Basso ostinato, basso ostinato |

Chitaliyana, lit. - wamakani, basi

Mmodzi mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, osn. pamitu yobwerezabwereza mobwerezabwereza mu bass ndi kusintha kwa mawu apamwamba. Amachokera ku polyphonic. mitundu yolemba mwamphamvu, yomwe inali ndi cantus firmus yofanana, yomwe, ikabwerezedwa, idazunguliridwa ndi zotsutsana zatsopano. Mu zaka 16-17. V.o. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri povina. nyimbo. Magule ena akale—passacaglia, chaconne, ndi ena—ankaimira kusiyana kwa V. o. Fomu iyi idapulumuka ngakhale passacaglia ndi chaconne zitataya kuvina kwawo. tanthauzo. V.o. idalowanso mu ma arias ndi makwaya a zisudzo, oratorios, cantatas m'zaka za zana la 17-18. Nyimbo zina zidapangidwa. Mitundu ya V. ya nyanja; chithunzi cha nyimbo V. adapereka malingaliro amodzi, popanda k.-l. zotsalira zosiyanasiyana. Mogwirizana ndi kufupika kwa mutu wa V. o. oimba anafuna kulemeretsa ndi thandizo la contrapunt mawu, harmonica. kusintha kwa ma tonal. Kutoleretsa mitu yankhani V. o. adathandizira kuvomereza kwa homophone-harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo katundu, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa mu polyphonic. invoice. Mitu V. za. zinali zozikidwa makamaka pakuyenda ngati sikelo (diatonic kapena chromatic) kutsika kapena kukwera kuchokera ku tonic kupita pamphamvu, nthawi zina ndikujambula masitepe oyandikana nawo. Koma panalinso mitu yowonjezereka yapayokha:

G. Purcell. Ode ku tsiku lobadwa la Mfumukazi Mary.

Bambo Sell. Ode ku St. Cecilia.

A. Vivaldi. Concerto for 2 violin ndi orchestra a-moll, movement II.

G. Muffat. Passacaglia.

D. Buxtehude. Chaconne kwa organ.

JS Bach. Passacaglia kwa chiwalo.

JS Bach. Chaconne kuchokera ku Cantata No. 150

JS Bach. Concerto for clavier and orchestra in d-moll, part II.

Nyimbo zofanana. mafomuwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabasi oyambira amitu ya neostinata. Izi zikuwonetsa kuyanjana kwawo ndi ostinato thematism, yomwe inali yodziwika bwino m'zaka za zana la 17-18. Zimakhudzanso maphunziro a sonata mpaka zaka za zana la 20. (WA Mozart - quartet mu d-moll, KV 421, L. Beethoven - sonata kwa piyano, op. 53, J. Brahms - sonata kwa piyano, op. 5, SS Prokofiev - sonata No. 2 ya FP - the mutu waukulu wa magawo oyamba).

V.o. mu passacaglia ndi ma chaconnes a zaka za 17th-18th. zidachitika mu kiyi imodzi (JS Bach - Passacaglia mu c-moll kwa organ, Crucifixus kuchokera mass in b-moll) kapena kuwululidwa mu makiyi angapo. Pamapeto pake, kusinthika kunkachitika mwa kusintha mutuwo (JS Bach - Chaconne kuchokera ku cantata No. 150) kapena pogwiritsa ntchito maulalo ang'onoang'ono osinthika, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zitheke kusamutsa mutuwo ku kiyi yatsopano popanda nyimbo. kusintha (D. Buxtehude - Passacaglia d-moll kwa chiwalo). Muzinthu zina. njira zonsezi zinaphatikizidwa (JS Bach - gawo lapakati la clavier concerto mu d-moll); nthawi zina magawo adayikidwa pakati pa machitidwe a mutuwo, chifukwa chake mawonekedwewo adasandulika kukhala rondo (J. Chambonière - Chaconne F-dur kwa harpsichord, F. Couperin - Passacaglia mu h-moll kwa harpsichord).

L. Beethoven anakulitsa ntchito V. o.; sanachigwiritse ntchito ngati maziko a kusinthasintha-cyclic. mawonekedwe (mapeto a symphony yachitatu), komanso ngati gawo la mawonekedwe akulu kukonza malingaliro ndi braking pambuyo pakuthamanga kwakukulu. Izi ndi V. O. kumapeto kwa Allegro Symphony No. 3, kumene V. o. imatsindika momvetsa chisoni kwambiri. mphindi, mu Vivace coda ya Symphony No 9 komanso pakati pa Vivace quartet op. 7.

L. Beethoven. 9th symphony, movement I. 7th symphony, movement I.

L. Beethoven. Quartet op. 135, gawo II.

Kukhazikika kwa maulaliki obwerezabwereza a zinthu zomwezo kumagonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu (kuchokera p mpaka f kapena mosemphanitsa). Mu mzimu womwewo, chifukwa cha chitukuko chachikulu cha zithunzi zosiyana, V. o. mu code ya chiwonongeko kwa opera "Ivan Susanin" ndi Glinka.

MI Glinka. "Ivan Susanin", wolemba.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20 V. kufunika za. kumawonjezeka. Ziwiri za maziko ake zimatsimikiziridwa. mitundu. Yoyamba imachokera pamutu wokhazikika ndipo ndi ndondomeko yomveka bwino ya kusiyana kwake kophiphiritsira (I. Brahms - mapeto a Symphony No. 4). Chachiwiri chimasuntha pakati pa mphamvu yokoka kuchokera pamutu woyambira, womwe umasanduka chinthu chosavuta chomangirira, kupita ku melodic-harmonic. chitukuko (SI Taneev - Largo kuchokera ku quintet op. 30). Mitundu iwiriyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zodziyimira pawokha. (F. Chopin - Lullaby), komanso monga gawo la sonata-symphony. mayendedwe, komanso opera ndi ballet ntchito.

Kupyola malire a mavawelo, ostinato pang'onopang'ono amakhala imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pakupanga nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20; zimadziwonetsera m'munda wa rhythm, mgwirizano, melodic. nyimbo ndi njira zina. kufotokoza. Chifukwa cha ostinato, mukhoza kupanga chikhalidwe cha "kuuma", "kukondwera", kuyang'ana pa c.-l. kutengeka kumodzi, kumizidwa m'malingaliro, ndi zina zotero; V.o. Itha kukhalanso ngati chowonjezera chamagetsi. Izi zikufotokozera. Zotheka za V. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi olemba a m'zaka za zana la 19. (AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, R. Wagner, A. Bruckner, ndi ena), koma adapeza kufunika kwapadera m'zaka za zana la 20. (M. Ravel, IF Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, B. Britten, K. Orff ndi ena, mu ntchito zomwe mitundu ya ostinato ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito).

Zothandizira: Prорреr L., The basso ostinato monga mfundo zaukadaulo ndi zopanga, В., 1926 (diss.); Litterscheid R., Pa mbiri ya basso ostinato, Marburg, 1928; Nowak L., Mbali zazikulu za mbiri ya basso ostinato mu nyimbo zakumadzulo, W., 1932; Meinardus W., Njira ya basso ostinato ndi H. Purcell, Cologne, 1939 (diss.); Gurlill W., Pa JS Bach's Ostinato Technique, в кн.: Mbiri Yanyimbo ndi Zomwe Zilipo. Mndandanda wa zolemba. I (zowonjezera zosungirako zakale za musicology), Wiesbaden, 1966; Вerger G., Ostinato, Chaconne, Passacaglia, Wolfenbüttel, (1968). Сm. также лит. при статьях Анализ музыкальный, Вариации, Форма музыкальная.

Vl. V. Protopopov