Zamakono

French modernisme, kuchokera ku moderne - zatsopano, zamakono

Tanthauzo limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaluso zingapo. mafunde a m'zaka za zana la 20, chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimakhala chosiyana kwambiri ndi zokongoletsa. miyambo yakale ndi miyambo. mlandu. Pamagawo a mbiriyakale mu lingaliro la M. idayikidwa decomp. tanthauzo. Kumapeto kwa 19 - oyambirira. M’zaka za zana la 20, pamene tanthauzo limeneli linayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ntchito ya olemba monga Debussy, Ravel, R. Strauss. Kuchokera ku Ser. Zaka za zana la 20 pansi pa M. nthawi zambiri zimamvetsetsa zochitika zamakono. nyimbo “avant-garde” (onani. Avant-gardism), oimira amene amakana osati Debussy ndi Strauss okha, komanso Schoenberg ndi Berg monga olankhulira mochedwa a “mawonedwe achikondi a dziko.” Kadzidzi ena. otsutsa zaluso anaganiza zosiya mawu akuti "M." chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwake. Komabe, imasungidwa mu akadzidzi. ndi zarub. zowunikira pa zomwe akunena; mu 60-70s. Kuyesera kangapo kwapangidwa kuti kumveketse bwino ndi kutsimikizira tanthauzo lake.

M'kutsutsa chisanachitike Chirasha mawu akuti "M". zikanatanthauziridwa. maola mwachindunji etymological. kutanthauza kuti "mphamvu ya mafashoni", kulamula kuyesetsa. kusintha kwa zokonda ndi zaluso. mafunde, discontinuity, kunyalanyaza zakale. N. Ayi. Myaskovsky anatsutsa M. monga kumamatira kwachiphamaso kwa mafashoni osakhalitsa ku zenizeni, zamoyo. luso. Myaskovsky ndi otsutsa ena a M. adatha kuzindikira molondola machitidwe ena oipa omwe amawonekera mu bourgeois. kudzinenera-ve kuyambira pachiyambi. Zaka za m’ma 20 X. Stuckenschmidt anakweza kulondola kosalekeza kwa zinthu zatsopano zatsopano, zimene zimachoka m’fashoni mwamsanga pamene zinayambika, n’kukhala mfundo ina yofunika padziko lonse ya chitukuko cha nyimbo. ephemeral ... Kumva kuposa kumverera kwina kufunika kokhala nthawi zonse amakondwera ndi nyambo zatsopano, ndipo zomwe apeza zomwe zimamukopa lero zidzakhumudwitsa kale mawa.

Koma kusakhazikika uku ndi kusakhazikika kwa zokongoletsa. njira zomwe zimayambitsa kutentha thupi mu njira zovomerezeka ndi njira zopangira zimangokhala ngati chiwonetsero chakunja cha njira zozama zamalingaliro. Mu mbiri yakale ya Marxist-Leninist, luso limawonedwa ngati chodabwitsa chokhudzana ndi zovuta za ma bourgeoisie. chikhalidwe mu nthawi ya imperialism ndi kusintha kwa proletarian. Chinthu chachikulu cha luso lamakono ndi kusagwirizana kwa wojambula ndi anthu, kulekana ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapanga mbiri yakale ndikusintha mwakhama zojambulajambula zamakono. zenizeni. Pamaziko awa, pali zizolowezi za elitism, subjectivism, pessimism. kukayikira komanso kusakhulupirira kupita patsogolo kwa anthu. N'zosatheka kulingalira akatswiri onse amakono monga olankhulira mwachindunji ndi ozindikira a bourgeoisie. maganizo, kuwachititsa kukhala ndi makhalidwe monga kusakonda anthu, chiwerewere, chipembedzo chankhanza ndi chiwawa. Pakati pawo pali anthu oona mtima omwe amatsutsa zingapo za ma bourgeoisie. zenizeni, kutsutsa kusayeruzika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chinyengo cha "omwe ali ndi mphamvu", kuponderezedwa kwautsamunda ndi nkhondo. Komabe, zionetsero zawo zimatengera mtundu wa kudzipatula kapena kusagwirizana. kupanduka kwa umunthu, kutsogoza kutenga nawo mbali m'nkhondo zamagulu. Kwa M. mu decomp. mawonetseredwe ake amadziwika ndi kutayika kwa umphumphu wa dziko lapansi, kulephera kupanga chithunzi chachikulu, chokhazikika cha dziko lapansi. Mbali imeneyi inali kale khalidwe la zaluso zoterezi. malangizo con. 19 - pemphani. Zaka za m'ma 20 monga impressionism ndi expressionism. Kuchuluka kwakutali kwa munthu masiku ano. Chikhalidwe cha capitalist nthawi zambiri chimatsogolera kukuwonekera kwa zolengedwa zonyansa zaukadaulo wamakono, momwe kugwa kwa chidziwitso kumaphatikizapo kugwa kwathunthu kwa zaluso. mawonekedwe.

Pamadipatimenti ojambula, mawonekedwe amakono amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zabwino, zopita patsogolo. Nthawi zina mikhalidwe imeneyi imagonjetsedwa ndi wojambula panthawi yachitukuko, ndipo amatenga udindo wa realist yapamwamba. mlandu. M'nthawi ya motsimikiza zolakwa kadzidzi. mbiri yakale nthawi zambiri sinaganizire kusagwirizana kwa njira zamakono. mlandu, zomwe zinapangitsa kukana mosasankha njira zambiri. kuchita upainiya m'zaka za zana la 20. Ojambula ena akuluakulu adalembedwa mopanda malire mumsasa wa reactionary modernists, omwe ntchito yawo ikuyimira luso losatsutsika. mtengo ngakhale kusagwirizana kwa malingaliro ake ndi zokongoletsa. zofunikira. Ndi kulakwanso kudziwa kuti ndinu a M. pazifukwa zomveka. Njira zosiyana ndi zojambulajambula. kufotokoza kumatha kukhala ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana ndikupeza decomp. kutanthauza malinga ndi nkhani imene agwiritsiridwa ntchito. M. ndi lingaliro la dongosolo lokongola komanso lamalingaliro, lomwe limakhazikitsidwa makamaka pamalingaliro a wojambula kudziko lapansi, ku zenizeni zomuzungulira. The hypertrophy ya chiyambi chovomerezeka, chibadwidwe mu angapo amakono. nyimbo kumadzulo, ndi zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa kaphatikizidwe luso la zaluso. kuganiza. Njira yachinsinsi, yosiyanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wamba, imakhala maziko opangira zinthu zakutali, zomveka. machitidwe ophatikizika, monga lamulo, amakhala osakhalitsa ndipo amasinthidwa mwachangu ndi ena, monga opangira komanso osasinthika. Chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse yamagulu ang'onoang'ono ndi masukulu amakono. "avant-garde", yomwe imadziwika ndi kusalolera kopitilira muyeso komanso kudzipatula kwa maudindo.

Wodziwika bwino kwambiri wa malingaliro a Muses. M. pakati. Zaka za zana la 20 zinali T. Adorno. Iye adateteza udindo wa katswiri wodziwika bwino, wosiyana kwambiri, akuwonetsa kusungulumwa kwakukulu, kukayikira komanso kuopa zenizeni, akutsutsa kuti m'nthawi yathu ino luso lokhalo lingakhale "loona", lomwe limapereka kumverera kwa chisokonezo cha munthu payekha. dziko lozungulira iye ndipo alibe mpanda kotheratu ku ntchito zilizonse zamagulu. Adorno ankawona ntchito ya olemba "sukulu ya New Viennese" A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern kukhala chitsanzo cha zonena zoterozo. Kuchokera ku Ser. Zaka za m'ma 60 muzolengeza zanthano ndi zaluso. kuchita zarub. nyimbo za "avant-garde" mowonjezereka zimatsimikizira zotsutsana - kuthetsa "mtunda" wolekanitsa zaluso ndi moyo, kutsogolera, kukopa chidwi kwa omvera. Koma "kulowerera m'moyo" uku kumamveka kunja ndi kumakina, monga kuyambika kwa zinthu za "masewero" mumasewero a nyimbo, kusamveka bwino kwa mzere pakati pa nyimbo zoimba ndi zosaimba, ndi zina zotero. "Luso" loterolo limakhalabe lokha. monga odzipatula komanso otalikirana ndi ntchito zofunikira za nthawi yathu ino. . Njira yotulukira mumkhalidwe woipa wa malingaliro amakono ndizotheka kokha panjira yofikira zofuna zenizeni za anthu ambiri. unyinji ndi mavuto enieni a masiku athu ano.

Zothandizira: Mafunso a nyimbo zamakono, L., 1963; Shneerson G., Za nyimbo zamoyo ndi zakufa, M., 1964; Mavuto amakono a realism ndi modernism, M., 1965; Modernism. Kusanthula ndi kutsutsa njira zazikulu, M., 1969; Lifshitz M., Modernism monga Phenomenon of Modern Bourgeois Ideology, Kommunist, 1969, No 16; The Crisis of Bourgeois Culture and Music, vol. 1-2, M., 1972-73.

Yu.V. Keldysh

Lingaliro lotanthauza kukwanira kwa decadent-formalistic. mafunde mu luso la con. Zaka za m'ma 19-20 zidawonekera poyambirira. luso kutchula zinthu monga expressionism, cubism, futurism, surrealism, abstractionism, etc. Art imadziwika ndi subjectivism ndi payekha, formalism ndi kuvunda kwa luso. chithunzi. Mu ballet, mawonekedwe a M. adawonekera pochotsa umunthu ndi chikhalidwe, pokana zachikale. kuvina, kupotoza kwa chilengedwe. mayendedwe a anthu. thupi, mu chipembedzo chonyansa ndi maziko, mu kupasuka kwa kuvina. zophiphiritsa (makamaka, pofuna kupanga magule onyansa opanda nyimbo). Pozindikira "zachilendo" za kuvina kwamakono, MM Fokin analemba kuti: "Iwo amene akufuna kudziwonetsera okha ngati ovina oyambitsa, kukhala amakono, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chimodzi - kukhala osiyana ndi ena ... munthu, kutengera luso lopweteka, kutaya malingaliro a choonadi "("Against the Current", 1962, p. 424-25).

Kukana zenizeni ndi zapamwamba. miyambo, kuwononga dongosolo lachikale. kuvina, M. mu mawonekedwe ake oyera kungayambitse kufota kwa luso, kutuluka kwa anti-art. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya akatswiri ojambula akulu ndi aluso omwe adakumana ndi chikoka cha M., samangokhalira kutengera izi, samathetsa tanthauzo lake.

Malingaliro a M. ndi kuvina kwamakono sikufanana, ngakhale kuti akukhudzana. Oimira ena a kuvina kwamakono adakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zamakono: kufotokozera, abstractionism, constructivism, surrealism. Mosasamala kanthu za zisonkhezero zimenezi, luso lawo, mu zitsanzo zake zabwino koposa, anakhalabe okhulupirika ku chowonadi cha moyo. Choncho, mkati mwa kuvina kwamakono, zovina zina zapulasitiki zapadera zinapangidwa. kugonjetsa komwe kungaphatikizidwe ndi dongosolo la kuvina kwachikale ndikulemeretsa pamaziko a kulengedwa kwa zaluso zowona. zithunzi.

Ballet. Encyclopedia, SE, 1981