Stroke |

Kuswa ( German Strich - mzere, stroke; Stricharten - zikwapu, mitundu ya zikwapu; Bogenstrich - kuyenda kwa uta pamodzi ndi chingwe) - chinthu chofotokozera cha instr. njira, njira yogwirira ntchito (ndi chikhalidwe cha phokoso chomwe chimadalira). Mitundu yayikulu ya Sh. anali otsimikiza m’kuchita kuimba zingwe. zida zoweramira (makamaka pa violin), ndipo mfundo zawo ndi mayina pambuyo pake adasamutsidwa kumitundu ina yamasewera. Sh. monga chikhalidwe cha kutulutsa mawu, chogwirizana ndi mtundu wa kayendetsedwe ka uta, chiyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi njira yopangira mawu, mwachitsanzo. nkhani ya Sh. sichiphatikiza ma harmonics, pizzicato ndi col legno pazingwe zowerama. Sh. ndi mfundo ya "matchulidwe" a mawu pa chida, ndipo, motero, sh. kuyenera kuganiziridwa ngati chodabwitsa chofotokozera. Kusankha kwa Sh. kumatsimikiziridwa ndi stylistic. mawonekedwe a nyimbo zoimbidwa, mawonekedwe ake ophiphiritsa, komanso kutanthauzira. Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pamagulu a Sh.; zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera kuwagawa m'magulu a 2: S. osiyana (French dйtachй, kuchokera ku dйtacher - kupatukana) ndi S. kugwirizana (Ital. legato - yolumikizidwa, bwino, kuchokera ku legare - kugwirizanitsa). Ch. chizindikiro chapadera Sh. - phokoso lililonse limachitidwa mosiyana. kuyenda kwa uta; izi zikuphatikizapo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono détaché, martelé, spiccato, sautillé. Ch. chizindikiro cha phokoso logwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa mawu awiri kapena kuposerapo ndi kayendetsedwe kamodzi kwa uta; Izi zikuphatikiza legato, portamento kapena portato (legato yolemetsa, French lourй), ​​​​staccato, ricochet. Sh. akhoza kuphatikizidwa. Gulu lofanana la sh limagwira ntchito pazida zowulutsira. Legato imatanthawuza kugwira ntchito kwa cantilena ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachulukidwe ka mawu; dйtachй imapereka mawu omveka, omwe amapezedwa mothandizidwa ndi otd. phulitsa (kuukira) lilime. Mwachindunji pa zida zoimbira (chitoliro, lipenga, lipenga) Sh. - staccato iwiri ndi katatu, chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa lilime ndi kulakalaka (woimbayo amatchula masilabu "ta-ka" kapena "ta-ta-ka"). Sh. pa zida zodulira ndizosiyana kwambiri ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowukira chingwe ndi zala kapena plectrum. Mu lingaliro la Sh., Dec. zimaphatikizidwanso. Njira zoyimbira nyimbo, zida za kiyibodi (legato, staccato, martel, etc.).

Zothandizira: Stepanov BA, Mfundo Zoyambira zakugwiritsa ntchito zikwapu za uta, D., 1960; Braudo IA, Articulation, L., 1961, M., 1973; Redotov AL, Njira zophunzitsira kusewera zida zamphepo, M., 1975; onaninso kuwala. ku Art. Kufotokozera.

TA Repchanskaya, VP Frayonov