Mily Balakirev (Mily Balakirev) |

Mily Balakirev

Chilichonse chatsopano chomwe adapeza chinali kwa iye chisangalalo chenicheni, chisangalalo, ndipo adapita naye limodzi, mwachikoka chamoto, abwenzi ake onse. V. Stasov

M. Balakirev anali ndi udindo wapadera: kutsegula nthawi yatsopano mu nyimbo za ku Russia ndikutsogolera njira yonse. Poyamba, palibe chimene chinaneneratu za tsoka limeneli. Ubwana ndi unyamata zidachoka ku likulu. Balakirev anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo motsogozedwa ndi mayi ake, amene kukhulupirira luso lapadera la mwana wake, makamaka anapita naye ku Nizhny Novgorod ku Moscow. Apa, mnyamata wazaka khumi adaphunzira zambiri kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka, woyimba piyano komanso wopeka A. Dubuc. Ndiye kachiwiri Nizhny, imfa yoyambirira ya amayi ake, akuphunzitsa ku Alexander Institute ndi ndalama za olemekezeka m'deralo (bambo ake, wogwira ntchito zazing'ono, atakwatira kachiwiri, anali mu umphawi ndi banja lalikulu) ...

Chofunika kwambiri kwa Balakirev chinali bwenzi lake ndi A. Ulybyshev, kazembe, komanso katswiri wamkulu wa nyimbo, wolemba buku la mbiri ya WA Mozart. nyumba yake, kumene anthu chidwi anasonkhana, zoimbaimba unachitika, anakhala Balakirev sukulu weniweni wa chitukuko luso. Apa akuchititsa oimba ankachita masewera, mu pulogalamu ya zisudzo amene ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo symphonies Beethoven, amachita ngati woyimba piyano, ali mu utumiki wake wolemera laibulale nyimbo, imene nthawi yochuluka kuphunzira zambiri. Kukhwima kumabwera kwa woimba wachinyamata msanga. Kulembetsa mu 1853 pa Faculty of Mathematics of Kazan University, Balakirev amasiya chaka chotsatira kuti adzipereke yekha ku nyimbo. Panthawiyi, zoyeserera zoyamba za kulenga ndizo: nyimbo za piyano, zachikondi. Ataona kupambana kwapadera kwa Balakirev, Ulybyshev amapita naye ku St. Petersburg ndipo amamudziwitsa kwa M. Glinka. Kulankhulana ndi wolemba "Ivan Susanin" ndi "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" kunali kwa nthawi yochepa (Glinka posakhalitsa anapita kunja), koma zomveka: kuvomereza ntchito za Balakirev, woimba wamkulu amapereka malangizo pa ntchito za kulenga, nkhani za nyimbo.

Ku St. Petersburg, Balakirev mwamsanga amapeza kutchuka monga wojambula, akupitiriza kulemba. Iye anali wamphatso zopambana, wosakhutitsidwa m’chidziŵitso, wosatopa pa ntchito, anali wofunitsitsa kupeza zinthu zatsopano. Choncho, mwachibadwa kuti pamene moyo unamubweretsa pamodzi ndi C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, ndipo kenako ndi N. Rimsky-Korsakov ndi A. Borodin, Balakirev anagwirizana ndi kutsogolera gulu laling'ono ili loimba, lomwe linapita m'mbiri ya nyimbo. pansi pa dzina lakuti "Manja Amphamvu" (omwe anam'patsa B. Stasov) ndi" Bwalo la Balakirev ".

Mlungu uliwonse, oimba anzake ndi Stasov anasonkhana ku Balakirev. Anakambirana, kuwerenga mokweza pamodzi, koma ankathera nthawi yawo yambiri pa nyimbo. Palibe aliyense wa olemba oyambirira omwe adalandira maphunziro apadera: Cui anali injiniya wa usilikali, Mussorgsky wopuma pantchito, Rimsky-Korsakov woyendetsa ngalawa, Borodin katswiri wa zamankhwala. "Motsogozedwa ndi Balakirev, maphunziro athu adayamba," Cui adakumbukira pambuyo pake. "Tabwereza m'manja anayi zonse zomwe zidalembedwa patsogolo pathu. Chilichonse chinatsutsidwa kwambiri, ndipo Balakirev anasanthula luso ndi kulenga ntchito. Ntchito anapatsidwa yomweyo udindo: kuyamba mwachindunji ndi symphony (Borodin ndi Rimsky-Korsakov), Cui analemba zisudzo ( "Mkaidi wa Caucasus", "Ratcliffe"). Zolemba zonse zidachitika pamisonkhano ya bwalo. Balakirev anawongolera ndi kupereka malangizo: "... wotsutsa, yemwe ndi wotsutsa, anali wodabwitsa," analemba Rimsky-Korsakov.

Pa nthawiyi, Balakirev yekha analemba 20 zachikondi, kuphatikizapo mwaluso monga "Bwerani kwa Ine", "Selim a Song" (onse - 1858), "Goldfish Song" (1860). Zokonda zonse zidasindikizidwa ndikuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi A. Serov: "... Maluwa atsopano athanzi pamaziko a nyimbo zaku Russia." symphonic ntchito Balakirev anachita pa zoimbaimba: Overture pa mitu ya nyimbo zitatu Russian, "Overture" kuchokera nyimbo kuti Shakespeare a tsoka King Lear. Analembanso zidutswa zambiri za piyano ndikugwira ntchito pa symphony.

Nyimbo ndi zochitika za Balakirev zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi Free Music School, yomwe adakonza pamodzi ndi woimba nyimbo komanso woimba nyimbo G. Lomakin. Apa, aliyense atha kulowa nawo nyimbo, kuchita nawo ma concert asukulu. Panalinso makalasi oimba, ophunzirira nyimbo ndi solfeggio. Kwaya inachitika ndi Lomakin, ndi oimba mlendo kuchitidwa ndi Balakirev, amene anaphatikizapo nyimbo ndi abwenzi ake mu konsati mapulogalamu. Wolembayo nthawi zonse amakhala ngati wotsatira wokhulupirika wa Glinka, ndipo imodzi mwa mfundo za nyimbo za ku Russia zinali kudalira nyimbo zamtundu monga gwero la zilandiridwenso. Mu 1866, Collection of Russian Folk Songs lolembedwa ndi Balakirev anasiya kusindikizidwa, ndipo anakhala zaka zingapo akugwira ntchito. Kukhala ku Caucasus (1862 ndi 1863) kunapangitsa kuti tidziwe bwino nyimbo zakum'mawa, ndipo chifukwa cha ulendo wopita ku Prague (1867), kumene Balakirev anali kuchita masewera a Glinka, adaphunziranso nyimbo zachi Czech. Malingaliro onsewa adawonetsedwa mu ntchito yake: chithunzi cha symphonic pamitu ya nyimbo zitatu zaku Russia "zaka 1000" (1864; mu kope lachiwiri - "Rus", 2), "Czech Overture" (1887), zongopeka zakum'mawa kwa piyano. "Islamey" (1867), ndakatulo symphonic "Tamara", anayamba mu 1869 ndipo anamaliza zaka zambiri pambuyo pake.

Kulenga kwa Balakirev, masewero, nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimamupangitsa kukhala mmodzi mwa oimba olemekezeka kwambiri, ndipo A. Dargomyzhsky, yemwe anakhala wapampando wa RMS, amatha kuitana Balakirev ku malo a kondakitala (nyengo 1867/68 ndi 1868/69). Tsopano nyimbo za oimba a "Mighty Handful" zinamveka m'makonsati a Sosaite, kuwonetseratu kwa Borodin's First Symphony kunali kopambana.

Zinkawoneka kuti moyo wa Balakirev ukukwera, kutsogolo kunali kukwera kumalo atsopano. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi zonse zinasintha kwambiri: Balakirev anachotsedwa kuchititsa zoimbaimba RMO. Kupanda chilungamo kwa zimene zinachitikazo kunali koonekeratu. Mkwiyo udawonetsedwa ndi Tchaikovsky ndi Stasov, omwe adalankhula m'manyuzipepala. Balakirev amasintha mphamvu zake zonse ku Free Music School, kuyesera kutsutsa zoimbaimba zake ku Musical Society. Koma mpikisano ndi bungwe lolemera, lotetezedwa kwambiri linakhala lalikulu. Mmodzi pambuyo pa wina Balakirev amavutika ndi zolephera, kusatetezeka kwake chuma kumasanduka kusowa kwambiri, ndipo ngati n'koyenera, kuthandiza alongo ake aang'ono pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake. Palibe mwayi wopanga. Chifukwa chotaya mtima, wolemba nyimboyo amakhala ndi maganizo ofuna kudzipha. Palibe amene angamuthandize: anzake omwe anali mu bwalo adachoka, aliyense ali wotanganidwa ndi zolinga zake. Chisankho cha Balakirev chophwanya kosatha ndi luso la nyimbo chinali ngati bolt kuchokera ku buluu kwa iwo. Osamvera zopempha zawo ndi kukopa, akulowa mu Shop Office ya Warsaw Railway. Chochitika chowopsa chomwe chinagawa moyo wa wolembayo kukhala nthawi ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri chinachitika mu June 1872 ....

Ngakhale Balakirev sanatumikire nthawi yayitali mu ofesi, kubwerera kwake ku nyimbo kunali kovuta komanso kovuta. Amapeza ndalama ndi maphunziro a piyano, koma sadzipanga yekha, amakhala payekha komanso payekha. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70. akuyamba kuwonekera ndi abwenzi. Koma uyu anali munthu wina. Chilakolako ndi mphamvu zokondwa za munthu yemwe adagawana - ngakhale nthawi zonse - malingaliro opita patsogolo a 60s, adasinthidwa ndi ziweruzo zopatulika, zachipembedzo ndi zandale, za mbali imodzi. Machiritso pambuyo pavuto lodziwika sanabwere. Balakirev akukhalanso pamutu wa sukulu ya nyimbo yomwe adasiya, akugwira ntchito yomaliza Tamara (yochokera pa ndakatulo ya dzina lomweli Lermontov), ​​yomwe inayamba kuchitidwa motsogoleredwa ndi wolemba m'chaka cha 1883. Zatsopano, makamaka zidutswa za piyano, zosinthidwa zatsopano zimawonekera (Overture pamutu wa ulendo waku Spain, ndakatulo ya symphonic "Rus"). M'ma 90s. 10 zachikondi zimapangidwa. Balakirev amalemba pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Inde, inayamba mu 60s. The Symphony Yoyamba inatha pokhapokha zaka zoposa 30 (1897), mu Second Piano Concerto anatenga pakati pa nthawi yomweyo, wolembayo analemba mayendedwe a 2 okha (omalizidwa ndi S. Lyapunov), ntchito pa Symphony Yachiwiri anatambasula kwa zaka 8 ( 1900-08). Mu 1903-04. mndandanda wachikondi wokongola ukuwonekera. Ngakhale kuti anakumana ndi tsoka, mtunda kuchokera kwa anzake akale, ntchito Balakirev mu moyo nyimbo ndi yofunika. Mu 1883-94. iye anali manijala wa Khoti Chapel ndi mogwirizana ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, unrecognizably anasintha maphunziro nyimbo kumeneko, kuika pa maziko akatswiri. Ophunzira aluso kwambiri a chapel adapanga gulu loyimba mozungulira mtsogoleri wawo. Balakirev nayenso anali pakati pa otchedwa Weimar Circle, omwe anakumana ndi Academician A. Pypik mu 1876-1904; apa anachita ndi mapulogalamu a konsati. Kulemberana makalata kwa Balakirev ndi ziwerengero zoimba zakunja ndizochuluka komanso zomveka: ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku France ndi folklorist L. Bourgault-Ducudray ndi wotsutsa M. Calvocoressi, ndi Czech woimba ndi anthu ambiri B. Kalensky.

Nyimbo za symphonic za Balakirev zikupeza kutchuka kwambiri. Zikumveka osati likulu, komanso m'mizinda zigawo Russia, izo bwinobwino anachita kunja - mu Brussels, Paris, Copenhagen, Munich, Heidelberg, Berlin. Sonata yake ya piano imayimbidwa ndi Spaniard R. Vines, "Islamea" imachitidwa ndi I. Hoffman wotchuka. Kutchuka kwa nyimbo za Balakirev, kuzindikirika kwake kwachilendo monga mutu wa nyimbo za ku Russia, titero, kumalipira kuthawa koopsa kwa anthu ambiri kudziko lakwawo.

Cholowa cha Balakirev ndi chaching'ono, koma ndi chambiri mwaukadaulo chomwe chidakulitsa nyimbo zaku Russia mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX. Tamara ndi imodzi mwazolemba zapamwamba zamtundu wanyimbo zamtundu wamtundu komanso ndakatulo yanyimbo yapadera. M'zokondana za Balakirev, pali njira zambiri komanso zolemba zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale nyimbo zapanja zapanja - m'mawu a Rimsky-Korsakov, m'mawu a opera a Borodin.

Kutoleredwa kwa nyimbo zachi Russia sikunangotsegula gawo latsopano muzambiri za nyimbo, komanso kunapangitsa kuti nyimbo za opera yaku Russia ndi symphonic zikhale ndi mitu yambiri yokongola. Balakirev anali mkonzi wabwino kwambiri wa nyimbo: zolemba zonse zoyambirira za Mussorgsky, Borodin ndi Rimsky-Korsakov zidadutsa m'manja mwake. Anakonzekera kufalitsa nyimbo zambiri za Glinka (pamodzi ndi Rimsky-Korsakov), ndi nyimbo za F. Chopin. Balakirev ankakhala ndi moyo waukulu, umene munali zonse wanzeru kulenga ndi kugonjetsedwa zoopsa, koma zonse zinali moyo wa wojambula woona nzeru.

E. Gordeeva