ndi G. Puccini ndi "Tristan ndi Isolde" ndi R. Wagner.

Zinkawoneka kuti mu zisudzo Kallas moyo zidutswa za moyo wake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anasonyeza tsogolo la akazi ambiri, chikondi ndi kuvutika, chimwemwe ndi chisoni.

M'malo odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Milan "La Scala" - Callas adawonekera mu 1951, akuchita gawo la Elena mu "Sicilian Vespers" ndi G. Verdi.

Woimba wotchuka Mario Del Monaco akukumbukira:

“Ndinakumana ndi Callas ku Rome, atangofika kumene kuchokera ku America, kunyumba ya Maestro Serafina, ndipo ndikukumbukira kuti anaimba nyimbo zingapo kuchokera ku Turandot kumeneko. Malingaliro anga sanali abwino kwambiri. Zoonadi, Callas analimbana ndi zovuta zonse za mawu, koma kukula kwake sikunapereke lingaliro la kukhala wofanana. M'katikati ndi m'munsi anali otsika ndipo mafunde amanjenjemera.

Komabe, kwa zaka zambiri, Maria Callas adatha kusintha zophophonya zake kukhala zabwino. Zinakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya umunthu wake waluso, ndipo, mwanjira ina, zinam'pangitsa kuti ayambe kuwonekera. Maria Callas wakwanitsa kukhazikitsa kalembedwe kake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndinaimba naye mu August 1948 ku Genoese Theatre "Carlo Felice", akuchita "Turandot" motsogozedwa ndi Cuesta, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi, pamodzi ndi iye, komanso Rossi-Lemenyi ndi maestro Serafin, tinapita ku Buenos Aires ...

… Pobwerera ku Italy, adasaina mgwirizano ndi La Scala pa Aida, koma a Milanese sanadzutsenso chidwi. Nyengo yowopsa yoteroyo ingawononge aliyense kupatula Maria Callas. Kufuna kwake kungafanane ndi talente yake. Ndikukumbukira, mwachitsanzo, momwe, pokhala wosapenya kwambiri, adatsika masitepe kupita ku Turandot, akuyenda ndi phazi lake mwachibadwa kotero kuti palibe amene angaganize za kulephera kwake. Mulimonse mmene zinalili, iye ankachita zinthu ngati kuti ankamenyana ndi anthu onse.

Tsiku lina madzulo a February mu 1951, nditakhala mu cafe "Biffy Scala" pambuyo pochita "Aida" motsogoleredwa ndi De Sabata komanso ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa mnzanga Constantina Araujo, tinali kukambirana ndi mkulu wa La Scala Ghiringelli ndi mlembi wamkulu wa Oldani Theatre za zomwe Opera ndi njira yabwino yotsegulira nyengo yotsatira… Ghiringelli adafunsa ngati ndikuganiza kuti Norma angakhale woyenera kutsegulira kwa nyengoyi, ndipo ndidayankha motsimikiza. Koma De Sabata sanayerekeze kusankha woyimba wa gawo lalikulu la akazi ... Wovuta mwachilengedwe, De Sabata, monga Giringelli, adapewa kudalirana ndi oimba. Komabe adanditembenukira ndi nkhope yofunsa mafunso.

“Maria Callas,” ndinayankha mosazengereza. De Sabata, wachisoni, adakumbukira kulephera kwa Mary ku Aida. Komabe, ndinaimirira, kunena kuti mu “Norma” Kallas adzakhaladi otulukira. Ndinakumbukira momwe adapambanira kusakonda kwa omvera a Colon Theatre popanga kulephera kwake ku Turandot. De Sabata adavomera. Zikuoneka kuti munthu wina anali atamutcha kale dzina lakuti Kallas, ndipo maganizo anga anali otsimikizika.

Zinasankhidwa kuti zitsegulenso nyengoyi ndi a Sicilian Vespers, kumene sindinachite nawo, chifukwa zinali zosayenera kwa mawu anga. M'chaka chomwecho, chodabwitsa cha Maria Meneghini-Callas chinakhala ngati nyenyezi yatsopano mu mlengalenga wa opera. Talente ya siteji, luso loimba, luso lodabwitsa - zonsezi zinaperekedwa ndi chilengedwe kwa Callas, ndipo anakhala munthu wowala kwambiri. Maria adayamba njira yopikisana ndi nyenyezi yachichepere komanso yaukali - Renata Tebaldi.

1953 chinali chiyambi cha mpikisano umenewu, umene unatha kwa zaka khumi ndi kugawa dziko zisudzo m'misasa iwiri.

Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ku Italy L. Visconti anamva Callas kwa nthawi yoyamba mu gawo la Kundry mu Wagner's Parsifal. Wosilira talente ya woimbayo, wotsogolera nthawi yomweyo adawonetsa kusagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha siteji yake. Wojambulayo, monga anakumbukira, anali atavala chipewa chachikulu, chomwe chimagwedezeka kumbali zosiyanasiyana, kumulepheretsa kuona ndi kusuntha. Visconti ananena mumtima mwake kuti: “Ndikadzagwira naye ntchito, sadzavutika kwambiri, ndidzasamalira zimenezo.”

Mu 1954, mwayi woterowo unapezeka: ku La Scala, wotsogolera, yemwe kale anali wotchuka kwambiri, adayimba nyimbo yake yoyamba ya opera - Vestal ya Spontini, ndi Maria Callas mu udindo. Zinatsatiridwa ndi zatsopano, kuphatikizapo "La Traviata" pa siteji yomweyo, yomwe inakhala chiyambi cha kutchuka kwa dziko lonse la Callas. Woimbayo adalemba pambuyo pake kuti: "Luchino Visconti akuwonetsa gawo latsopano lofunikira m'moyo wanga waluso. Sindidzaiwala chochitika chachitatu cha La Traviata, chomwe adachita. Ndinapita pa siteji ngati mtengo wa Khrisimasi, nditavala ngati ngwazi ya Marcel Proust. Popanda kukoma, popanda kumverera konyansa. Pamene Alfred anandiponyera ndalama kumaso, sindinawerama, sindinathaŵe: Ndinakhalabe pa siteji nditatambasula manja, monga ngati ndikunena kwa anthu kuti: “Kale iwe ndiwe wopanda manyazi. Anali Visconti amene anandiphunzitsa kusewera pa siteji, ndipo ndili ndi chikondi chakuya ndi chiyamiko kwa iye. Pali zithunzi ziwiri zokha pa piano yanga - Luchino ndi soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, omwe, chifukwa chokonda zaluso, adatiphunzitsa tonse. Tidagwira ntchito ndi Visconti m'malo agulu lopanga zenizeni. Koma, monga ndanenera nthawi zambiri, chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti iye anali woyamba kundipatsa umboni wakuti zimene ndinafufuza poyamba zinali zolondola. Kundidzudzula chifukwa cha manja osiyanasiyana omwe amawoneka okongola kwa anthu, koma mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe changa, adandipangitsa kuti ndiganizirenso kwambiri, ndikuvomereza mfundo yofunikira: kuchita bwino kwambiri komanso kumveketsa mawu osagwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe.

Owonerera achidwi adapatsa Callas mutu wa La Divina - Divine, womwe adausunga ngakhale atamwalira.

Mwamsanga kudziwa maphwando onse atsopano, amachita ku Ulaya, South America, Mexico. Mndandanda wa maudindo ake ndi wodabwitsa kwambiri: kuchokera ku Isolde ku Wagner ndi Brunhilde mumasewero a Gluck ndi Haydn kupita kumadera omwe amadziwika nawo - Gilda, Lucia mumasewero a Verdi ndi Rossini. Callas amatchedwa wotsitsimutsa wa kalembedwe ka bel canto.

Kutanthauzira kwake kwa gawo la Norma mu opera ya Bellini ya dzina lomweli ndilofunika kwambiri. Callas amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa ochita bwino kwambiri paudindowu. Mwina pozindikira ubale wake wauzimu ndi heroine uyu komanso kuthekera kwa mawu ake, Callas adayimba gawo ili pamatchulidwe ake ambiri - ku Covent Garden ku London mu 1952, kenako pa siteji ya Lyric Opera ku Chicago mu 1954.

Mu 1956, chigonjetso chikumuyembekezera mumzinda womwe adabadwira - Metropolitan Opera idakonzekera mwapadera kupanga kwatsopano kwa Bellini's Norma for Callas'. Gawoli, limodzi ndi Lucia di Lammermoor mu opera ya Donizetti ya dzina lomweli, amaonedwa ndi otsutsa azaka zimenezo kukhala m'gulu la ochita bwino kwambiri. Komabe, sikophweka kutchula ntchito zabwino kwambiri muzolembera zake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Callas adayandikira gawo lililonse latsopano ndiudindo wodabwitsa komanso wachilendo kwa opera prima donnas. Njira yodzidzimutsa inali yachilendo kwa iye. Anagwira ntchito mosalekeza, mwadongosolo, ndi mphamvu zonse zauzimu ndi luntha. Anatsogozedwa ndi chikhumbo cha ungwiro, motero kusanyengerera kwa malingaliro ake, zikhulupiriro, ndi zochita zake. Zonsezi zidadzetsa mikangano yosatha pakati pa Kallas ndi oyang'anira zisudzo, amalonda, ndipo nthawi zina ogwirizana nawo.

Kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, Callas ankaimba pafupifupi popanda kudzimvera chisoni. Iye anachita pafupifupi mbali makumi anayi, kuchita pa siteji nthawi zoposa 600. Komanso, iye mosalekeza analemba pa mbiri, anapanga nyimbo konsati wapadera, anaimba pa wailesi ndi TV.

Callas ankaimba pafupipafupi ku Milan's La Scala (1950-1958, 1960-1962), London's Covent Garden Theatre (kuyambira 1962), Chicago Opera (kuyambira 1954), ndi New York Metropolitan Opera (1956-1958). ). Omvera adapita kumasewera ake osati kungomva nyimbo zabwino za soprano, komanso kuti akawone wochita zisudzo weniweni. Kuchita kwa mbali zodziwika bwino monga Violetta mu La Traviata ya Verdi, Tosca mu opera ya Puccini kapena Carmen zinamubweretsera chipambano chopambana. Komabe, sizinali mu khalidwe lake kuti anali woperewera mwanzeru. Chifukwa cha chidwi chake chaluso, zitsanzo zambiri zoyiwalika za nyimbo zazaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri zidakhalapo pa siteji - Spontini's Vestal, Bellini's Pirate, Haydn's Orpheus ndi Eurydice, Iphigenia ku Aulis, ndi Gluck's Alceste, The Turk ku Italy ndi "Armida. ” by Rossini, “Medea” by Cherubini…

"Kuimba kwa Kallas kunali kosintha kwambiri," akulemba LO Hakobyan, - adakwanitsa kutsitsimutsanso "zopanda malire", kapena "zaulere", soprano (ital. soprano sfogato), ndi zabwino zake zonse, zomwe zidaiwalika kuyambira nthawi ya oimba akuluakulu a zaka za m'ma 1953 - J. Pasta, M. Malibran, Giulia Grisi (monga mitundu yambiri ya octaves awiri ndi theka, phokoso lolemera kwambiri komanso njira ya virtuoso coloratura m'mabuku onse), komanso "zolakwika" zachilendo ( kugwedezeka kwakukulu pamanotsi apamwamba kwambiri, osati kumveka kwachilengedwe kwa manotsi osinthika). Kuphatikiza pa mawu a timbre yapadera, yodziwika nthawi yomweyo, Callas anali ndi talente yayikulu ngati sewero latsoka. Chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwambiri, kuyesa kowopsa ndi thanzi lake (mu 3, adataya makilogalamu 30 mu miyezi 1965), komanso chifukwa cha moyo wake, ntchito ya woimbayo inali yochepa. Callas adachoka pa siteji mu XNUMX atalephera kuchita bwino ngati Tosca ku Covent Garden.

“Ndinakulitsa miyezo ina, ndipo ndinaona kuti inali nthaŵi yoti ndisiyane ndi anthu. Ndikabwerera, ndiyambiranso, ”adatero.

Dzina la Maria Callas linkawonekera mobwerezabwereza pamasamba a manyuzipepala ndi magazini. Aliyense, makamaka, ali ndi chidwi ndi zokwera ndi zotsika za moyo wake - kukwatiwa ndi mamiliyoni ambiri achi Greek Onassis.

Poyamba, kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1959, Maria anakwatiwa ndi loya wa ku Italy, J.-B. Meneghini ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali adachita pansi pa dzina lachiwiri - Meneghini-Kallas.

Callas anali ndi ubale wosagwirizana ndi Onassis. Iwo anasonkhana ndi kupatukana, Maria anali kubereka mwana, koma sanathe kumupulumutsa. Komabe, ubale wawo sunathe muukwati: Onassis anakwatira mkazi wamasiye wa Purezidenti wa US John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline.

Chikhalidwe chosakhazikika chimamukokera kunjira zosadziwika. Chifukwa chake, amaphunzitsa kuyimba ku Juilliard School of Music, amayika opera ya Verdi "Sicilian Vespers" ku Turin, ndipo akujambula mu 1970 filimu "Medea" yolemba Paolo Pasolini ...

Pasolini analemba mochititsa chidwi kwambiri za machitidwe a zisudzo: "Ndinawona Callas - mkazi wamakono yemwe mkazi wakale ankakhala, zachilendo, zamatsenga, ndi mikangano yowopsya yamkati."

Mu September 1973, Kallas anayamba ntchito yojambula zithunzi. Zoimbaimba zambiri m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku Ulaya ndi America zinatsagananso ndi kuwomba m'manja kwachangu kwa omvera. Owunikira odziwika, komabe, adazindikira mwachidwi kuti kuwomba m'manja kunali kwa "nthano" kuposa kwa woimba wazaka za m'ma 70. Koma zonsezi sizinamuvutitse woimbayo. Iye anati: “Ndilibe wonditsutsa wankhanza kuposa ine ndekha. - Inde, kwa zaka zambiri ndataya chinachake, koma ndapeza chinachake chatsopano ... Anthu sangayamikire nthano yokha. Mwina amawomba m’manja chifukwa zimene ankayembekezera zinakwaniritsidwa m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo bwalo la anthu ndilobwino kwambiri ... "

Mwina palibe zotsutsana. Timavomerezana ndi owunika: omvera adakumana ndikuwona "nthano" ndi kuwomba m'manja. Koma dzina la nthano iyi ndi Maria Callas…