Fomu yanyimbo |

Greek morpn, lat. mawonekedwe - maonekedwe, chithunzi, ndondomeko, maonekedwe, kukongola; Fomu ya Chijeremani, mawonekedwe achi French, ital. fomu, eng. mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe

Timasangalala

I. Tanthauzo la mawuwa. Etymology II. Fomu ndi zomwe zili. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kupanga III. Mitundu yanyimbo isanafike 1600 IV. Mitundu yanyimbo zama polyphonic V. Mitundu yanyimbo yamasiku ano VI. Mitundu yanyimbo yazaka za zana la 20 VII. Maphunziro a mitundu ya nyimbo

I. Tanthauzo la mawuwa. Etymology. Mawu akuti F.m. amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zingapo. makhalidwe: 1) mtundu wopangidwa; def. kapangidwe kake (molondola, "form-scheme", malinga ndi BV Asafiev) muses. ntchito ("mawonekedwe a mapangidwe", malinga ndi PI Tchaikovsky; mwachitsanzo, rundo, fugue, motet, ballata; mbali ina imayandikira lingaliro la mtundu, mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa nyimbo); 2) nyimbo. mawonekedwe a zomwe zili (gulu lanyimbo za nyimbo, mgwirizano, mita, nsalu za polyphonic, timbres, ndi zina za nyimbo). Kuphatikiza pa matanthauzo akulu awiriwa a mawu akuti “F. m." (nyimbo ndi zokongoletsa-filosofi) pali ena; 3) aliyense wapadera phokoso chithunzi cha muses. chidutswa (kuzindikira kwachidziwitso cha cholinga chake chomwe chili m'ntchitoyi yokha; chinthu chomwe chimasiyanitsa, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a sonata kuchokera kwa ena onse; mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, amapindula ndi maziko omwe sabwerezedwa ntchito zina ndi chitukuko chake payekha; kunja kwa sayansi abstractions, mu nyimbo moyo pali munthu F. m.); 4) zokongoletsa. dongosolo la nyimbo ("kugwirizana" kwa zigawo zake ndi zigawo zake), kupereka kukongola. ulemu wa nyimbo. nyimbo (mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa kapangidwe kake; "mawonekedwe amatanthauza kukongola ...", malinga ndi MI Glinka); ubwino wamtengo wapatali wa lingaliro la F. m. imapezeka potsutsa: "mawonekedwe" - "opanda mawonekedwe" ("deformation" - kupotoza kwa mawonekedwe; zomwe ziribe mawonekedwe ndizolakwika, zonyansa); 5) chimodzi mwa zitatu zazikulu. zigawo za Applied music-theoretical. sayansi (pamodzi ndi mgwirizano ndi counterpoint), mutu wake ndi kuphunzira F. m. Nthawi zina nyimbo. mawonekedwe amatchedwanso: kapangidwe ka muses. prod. (kapangidwe kake), kakang'ono kuposa zinthu zonse, zidutswa za nyimbo. zolemba ndi mbali za mawonekedwe kapena zigawo za nyimbo. op., komanso mawonekedwe awo athunthu, kapangidwe kake (mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe a ma modal, ma cadences, chitukuko - "mawonekedwe a chiganizo", nthawi ngati "mawonekedwe"; "mawonekedwe ogwirizana" - PI Tchaikovsky; "ena mawonekedwe, tinene, mtundu wa cadence "- GA Laroche; "Pa mitundu ina ya nyimbo zamakono" - VV Stasov). Etymologically, Latin mawonekedwe - lexical. kutsatira pepala kuchokera ku Greek morgn, kuphatikiza, kupatula chachikulu. matanthauzo "mawonekedwe", lingaliro la maonekedwe "okongola" (mu Euripides eris morpas; - mkangano pakati pa milungu yachikazi pa maonekedwe okongola). Lat. mawu oti mawonekedwe - maonekedwe, chithunzi, chithunzi, maonekedwe, maonekedwe, kukongola (mwachitsanzo, mu Cicero, forma muliebris - kukongola kwachikazi). Mawu ogwirizana: formose - woonda, wachisomo, wokongola; formosolos - wokongola; ramu. frumos ndi Chipwitikizi. formoso - yokongola, yokongola (Ovid ali ndi "formosum anni tempus" - "nyengo yokongola", ndiko kuti, masika). (Onani Stolovich LN, 1966.)

II. Fomu ndi zomwe zili. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za mapangidwe. Lingaliro la "mawonekedwe" likhoza kukhala correlate mu decomp. awiriawiri: mawonekedwe ndi nkhani, mawonekedwe ndi zinthu (mokhudzana ndi nyimbo, kutanthauzira kumodzi, zinthuzo ndi mbali yake ya thupi, mawonekedwe ndi mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zomveka, komanso chirichonse chomwe chimamangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo; zinthuzo ndi zigawo za mapangidwe - melodic, harmonic mapangidwe, timbre amapeza, etc., ndi mawonekedwe - dongosolo logwirizana la zomwe zimamangidwa kuchokera ku nkhaniyi), mawonekedwe ndi okhutira, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za terminology. mawonekedwe awiri - zomwe zili (monga gulu lazafilosofi, lingaliro la "zokhutira" lidayambitsidwa ndi GVF Hegel, yemwe adatanthauzira potengera kudalirana kwa zinthu ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo zomwe zili ngati gulu zikuphatikizapo zonsezi, mu mawonekedwe ochotsedwa. Hegel , 1971, pp. 83-84). Mu chiphunzitso cha Marxist cha luso, mawonekedwe (kuphatikizapo F. m.) amaganiziridwa m'magulu awiriwa, pamene zomwe zili mkati zimamveka ngati chithunzithunzi cha zenizeni.

Zomwe zili mu nyimbo - ext. mbali yauzimu ya ntchito; zomwe nyimbo zimasonyeza. Pakati. malingaliro anyimbo. zomwe zili - nyimbo. lingaliro (lingaliro lanyimbo lokhazikika), muz. chifaniziro (chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimatsegula mwachindunji kumverera kwa nyimbo, monga "chithunzi", chithunzi, komanso nyimbo zowonetsera malingaliro ndi malingaliro). Zomwe zili m'chikalatacho zimadzazidwa ndi chikhumbo cha okwezeka, wamkulu ("Wojambula weniweni ... ayenera kuyesetsa ndi kutenthetsa zolinga zazikulu," kalata yochokera kwa PI Tchaikovsky kupita kwa AI Alferaki ya August 1, 8). Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya nyimbo - kukongola, kukongola, kukongola. zabwino, callistic chigawo cha nyimbo monga zokongoletsa. zochitika. Mu Marxist aesthetics, kukongola kumatanthauziridwa kuchokera kumagulu a anthu. zochita za anthu monga zokongoletsa. chabwino ndi chifaniziro chamaganizo cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa dziko lonse la ufulu waumunthu (LN Stolovich, 1891; S. Goldentricht, 1956, p. 1967; komanso Yu. B. Borev, 362, p. 1975-47). Komanso, zikuchokera mu muses. Zomwe zili mkati zingaphatikizepo zithunzi zopanda nyimbo, komanso mitundu ina ya nyimbo. ntchito zikuphatikizapo off-nyimbo. zinthu - zithunzi zolembedwa mu wok. nyimbo (pafupifupi mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo opera), siteji. zochita ophatikizidwa mu zisudzo. nyimbo. Kwa kukwanira kwa luso. kutukuka kwa mbali zonse ziwiri ndikofunikira pa ntchito - zonse zomwe zili ndi malingaliro opatsa chidwi, osangalatsa, komanso luso lopangidwa mwaluso. mawonekedwe. Kuperewera kwa chimodzi kapena chinacho kumakhudza kwambiri kukongola. ubwino wa ntchito.

Mawonekedwe mu nyimbo (m'malingaliro okongola ndi afilosofi) ndikuzindikira komveka kwa zomwe zili mothandizidwa ndi dongosolo lazinthu zomveka, njira, maubwenzi, mwachitsanzo, momwe (ndi zomwe) zomwe zili mu nyimbo zimawonetsedwa. Kunena zowona, F. m. (m'lingaliro limeneli) ndi stylistic. ndi mtundu wanyimbo zamtundu wanyimbo (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo yanyimbo - yopangidwa kuti anthu ambiri azisangalala ndi zikondwerero; kuphweka komanso kusangalatsa kwa nyimbo yanyimbo yofuna kuyimba ndi kwaya mothandizidwa ndi oimba), fotokozani. kuphatikiza kwawo ndi kuyanjana kwawo (khalidwe losankhidwa la kayendedwe ka rhythmic, tonal-harmonious fabrics, dynamics of shape, etc.), bungwe lokhazikika, lofotokozedwa. nyimbo luso. nyimbo (chofunika kwambiri cha teknoloji ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa "kugwirizana", ungwiro, kukongola kwa nyimbo). Zonse zidzafotokozedwa. Njira zoimbira, zophimbidwa ndi malingaliro okhazikika a "kalembedwe" ndi "njira", zimawonetsedwa pazonse - nyimbo inayake. kupanga, pa F.m.

Mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zilipo zilipo mu umodzi wosalekanitsidwa. Palibe ngakhale zing'onozing'ono kwambiri za zolemba zakale. zomwe zili, zomwe sizingasonyezedwe ndi kuphatikiza kwa mawu amodzi kapena ena. amatanthawuza (mwachitsanzo, mawu ochenjera kwambiri, osadziwika bwino amafotokozera mithunzi ya phokoso la chord, malingana ndi malo enieni a matani ake kapena matabwa omwe amasankhidwa kwa aliyense wa iwo). Ndipo mosemphanitsa, palibe zotere, ngakhale zaukadaulo "zosamveka". njira, zomwe sizingagwire ntchito ngati chisonyezero cha c.-l, kuchokera ku zigawo za zomwe zili (mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za kufalikira motsatizana kwa nthawi ya canon pakusintha kulikonse, osati kuzindikirika mwachindunji ndi khutu pakusintha kulikonse, chiwerengero zomwe zimagawika ndi zitatu popanda zotsalira, mu "Goldberg Variations" JS Bach sikuti amangokonza zosintha zonse, komanso amalowa mu lingaliro la mkati mwa uzimu wa ntchitoyo). Kusasiyanitsidwa kwa mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili mu nyimbo zimawoneka bwino poyerekezera makonzedwe a nyimbo imodzi ndi olemba osiyanasiyana (cf., mwachitsanzo, The Persian Choir kuchokera ku opera Ruslan ndi Lyudmila ndi Glinka ndi I. Maguba a Strauss olembedwa ku nyimbo yomweyo- mutu) kapena mosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, kusiyanasiyana kwa piyano ya I. Brahms ya B-dur, mutu wake ndi wa GF Handel, ndi nyimbo za Brahms zimamveka m'mitundu yoyamba). Nthawi yomweyo, mu umodzi wa mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili, zomwe zili ndizotsogola, zosunthika zam'manja; ali ndi udindo waukulu mu umodzi umenewu. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zatsopanozi, kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili mkati kungabwere, pamene zatsopano sizingapangidwe bwino mkati mwa mawonekedwe akale (zotsutsana zoterezi zimapangidwira, mwachitsanzo, panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito makina a baroque rhythmic ndi polyphonic. mafomu opangira ma 12-tone melodic thematism mu nyimbo zamakono). Zotsutsanazo zimathetsedwa mwa kubweretsa mawonekedwewo kuti agwirizane ndi zatsopano, pamene akufotokozera. zinthu zakale zimafa. Umodzi wa F.m. ndipo zomwe zili mkati zimatheketsa kuwonetserana kwa wina ndi mnzake m'malingaliro a woimba; komabe, kutengerako kotereku kochitika pafupipafupi kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kupanga (kapena mosemphanitsa), zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwa wozindikira "kuwerenga" zophiphiritsa zophatikizika ndi zinthu za mawonekedwe ndikuziganizira molingana ndi F. m. , sizikutanthauza chizindikiritso cha mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili.

Nyimbo. mlandu, monga ena. mitundu ya art-va, ndikuwonetsa zenizeni m'magawo ake onse, chifukwa cha chisinthiko. Magawo a chitukuko chake kuchokera ku zoyambira zotsika kupita ku zapamwamba. Popeza nyimbo ndi umodzi wa zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe, zenizeni zimawonekera ponse pawiri ndi zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mu nyimbo-zokongola monga "choonadi" cha nyimbo, zokometsera zamtengo wapatali ndi zosawerengeka zimaphatikizidwa. dziko (muyeso, kufanana, kufanana, kufanana kwa zigawo, kawirikawiri, kugwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa maubwenzi; cosmological. Lingaliro la kuwunikira zenizeni ndi nyimbo ndi lachikale kwambiri, lochokera kwa Pythagoreans ndi Plato kupyolera mu Boethius, J. Carlino, I. Kepler ndi M. Mersenne mpaka pano; cm. Kayser H., 1938, 1943, 1950; Losev A. F., 1963-80; Losev, Shestakov V. P., 1965), ndi dziko la zamoyo ("kupuma" ndi kutentha kwa mawu amoyo, lingaliro la kuyerekezera moyo wa muses. chitukuko mu mawonekedwe a kubadwa kwa nyimbo. kuganiza, kukula kwake, kuwuka, kufika pamwamba ndi kumaliza, motero. kutanthauzira kwa nthawi ya nyimbo ngati nthawi ya "moyo" wa nyimbo. "zamoyo"; lingaliro la zomwe zili ngati chithunzi ndi mawonekedwe ngati chamoyo, chophatikizika), makamaka munthu - mbiri. ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu - dziko lauzimu (tanthauzo la subtext associative-yauzimu yomwe imapangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka bwino, malingaliro a makhalidwe abwino. ndi kukongola koyenera, chithunzithunzi cha ufulu wauzimu wa munthu, mbiri yakale. ndi kutsimikiza kwa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zonse zophiphiritsa komanso zamaganizidwe, ndi F. m.; "Nyimbo ngati chinthu chodziwika bwino ndi anthu, choyamba chimadziwika ngati mawonekedwe ... V., 1963, p. 21). Kuphatikiza mu khalidwe limodzi la kukongola, zigawo zonse zazomwe zimagwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo o., monga chithunzithunzi cha zenizeni mu mawonekedwe a kufalitsa kwachiwiri, "umunthu" chikhalidwe. Musical Op., Kuwonetsa mwaluso mbiri yakale. ndi chikhalidwe chotsimikizirika chenicheni mwa chikhalidwe cha kukongola monga muyeso wa kukongola kwake. kuunika, ndipo chifukwa chake kumakhala momwe timadziwira - kukongola "koyenera", ntchito yojambula. Komabe, kuwonetsera zenizeni m'magulu a mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili mkati sikungotengera zenizeni zomwe zapatsidwa kukhala nyimbo (kuwonetsera zenizeni muzojambula kukanakhala kubwereza zomwe zilipo popanda izo). Monga kuzindikira kwaumunthu "sikumangowonetsa dziko lofuna, komanso kulilenga" (Lenin V. I., PSS, 5 ed., t. 29, p. 194), komanso zaluso, nyimbo ndizosintha, zopanga. zochita za anthu, gawo lopanga zenizeni zatsopano (zauzimu, zokongoletsa, zaluso. values) zomwe mulibe mu chinthu chowonetsedwa mumalingaliro awa. Chifukwa chake kufunikira kwa zaluso (monga mawonekedwe owonetsera zenizeni) zamalingaliro monga luso, talente, zilandiridwenso, komanso kulimbana ndi mawonekedwe osatha, obwerera m'mbuyo, kuti apange zatsopano, zomwe zimawonetsedwa muzolemba za nyimbo ndi F. m. Chifukwa chake F. m. nthawi zonse zamalingaliro e. imakhala ndi chisindikizo. dziko), ngakhale b. h imawonetsedwa popanda mawu achindunji andale. formulations, komanso mu non-programu instr. nyimbo - kawirikawiri popanda k.-l. zomveka-lingaliro mawonekedwe. Kusinkhasinkha mu nyimbo za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri. mchitidwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukonza kwakukulu kwa zinthu zowonetsedwa. Kusinthaku kungakhale kofunika kwambiri kotero kuti nyimbo zophiphiritsa kapena F. m. sizingafanane ndi zochitika zenizeni. Lingaliro wamba ndiloti mu ntchito ya Stravinsky, mmodzi mwa odziwika bwino kwambiri amakono. zenizeni m'zotsutsana zake, zomwe akuti sanalandire chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha zenizeni za zaka za zana la 20, zimachokera ku chilengedwe, makina. kumvetsetsa gulu la "reflection", pakusamvetsetsa gawo lazojambula. kuwonetsa kutembenuka mtima. Kusanthula kwa kusintha kwa chinthu chowonetseredwa popanga luso. ntchito zoperekedwa ndi V.

Mfundo zambiri zomanga mawonekedwe, zomwe zimakhudza kalembedwe kalikonse (osati kalembedwe kake kakale, mwachitsanzo, zachikale za Viennese za nthawi ya Baroque), zimadziwika ndi F. M. monga mtundu uliwonse ndipo, mwachilengedwe, ndizofala kwambiri. Mfundo zambiri za F. m. fotokozani zakuya kwa nyimbo ngati mtundu wamalingaliro (mu zithunzi zomveka). Chifukwa chake mafananidwe otalikirapo ndi mitundu ina yamalingaliro (choyamba, malingaliro omveka, omwe angawoneke ngati achilendo kwambiri pokhudzana ndi zaluso, nyimbo). Kufunsidwa kwenikweni kwa funso la mfundo zodziwika bwino za F. m. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Ulaya cha m'zaka za zana la 20 (Mkhalidwe woterewu sukanakhalapo m'Dziko Lakale, pamene nyimbo - "melos" - zinapangidwa mogwirizana ndi vesi ndi kuvina, kapena mu nyimbo za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya mpaka 1600, mwachitsanzo mpaka nyimbo za instr. gulu lodziyimira pawokha kuganiza kwanyimbo, ndipo kokha pamalingaliro azaka za zana la 20 zidakhala zosatheka kudziletsa tokha kufunsa funso la kupangidwa kwa nthawi yoperekedwa kokha).

Mfundo zonse za F. m. perekani malingaliro mu chikhalidwe chilichonse momwe ziliri zamtundu umodzi kapena wina malinga ndi momwe mumasungira. mlandu ambiri, istorich wake. determinism pokhudzana ndi gawo linalake la chikhalidwe cha anthu, miyambo, mtundu ndi dziko. chiyambi. Aliyense F.m. ndi chisonyezero cha muses. maganizo; chifukwa chake kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa F. m. ndi magulu a nyimbo. rhetoric (onani patsogolo pa gawo V; onaninso Melody). Lingaliro likhoza kukhala lodziyimira pawokha-nyimbo (makamaka mu nyimbo zambiri za ku Europe zamasiku ano), kapena kulumikizidwa ndi zolemba, kuvina. (kapena kuguba) kuyenda. Nyimbo iliyonse. lingaliro likufotokozedwa mkati mwa chimango cha kutanthauzira. kukulitsa mawu, nyimbo-kufotokoza. zomveka (zomveka, mawu, timbre, etc.). Kukhala njira yowonetsera nyimbo. malingaliro, mawu omveka Zinthu za FM zimakonzedwa makamaka pamaziko a kusiyanitsa koyambirira: kubwerezabwereza motsutsana ndi kusabwerezabwereza (m'lingaliro ili, FM monga chodziwikiratu cha zinthu zomveka mu kuwulutsa kwakanthawi kwa malingaliro ndi nyimbo yapafupi); osiyana F.m. pankhaniyi - mitundu yosiyanasiyana yobwerezabwereza. Pomaliza, F. m. (ngakhale pamlingo wosafanana) ndiko kuwongolera, kukwanira kwa mawu a muses. maganizo (zokongola mbali F. m.).

III. Mitundu yanyimbo isanafike 1600. Vuto la kuphunzira mbiri yakale ya nyimbo za nyimbo ndizovuta chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chinthu chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ndi lingaliro la nyimbo. Nyimbo m'lingaliro la luso la L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin, pamodzi ndi F. m. yake yobadwa, kulibe konse m'dziko Lakale; mu 4 c. m'mabuku a Augustine "De musica libri sex" bh kufotokoza za nyimbo, zomwe zimatanthauzidwa kuti scientia bene modulandi - lit. "sayansi yosinthira bwino" kapena "chidziwitso cha mapangidwe olondola" imaphatikizapo kufotokoza chiphunzitso cha mita, rhythm, vesi, maimidwe ndi manambala (F. m. m'lingaliro lamakono silikukambidwa pano konse).

Poyamba Gwero la F. m. makamaka mu rhythm ("Pachiyambi panali rhythm" - X. Bülow), yomwe mwachiwonekere imayambira pamaziko a mita yokhazikika, yomwe imasamutsidwa mwachindunji ku nyimbo kuchokera ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo - kugunda, kupuma, kutsika, kuthamanga kwa maulendo. , njira zogwirira ntchito, masewera, ndi zina zotero (onani Ivanov-Boretsky MV, 1925; Kharlap MG, 1972), komanso mu kukongola kwa "chilengedwe" rhythms. Kuchokera pachiyambi kugwirizana pakati pa kulankhula ndi kuimba ("Kulankhula ndi kuimba kunali chinthu choyamba" - Lvov HA, 1955, p. 38) chofunika kwambiri F. m. (“F. m. nambala wani”) zinachitika - nyimbo, mtundu wanyimbo womwe umaphatikizanso ndakatulo, mawonekedwe a vesi. Mawonekedwe amtundu wanyimbo: kulumikizana momveka bwino (kapena kutsalira) ndi vesi, stanza, momveka bwino. (kuchokera kumapazi) maziko a mzere, kuphatikiza kwa mizere kukhala ma stanza, dongosolo la rhyme-cadences, chizolowezi chofanana ndi zomangamanga zazikulu (makamaka - kumtunda wa 4 + 4 mtundu); Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri (mu nyimbo yotukuka kwambiri fm) kupezeka mu fm magawo awiri - kufotokoza ndi kukulitsa-kumaliza. Muse. chitsanzo cha chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zakale kwambiri za nyimbo za nyimbo ndi Table Seikila (1st century AD (?)), onani Art. Mitundu yakale yachi Greek, gawo 306; onaninso chinsomba. nyimbo (chikwi cha 1 BC (?)):

Mosakayikira, chiyambi ndi chiyambi. kukula kwa mawonekedwe a nyimbo mu nthano za anthu onse. Kusiyana kwa P. M. nyimbo zimachokera ku mikhalidwe yosiyana ya kukhalapo kwa mtunduwo (motsatira, cholinga chimodzi kapena china chachindunji cha moyo wa nyimboyo) ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya metric., Rhythmic. ndi mawonekedwe a ndakatulo, rhythmic. Mapangidwe amitundu yovina (kenako, 120 rhythmic formulas by the 13th Century Indian theorist Sharngadeva). Chogwirizana ndi ichi ndi tanthauzo la "mtundu wa rhythm" monga chinthu chachikulu pakupanga - khalidwe. chizindikiro chofotokozedwa. mtundu (makamaka kuvina, kuguba), kubwerezabwereza. mafomu monga quasi-thematic. (zolinga) chinthu F. m.

M'zaka za zana. European F.m. amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu omwe amasiyana kwambiri - monodic fm ndi polyphonic (makamaka polyphonic; onani gawo IV).

F.m. ma monodies amaimiridwa makamaka ndi nyimbo za Gregorian (onani nyimbo ya Gregorian). Mawonekedwe ake amtunduwu amalumikizidwa ndi gulu lachipembedzo, ndi tanthauzo lenileni la mawuwo komanso cholinga chake. Nyimbo zamapemphero. moyo watsiku ndi tsiku amasiyanitsa nyimbo mu Europe kenako. Sense applied (“functional”) khalidwe. Muse. nkhaniyo ili ndi khalidwe lopanda umunthu, losakhala laumwini (kutembenuka kwa melodic kutha kusinthidwa kuchoka ku nyimbo imodzi kupita ku ina; kusowa kwa wolemba nyimbo ndi chizindikiro). Mogwirizana ndi malingaliro makhazikitsidwe a tchalitchi cha monodich. F.m. ndi chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa mawu pa nyimbo. Izi zimatsimikizira ufulu wa mita ndi rhythm, zomwe zimadalira kufotokoza. katchulidwe ka mawu, ndi "kufewa" kwa ma contours a FM, ngati kuti alibe pakati pa mphamvu yokoka, kugonjera kwake kumapangidwe a mawu, mogwirizana ndi mfundo za FM ndi mtundu wokhudzana ndi monodic. . nyimbo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi tanthauzo. Kale kwambiri monodic. F.m. za chiyambi. Zakachikwi za 1. Pakati pa zida zoimbira za Byzantine (mitundu), zofunika kwambiri ndi ode (nyimbo), salmo, troparion, nyimbo, kontakion, ndi canon (onani nyimbo za Byzantine). Amadziwika ndi kutanthauzira (komwe, monganso zina zofananira, zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chopanga akatswiri). Zitsanzo za Byzantine F.m.:

Osadziwika. Canon 19, Ode 9 (III plagal mode).

Pambuyo pake, Byzantine F. m. adalandira dzina. "bar".

Mfundo yaikulu ya mawu a ku Western European monodic phrasing ndi psalmodia, nyimbo yobwerezabwereza ya masalmo yozikidwa pa kamvekedwe ka masalimo. Monga gawo la masalimo kuzungulira 4th century. Masalmo atatu akuluakulu alembedwa. F.m. - kuyankha (makamaka pambuyo powerenga), antiphon ndi salmo lokha (salmus in directum; popanda kuphatikiza mawonekedwe oyankha ndi antiphonal). Chitsanzo cha Salmo F. ​​m., onani Art. Zovuta za Medieval. Salmoodic. F.m. amawulula momveka bwino, ngakhale ali kutali, kufanana ndi nyengo ya ziganizo ziwiri (onani cadence Yathunthu). Izi monodic. F. M., monga litany, nyimbo, versicule, magnificat, komanso ndondomeko, prose, ndi tropes, adawuka pambuyo pake. Ena a F.m. anali mbali ya officium (tchalitchi. misonkhano ya tsikulo, kunja kwa misa) - nyimbo, salmo ndi antifoni, woyankha, magnificat (kupatula iwo, ma vespers, invitatorium, nocturne, canticle ndi antiphon) akuphatikizidwa. mu boma. Onani Gagnepain B., 1968, 10; onaninso zaluso. Nyimbo za mpingo.

Wapamwamba, monumental monodich. F.m. - misa (misa). FM yomwe yatukuka pano ya Misa imapanga chizungulire chachikulu, chomwe chimatengera kutsatizana kwa magawo wamba (ordinarium missae - gulu la nyimbo za Misa zokhazikika, zosagwirizana ndi tsiku la chaka cha tchalitchi) ndi propria (proprium missae). - zosinthika) zoyendetsedwa mosamalitsa ndi cholinga chamtundu watsiku ndi tsiku. nyimbo zoperekedwa ku tsiku lino la chaka).

Chiwembu chonse cha mawonekedwe a Misa ya Chiroma (manambala achiroma akuwonetsa kugawika kwamwambo kwa mawonekedwe a Misa kukhala magawo anayi akulu)

Nzeru zomwe zinayambika mu Misa yakale ya Gregory zinasungabe tanthauzo lake m’njira zosiyanasiyana mpaka m’zaka zotsatira, kufikira m’zaka za zana la 20. Mawonekedwe a zigawo za wamba: Kyrie eleison ndi magawo atatu (omwe ali ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsa), ndipo kufuula kulikonse kumapangidwanso katatu (zosankha za aaabbbece kapena aaa bbb a 1 a1 a1; aba ede efe1; aba cbc dae) . zilembo zazing'ono P. m. Gloria nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya zolinga. mapangidwe: kubwereza mawu - kubwereza kwa nyimbo (m'magawo 18 a Gloria kubwereza mawu akuti Domine, Qui tollis, tu solus). P.m. Gloria (mu imodzi mwazosankha):

Pambuyo pake (mu 1014), Credo, yomwe idakhala gawo la Misa yachiroma, idamangidwa ngati zilembo zazing'ono F. m., zofanana ndi Gloria. P.m. Sanestus imamangidwanso molingana ndi malemba - ili ndi magawo a 2, yachiwiri mwa iwo nthawi zambiri - ut supra (= da capo), malinga ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa mawu akuti Hosanna m excelsis. Agnus Dei, chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka mawuwo, ndi magawo atatu: aab, abc kapena aaa. Chitsanzo cha F. m. monodich. pa Misa ya Gregorian, onani ndime 883.

F.m. Nyimbo za Gregorian - osati zachidule, zosiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wanyimbo zoyera. kumanga, koma kapangidwe kamene kamatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba ndi mtundu (mawu-nyimbo mawonekedwe).

typological kufanana kwa F. m. Kumadzulo-Europe. tchalitchi cha monodic. nyimbo - Russian zina. F.m. Kufanana pakati pawo kumakhudza kukongola. zofunikira za F.m., zofanana mumtundu ndi zomwe zili, komanso nyimbo. zinthu (kayimbidwe, mizere yoyimba, kulumikizana pakati pa mawu ndi nyimbo). Zitsanzo zomveka zomwe zatsikira kwa ife kuchokera ku Russian ina. nyimbo zili m’mipukutu ya m’zaka za m’ma 17 ndi 18, koma mosakayikira zida zake zoimbira n’zakale kwambiri. Mtundu wa F. m. zimatsimikiziridwa ndi cholinga chachipembedzo cha Op. ndi text. Gawo lalikulu kwambiri lamitundu ndi F. m. malinga ndi mitundu ya mautumiki: Misa, Matins, Vespers; Compline, Pakati pa Usiku Ofesi, Maola; The All-Night Vigil ndi mgwirizano wa Great Vespers ndi Matins (komabe, chiyambi chomwe sichinali nyimbo chinali chogwirizanitsa cha F. m. apa). Mitundu ya malemba ndi mafilosofi amtundu uliwonse-stichera, troparion, kontakion, antiphon, theotokion (dogmatist), litanies-amawonetsa kufanana kwachifanizo ndi filosofi ya Byzantine; gulu F.m. ilinso canon (onani Canon (2)). Kuphatikiza pa iwo, gulu lapadera limapangidwa ndi konkire-zolemba zamitundu (ndipo, mofanana, fm): odala, "Mpweya uliwonse", "Ndikoyenera kudya", "Kuwala kwachete", sedate, Cherubic. Ndi mitundu yoyambirira ndi F.m., monga zolemba-mitundu-mitundu ku Western Europe. nyimbo - Kyrie, Gloria, Te Deum, Magnificat. Kuphatikizika kwa lingaliro la P. m. ndi malemba (komanso ndi mtundu) ndi chimodzi mwamakhalidwe. mfundo za F. m.; malemba, makamaka kapangidwe kake, akuphatikizidwa mu lingaliro la FM (FM ikutsatira kugawidwa kwa malemba kukhala mizere).

Gregorian Mass din Feriis pachaka” (mawuwa amasonyezedwa mu manambala achiroma).

Nthawi zambiri, maziko (zinthu) F. m. nyimbo (onani Metallov V., 1899, pp. 50-92), ndipo njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndizosiyana (mu kusiyana kwaufulu kwa nyimbo zamitundu ina ya ku Russia, kusiyana komwe kuli pakati pa F. m. European chorale , chomwe chizoloŵezi cha kugwirizanitsa zomveka bwino ndi khalidwe). Kuvuta kwa nyimbo ndi nkhani. maziko a ambiri zikuchokera F. m. M'magulu akuluakulu, ma contours a F. m. ntchito zopanga (zopanda nyimbo): kuyambira - pakati - kumapeto. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya F.m. ali m'magulu mozungulira chachikulu. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya F. m. - chorus ndi kudutsa. Chorus F.m. zimachokera pakugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwa awiriwa: vesi - refrain (zotsalira zitha kusinthidwa). Chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe oletsa (katatu, ndiko kuti, ndi zotsalira zitatu zosiyana) ndi nyimbo ya nyimbo yaikulu ya znamenny "Dalitsani, moyo wanga, Ambuye" (Obikhod, gawo 1, Vespers). F.m. imakhala ndi mndandanda wa "mzere - chorus" (SP, SP, SP, etc.) ndi kugwirizana kwa kubwerezabwereza ndi kusabwerezabwereza m'malemba, kubwereza ndi kusabwerezabwereza mu nyimbo. Chodutsana F. m. nthawi zina amadziŵika ndi chikhumbo chodziŵika bwino chofuna kupewa kufanana ndi Western Europe. nyimbo za njira zomangirira zopangira zida zoimbira, kubwerezabwereza ndendende, ndi kubwereza; mu F, m. amtundu uwu, kapangidwe kake ndi asymmetric (pamaziko a kusagwirizana kwakukulu), kusakwanira kwakukwera kumapambana; mfundo ya F.m. alibe malire. mzere. Maziko omanga a F. m. Kupyolera mu mafomu ndiko kugawanika kukhala magawo angapo-mizere mogwirizana ndi malemba. Zitsanzo za mafomu akuluakulu odulidwa ndi 11 gospel sticheras lolembedwa ndi Fyodor Krestyanin (zaka za zana la 16). Kuti muwunikenso za F. m., yopangidwa ndi MV Brazhnikov, onani buku lake: "Fyodor Krestyanin", 1974, p. 156-221. Onaninso "Analysis of Musical Works", 1977, p. 84-94.

Nyimbo zapadziko lapansi za Middle Ages ndi Renaissance zidapanga mitundu ingapo ndi zida zoimbira, komanso kutengera kulumikizana kwa mawu ndi nyimbo. Izi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo ndi magule. F. m .: ballad, ballata, villancico, virele, canzo (canzo), la, rondo, rotrueng, estampi, etc. (onani Davison A., Apel W., 1974, NoNo 18-24). Zina mwa izo ndi ndakatulo mwangwiro. mawonekedwe, chomwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha F.m., chomwe chili kunja kwa ndakatulo. zolemba, zimataya kapangidwe kake. Zofunikira za F. m. ili mu kuyanjana kwa malemba ndi kubwereza nyimbo. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a rondo (apa mizere 8):

Chithunzi cha 8-line rondo: Nambala za mzere: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ndakatulo (rondo): AB c A de AB (A, B ndi zoletsa) Nyimbo (ndi rhyme): abaaabab

G. de Macho. 1st rondo "Doulz viaire".

Kudalira koyambirira kwa P.m. pa mawu ndi mayendedwe kunapitilirabe mpaka zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17, koma njira yomasulidwa kwawo pang'onopang'ono, crystallization ya mitundu yopangidwa mwadongosolo, yawonedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Middle Ages, koyamba m'mitundu yadziko. , kenako m’mitundu ya tchalitchi (mwachitsanzo, kutsanzira ndi ovomerezeka F. m. mu unyinji, motets wa 15th-16th atumwi).

Gwero latsopano lamphamvu lopanga mawonekedwe linali kutuluka ndi kukwera kwa polyphony ngati mtundu wathunthu wazithunzithunzi. chiwonetsero (onani Organum). Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa polyphony mu Fm, gawo latsopano la nyimbo linabadwa-gawo lomwe silinamvepo "lolunjika" la Fm.

Podzikhazikitsa mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya m'zaka za zana la 9, polyphony pang'onopang'ono inasanduka yaikulu. mtundu wa nsalu za nyimbo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa muses. kuganiza ku mlingo watsopano. M'kati mwa polyphony, chatsopano, polyphonic, chinawonekera. kalatayo, pansi pa chizindikiro chomwe ambiri a Renaissance fm adapangidwa (onani gawo IV). polyphony ndi polyphony. kulemba kunapanga mitundu yambiri yanyimbo (ndi mitundu) yakumapeto kwa Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, makamaka misa, motet, ndi madrigal, komanso nyimbo monga kampani, clause, conduct, goket, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo zakudziko. ndi mitundu yovina, diferencias (ndi mitundu ina ya fm), quadlibet (ndi mitundu yofananira), canzona, ricercar, fantasy, capriccio, tiento, instrumental prelude fm - preamble, intonation (VI), toccata (pl. kuchokera ku dzina F .m., onani Davison A., Apel W., 1974). Pang'onopang'ono, koma pang'onopang'ono kuwongolera luso F. m. – G. Dufay, Josquin Despres, A. Willart, O. Lasso, Palestrina. Ena a iwo (mwachitsanzo, Palestrina) amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya chitukuko structural pomanga F. M., amene anasonyeza mu kukula kwa structural zovuta ndi mapeto a kupanga. (koma palibe zotsatira zamphamvu). Mwachitsanzo, madrigal a Palestrina "Amor" (m'gulu la "Palestrina. Nyimbo za Choral", L., 15) amamangidwa m'njira yakuti mzere wa 16 umapangidwa ngati fugato yolondola, muzotsatira zisanu zotsanzira zimakhala. mochulukirachulukira, 1973 imakhazikika m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndipo kuyambira komaliza ndi kutsanzira kwake kumafanana ndi kuyambiranso. Malingaliro ofanana a F. m. zimachitika mosalekeza mu motets Palestrina (mu multi-kwaya F. m., kayimbidwe ka antiphonal introductions amamveranso mfundo ya structural chitukuko).

IV. mitundu yanyimbo ya polyphonic. Polyphonic F.m. amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezera pa zitatu zazikuluzikulu. mbali za F.m. (mtundu, zolemba - mu wok. nyimbo ndi zopingasa) chimodzinso - choyimirira (kuyanjana ndi dongosolo la kubwerezabwereza pakati pa mawu osiyana, omveka nthawi imodzi). Mwachiwonekere, polyphony inalipo nthawi zonse ("... pamene zingwezo zimatulutsa nyimbo imodzi, ndipo wolemba ndakatuloyo adalemba nyimbo ina, pamene akwaniritsa ma consonances ndi mawu otsutsa ..." - Plato, "Laws", 812d; cf. Pseudo-Plutarch, "Pa Music", 19), koma sizinali chifukwa cha muses. kuganiza ndi kupanga. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa F. m. chifukwa ndi wa Western European polyphony (kuyambira 9 m'ma), amene anapereka mbali ofukula kufunika kwa ufulu wofanana ndi yopingasa mopambanitsa (onani Polyphony), zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mtundu wapadera wa F. m. - polyphonic. Aesthetically ndi psychological polyphonic. F.m. pa phokoso lophatikizana la zigawo ziwiri (kapena zingapo) za nyimbo. maganizo ndipo amafuna makalata. kuzindikira. Chifukwa chake, kupezeka kwa polyphonic. F.m. zimasonyeza chitukuko cha mbali yatsopano ya nyimbo. Zikomo chifukwa cha nyimboyi. mlandu unapeza aesthetics yatsopano. makhalidwe, popanda zomwe kupambana kwake kwakukulu sikukanatheka, kuphatikizapo mu Op. homoph. nyumba yosungiramo katundu (mu nyimbo za Palestrina, JS Bach, BA Mozart, L. Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev). Onani homophony.

Waukulu ngalande za mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa polyphonic. F.m. zimayikidwa ndi chitukuko chapadera cha polyphonic. kulemba njira ndi kupita njira ya zikamera ndi kulimbikitsa kudziimira ndi kusiyanitsa mawu, thematic awo. kutanthauzira (kusiyanitsa kwa mitu, chitukuko chamutu osati mopingasa, komanso molunjika, zizolowezi zopita kuzinthu zamagulu), kuwonjezera kwa ma polyphonic enieni. F.m. (osati reducible ku mtundu wa polyphonically anafotokoza F. m. - nyimbo, kuvina, etc.). Kuyambira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonic. F.m. ndi polygonal. zilembo (bourdon, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya heterophony, kubwereza-masekondi, ostinato, kutsanzira ndi zolemba zovomerezeka, zoyankha ndi zotsutsana) m'mbiri, chiyambi cha mapangidwe awo chinali paraphony, khalidwe lofanana la liwu lotsutsana, kubwereza chimodzimodzi chachikulu chomwe chinaperekedwa - vox (cantus) principalis (onani. Organum), cantus firmus (“nyimbo zovomerezeka”). Choyamba, ndi mitundu yoyambirira ya organum - yotchedwa. kufanana (zaka za 9-10), komanso pambuyo pake gimel, foburdon. Mbali ya polyphonic. F.m. apa pali gawo logwira ntchito la Ch. mawu (m'mawu apambuyo pake soggetto, "Subjectum oder Thema" - Walther JG, 1955, S. 183, "mutu") ndi kutsutsa komwe kumatsutsa, ndi lingaliro la mgwirizano pakati pawo panthawi imodzimodziyo amayembekezera mbali yowongoka ya polyphonic . F.m. (zimakhala zowonekera makamaka mu bourdon ndi m'njira zina, ndiye mu "free" organum, mu njira ya "note against not", yotchedwa contrapunctus simplex kapena aequalis), mwachitsanzo, m'mabuku a zaka za m'ma 9. "Musica enchiriadis", "Scholia enchiriadis". Zomveka, gawo lotsatira la chitukuko likugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa polyphonic yeniyeni. mapangidwe mu mawonekedwe a kutsutsa kosiyana mu nthawi imodzi ya awiri kapena kuposerapo. mawu (mu melismatic organum), mbali imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya bourdon, mumitundu ina ya polyphonic. makonzedwe ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa cantus firmus, m'mawu osavuta a ziganizo ndi zolemba zoyambirira za Paris School, mu nyimbo za tchalitchi cha polyphonic. ndi mitundu yadziko, etc.

Kuyeza kwa polyphony kunatsegula mwayi watsopano wa rhythmic. kusiyana kwa mawu ndipo, motero, adapereka mawonekedwe atsopano ku polyphonic. F. m. Kuyambira ndi bungwe loganiza bwino la metrorhythm (modal rhythm, mensural rhythm; onani. Modus, Mensural notation) F. m. pang'onopang'ono amapeza tsatanetsatane. kwa nyimbo za ku Ulaya ndizophatikiza zangwiro (zowonjezereka ngakhale zapamwamba) zomveka bwino. kulimbikitsa ndi uzimu wapamwamba komanso mayendedwe ozama. Udindo waukulu pakukula kwa F. m. anali a Sukulu ya Paris, kenako ena. France. olemba azaka za 12-14. Pafupifupi. 1200, m'magawo a Sukulu ya Paris, mfundo ya rhythmically ostinato processing ya nyimbo yakwaya, yomwe inali maziko a F. m. (mothandizidwa ndi mitundu yachidule ya rhythmic, kuyembekezera isorhythmic. nkhani, onani Motet; chitsanzo: ndime (Benedikamusl Domino, cf. Davison A., Apel W., v. 1, p. 24-25). Njira yomweyi inakhala maziko a ma motets a magawo awiri ndi atatu a zaka za zana la 13. (chitsanzo: motets of the Paris school Domino fidelium – Domino and Dominator – Esce – Domino, ca. 1225, izi., p. 25-26). M'mabuku a zaka za zana la 13. imatsegula njira yotsatizana ndi zotsutsana ndi dec. mtundu wa kubwereza kwa mizere, mamvekedwe, rhythmic. ziwerengero, ngakhale kuyesa nthawi yomweyo. kugwirizana osiyana. nyimbo (cf. mwina «En non Diu! - Quant voi larose espanie - Ejus in oriente "ya Paris School; Parrish K., Ole J., 1975, p. 25-26). Pambuyo pake, kusiyanitsa kolimba kolimba kumatha kubweretsa kuthwa kwa polymetry (Rondo B. Cordier "Amans ames", ca. 1400, onani Davison A., Apel W., v. 1, p. 51). Kutsatira kusiyanitsa kwa rhythmic, pali kusiyana pautali wa mawu oduka. mawu (chiyambi cha zida zotsutsana); Kudziyimira pawokha kwa mawu kumagogomezedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolemba (kuphatikizanso, zolembazo zimatha kukhala m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo. Chilatini mu tenor ndi motetus, French mu triplum, onani Polyphony, onani chitsanzo mu ndime 351). Kubwereza kubwereza kamodzi kwa nyimbo ya teno monga mutu wa ostinato potsutsana ndi kusintha kosiyana kumapangitsa kuti pakhale imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za polyphonic. F. m. - kusiyanasiyana kwa basso ostinato (mwachitsanzo, mu French. mawu 13c. "Tikuoneni, namwali wolemekezeka - Mawu a Mulungu - Choonadi", cm. Wolf J., 1926, S. 6-8). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa rhythmostinatal formulas kudapangitsa lingaliro la kulekana ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa magawo a phula ndi kamvekedwe (mu gawo loyamba la "Ejus in oriente", mipiringidzo 1-1 ndi 7-7; mu instrumental tenor motet "Mu seculum" mu chiyanjano chofanana cha kubwezeretsanso mzere wa phokoso panthawi ya rhythmic ostinato ku ndondomeko ya 13st ordo ya 1nd mode, pali magawo awiri a mawonekedwe a magawo awiri; cm. Davison A., Apel W., v. 1, p. 34-35). Pachimake pa chitukuko ichi anali isorhythmic. F. m. Zaka za m'ma 14-15 (Philippe de Vitry, G. de Macho, Y. Cikonia, G. Dufay ndi ena). Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wa rhythmic formula kuchokera ku mawu kupita ku nyimbo yowonjezereka, mtundu wa rhythmic pattern umatuluka mu tenor. mutu wake ndi talea. Masewero ake a ostinato mu tenor amapereka F. m. aorhythmic. (T. e. isorhythm.) kapangidwe (isorhythm - kubwereza mu melodic. mawu okha atumizidwa rhythmic. formulas, zomwe zili pamwamba zomwe zimasintha). Kubwereza kwa ostinato kumatha kuphatikizidwa - mumtundu womwewo - kubwereza kutalika komwe sikumagwirizana nawo - mtundu (mtundu; za isorhythmic. F. m. onani Saponov M. A., 1978, p. (Yer. 23-35, 42-43). Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 16 (A. Willart) ndi isorhythmic. F. m. kutha ndikupeza moyo watsopano m'zaka za zana la 20. mu rhythm-mode njira ya O. Messiaen (zovomerezeka mu No. 5 ya “Mawonedwe makumi awiri…”, chiyambi chake, onani p.

Mu chitukuko cha ofukula mbali ya polyphonic. F.m. adzapatula. kupititsa patsogolo kubwereza mu mawonekedwe a njira yotsanzira ndi canon, komanso counterpoint mafoni, zinali zofunika. Pokhalanso dipatimenti yochulukirapo komanso yosiyana siyana yolemba ndi mawonekedwe, kutsanzira (ndi canon) kunakhala maziko amitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri. F.m. M'mbiri, kutsanzira koyambirira. ovomerezeka F.m. imagwirizananso ndi ostinato - kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa. kusinthana kwa mawu, komwe ndi kubwereza kwenikweni kwa kapangidwe ka magawo awiri kapena atatu, koma nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwira zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku liwu limodzi kupita ku lina (mwachitsanzo, English rondelle "Nunc sancte nobis spiritus", theka lachiwiri. ya zaka za zana la 2, onani "Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart", Bd XI, Sp. 12, onaninso rondelle "Ave mater domini" kuchokera munyimbo za Odington's De speculatione, cha m'ma 885 kapena 1300, mu Coussemaker, "Scriptorum… ", t. 1320, tsamba 1a). Mbuye wa Paris school Perotin (yemwe amagwiritsanso ntchito njira yosinthira mawu) mu Khrisimasi quadruple Viderunt (c. 247), mwachiwonekere, mwachidziwitso kale amagwiritsa ntchito kutsanzira kosalekeza - canon (chidutswa chomwe chimagwera pa mawu akuti "ante" mu tenor). Chiyambi cha mitundu yotsanzira iyi. teknoloji imasonyeza kuchoka ku kuuma kwa ostinato F. m. Pamaziko awa, mwangwiro ovomerezeka. mawonekedwe - kampani (zaka 1200-13; kuphatikiza kwa kampani ya canon ndi rondel-exchange of voices kuyimiridwa ndi Chingerezi chodziwika bwino "Summer Canon", 14 kapena 13 centuries), Italy. kachcha ("kusaka", ndi chiwembu chosaka kapena chikondi, mu mawonekedwe - kansalu ya mawu awiri ndi cont. 14rd voice) ndi French. shas (komanso "kusaka" - kanoni ya mawu atatu mogwirizana). Mawonekedwe a canon amapezekanso m'mitundu ina (Ballad ya 3 ya Machot, mu mawonekedwe a shas; rondo la 17 la Machaud "Ma fin est mon commencement", mwina mbiri yakale chitsanzo cha 14 cha canon canon, osati popanda kulumikizana ndi tanthauzo la lemba: "Mapeto anga ndi chiyambi changa"; 1th le Machaux ndi kuzungulira kwa 17-mawu atatu canons-shas); motero ovomerezeka ngati polyphonic wapadera. F.m. amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina ndi P. m. Chiwerengero cha mawu mu F. m. matenda anali aakulu kwambiri; Okegem akuyamikiridwa ndi 12-voice canon-monster "Deo gratias" (momwe, komabe, chiwerengero cha mawu enieni sichidutsa 36); mabuku ambiri a polyphonic (okhala ndi mawu enieni 18) ndi a Josquin Despres (mu motet "Qui habitat in adjutorio"). P.m. ovomerezeka sanakhazikike pa kutsanzira kwachindunji kokha (mu motet ya Dufay "Inclita maris", c. 24-1420, mwachiwonekere, kanoni yoyamba yofananira; mu nyimbo yake "Bien veignes vous", c. 26-1420, mwina canon yoyamba pakukulitsa). CHABWINO. 26 zotsanzira F. m. anadutsa, mwinamwake kupyolera mu kachcha, mu motet - ku Ciconia, Dufay; komanso mu F.m. mbali za misa, mu chanson; ku 1400nd floor. 2 ndi c. kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo yotsanzira kumapeto mpaka kumapeto monga maziko a F. m.

Mawu oti "canon" (canon), komabe, analipo m'zaka za 15-16. tanthauzo lapadera. Ndemanga ya wolemba (Inscriptio), kaŵirikaŵiri yosokoneza mwadala, yododometsa, inkatchedwa canon (“lamulo limene limavumbula chifuniro cha wolembayo pansi pa chivundikiro cha mdima wina”, J. Tinktoris, “Diffinitorium musicae”; Coussemaker, “Scriptorum …”, t. 4, 179 b ), kusonyeza momwe awiri angatulukire ku liwu limodzi lodziwika (kapena zochulukirapo, mwachitsanzo, mawu onse anayi a P. de la Rue – “Missa o salutaris nostra” – ndi lochokera ku liwu limodzi lodziwika); onani cryptic canon. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zonse zomwe zili ndi zolembera za canon ndi F. m. ndi mawu deducible (F.m ena onse amamangidwa m'njira kuti, monga lamulo, iwo salola kubisa koteroko, ndiye kuti, iwo si zochokera kwenikweni "principle of identity"; mawu BV Asafiev. ). Malinga ndi L. Feininger, mitundu ya Dutch canons ndi: yosavuta (imodzi-mdima) mwachindunji; zovuta, kapena pawiri (zambiri-mdima) mwachindunji; molingana (amuna); mzere (mzere umodzi; Formalkanon); kutembenuza; kuchotsa (Reservatkanon). Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa izi, onani bukhu: Feininger LK, 1937. "Zolemba" zofanana zimapezeka pambuyo pake ku S. Scheidt ("Tabulatura nova", I, 1624), mu JS Bach ("Musikarisches Opfer", 1747).

Mu ntchito ya ambuye angapo a zaka za m'ma 15-16. (Dufay, Okeghem, Obrecht, Josquin Despres, Palestrina, Lasso, etc.) amapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonic. F.m. (kulemba mwamphamvu), DOS. pa mfundo za kutsanzira ndi kusiyanitsa, chitukuko cha zolinga, kudziyimira pawokha kwa mawu oyimba, mawu otsutsana ndi mizere ya mavesi, mgwirizano wofewa komanso wokongola kwambiri (makamaka mu mtundu wa wok wa mass ndi motet).

Kuwonjezera kwa Ch. mitundu ya polyphonic - fugues - imadziwikanso ndi kusiyana pakati pa kukula kwa Samui F. m. ndipo, kumbali ina, lingaliro ndi nthawi. Ponena za tanthauzo, mawu akuti “fugue” (“running”; Italian consequenza) amagwirizana ndi mawu akuti “kusaka”, “mtundu”, ndipo poyambirira (kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 14) mawuwa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito m’matanthauzo ofananawo, kusonyeza kusaka. canon (komanso m'mabuku olembedwa: "fuga mu diatessaron" ndi ena). Tinctoris amatanthauzira fugue ngati "chidziwitso cha mawu". Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa liwu lakuti “fugue” m’tanthauzo la “canon” kunapitirizabe kufikira zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18; otsalira a mchitidwe umenewu akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi mawu akuti "fuga canonica" - "ovomerezeka. fumbi”. Chitsanzo cha fugue ngati canon yochokera m'madipatimenti angapo ku instr. nyimbo - "Fuge" kwa zida za zingwe za 4 ("violin") kuchokera ku "Musica Teusch" ndi X. Gerle (1532, onani Wasielewski WJ v., 1878, Musikbeilage, S. 41-42). Zonse za R. 16th century (Tsarlino, 1558), lingaliro la fugue lagawika kukhala fuga legate (“coherent fugue”, canon; kenako fuga totalis) ndi fuga sciolta (“divided fugue”; later fuga partialis; kutsatizana kwa kutsanzira- magawo ovomerezeka, mwachitsanzo, abсd, etc. . P.); womaliza P.m. ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yoyambirira ya fugue - unyolo wa fugato molingana ndi mtundu: abcd; otchedwa. mawonekedwe a motet, pomwe kusiyana kwa mitu (a, b, c, etc.) kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mawu. Kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa "tsamba laling'ono" F. m. ndipo fugue yovuta ndiyo kusakhalapo kwa mitu yambiri. M'zaka za zana la 17 fuga sciolta (partialis) adadutsa mu fugue yeniyeni (Fuga totalis, komanso legata, integra adadziwika kuti canon m'zaka za 17th-18th). Mitundu ina yambiri ndi F. m. 16 zaka. zidasinthika molunjika ku mtundu womwe ukutuluka wa fugue - motet (fugue), ricercar (komwe mfundo yachidule ya zomanga zingapo zotsatsira idasamutsidwa; mwina fugue wapafupi kwambiri ndi F. m.), zongopeka, Chisipanishi. tiento, mitative-polyphonic canzone. Kuwonjezera fugue mu instr. nyimbo (pomwe palibe cholumikizira cham'mbuyo, chomwe ndi mgwirizano wamalemba), chizolowezi chamutu ndichofunikira. centralization, mwachitsanzo, pamwamba pa melodic imodzi. mitu (mosiyana ndi mawu. mdima wambiri) - A. Gabrieli, J. Gabrieli, JP Sweelinck (kwa omwe adatsogolera fugue, onani bukhu: Protopopov VV, 1979, p. 3-64).

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 17 anapanga chofunika kwambiri masiku ano polyphonic. F.m. - fugue (zamitundu yonse ya mapangidwe ndi mitundu), canon, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonic (makamaka, kusiyana kwa basso ostinato), polyphonic. (makamaka, chorale) makonzedwe (mwachitsanzo, ku cantus firmus), polyphonic. zozungulira, ma polyphonic preludes, etc. Chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha polyphonic F. cha nthawiyi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dongosolo latsopano laling'ono la harmonic (kukonzanso mutuwo, kusankha tonal-modulating factor monga chinthu chotsogolera mu FM; chitukuko za mtundu wa zolemba za homophonic-harmonic ndi zofananira F. m.). Makamaka, fugue (ndi polyphonic fm yofananira) idachokera ku mtundu wodziwika bwino wazaka za 17th. (kumene kusinthasintha sikunakhale maziko a polyphonic F. m.; mwachitsanzo, mu Scheidt's Tabulatura nova, II, Fuga contraria a 4 Voc.; I, Fantasia a 4 Voc. super lo son ferit o lasso, Fuga quadruplici ) ku mtundu wa tonal (“Bach”) wokhala ndi kusiyanitsa kwa tonal mu mawonekedwe a cf. magawo (nthawi zambiri munjira yofananira). Kupatula. kufunika mu mbiri ya polyphony. F.m. anali ndi ntchito ya JS Bach, yemwe adauzira moyo watsopano mwa iwo chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu yazinthu zamagulu ang'onoang'ono a tonal a thematism, thematic. chitukuko ndi njira yopangira. Bach adapereka polyphonic F.m. zatsopano zapamwamba. maonekedwe, amene, monga chachikulu. mtundu, wotsatira polyphony ndi mwachidziwitso kapena mosadziwa oriented (mpaka P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin). Potengera zomwe zidachitika panthawiyo komanso njira zatsopano zomwe adapeza akale, adapambana kwambiri am'nthawi yake (kuphatikiza wanzeru wa GF Handel) pakukula, mphamvu ndi kukopa kwa mfundo zatsopano za nyimbo zama polyphonic. F.m.

Pambuyo pa JS Bach, udindo waukulu udatengedwa ndi F. m. (onani. Homophony). Kwenikweni polyphonic. F.m. Nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo latsopano, nthawi zina zachilendo (fughetta wa alonda mu kwaya "Wokoma kuposa Uchi" pa 1 mchitidwe wa opera Rimsky-Korsakov "Mkwatibwi Tsar"), kupeza zolinga dramaturgical. khalidwe; olemba amawatchula kuti mawu apadera, apadera. zikutanthauza. Pamlingo waukulu, ichi ndi khalidwe la polyphonic. F.m. mu Russian. nyimbo (zitsanzo: MI Glinka, "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila", ovomerezeka pazochitika zachibwibwi kuchokera ku 1st act; kusiyanitsa polyphony mu sewero "Ku Central Asia" ndi Borodin ndi mu sewero "Ayuda Awiri" kuchokera ku "Zithunzi pa Chiwonetsero "Mussorgsky; ovomerezeka "Adani" kuchokera pachiwonetsero chachisanu cha opera "Eugene Onegin" ndi Tchaikovsky, etc.).

V. Mitundu yanyimbo ya Homophonic yamasiku ano. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya otchedwa. Nthawi yatsopano (zaka 17-19) idawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pakukula kwa muses. kuganiza ndi F.m. (kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa nyimbo zakudziko, kulamulira kwa kachitidwe kakang'ono ka tonal). Mu malingaliro ndi zokongoletsa mbali patsogolo njira luso luso. kuganiza - kukopa nyimbo zadziko. zomwe zili, kunena kwa mfundo yaumwini monga mtsogoleri, kuwululidwa kwamkati. dziko la munthu ("soloist wakhala chifaniziro chachikulu", "individualization wa maganizo a munthu" - Asafiev BV, 1963, p. 321). Kukwera kwa opera ku tanthauzo la nyimbo zapakati. mtundu, ndi instr. nyimbo - kutsimikiza kwa mfundo ya concert (baroque - nthawi ya "kalembedwe ka konsati", m'mawu a J. Gandshin) imagwirizana kwambiri. kusamutsidwa kwa fano la munthu payekha mwa iwo ndikuyimira cholinga cha zokongoletsa. zokhumba za nyengo yatsopano (aria mu opera, solo mu concerto, nyimbo mu nsalu ya homophonic, muyeso wolemera mu mita, tonic mu kiyi, mutu mu nyimbo, ndi centralization wa nyimbo zoimbira. - mawonetseredwe ambiri ndi kukula kwa "kukhala payekha", "umodzi", kulamulira kwa wina pa ena m'magulu osiyanasiyana a kuganiza kwa nyimbo). Chizoloŵezi chomwe chidadziwonetsera kale kale (mwachitsanzo, mu iso-rhythmic motet ya zaka za m'ma 14-15) ponena za kudziyimira pawokha kwa mfundo za nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwira m'zaka za 16-17. zinatsogolera ku makhalidwe. kulumpha - ufulu wawo, wowululidwa mwachindunji pakupanga autonomous instr. nyimbo. Mfundo za nyimbo zoyera. kuumba, komwe kunakhala (kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya dziko la nyimbo) popanda mawu ndi kayendedwe, anapanga instr. nyimbo poyamba zinali zofanana mwaufulu ndi nyimbo zamawu (kale m'zaka za zana la 17 - mu canzones zoimbira, sonatas, concertos), ndiyeno, kukonzanso kunayikidwa mu wok. Mitundu kutengera nyimbo yodziyimira payokha. malamulo a F.m. (kuchokera kwa JS Bach, akale a Viennese, olemba azaka za 19th century). Kuzindikiritsa nyimbo zoyera. malamulo a F.m. ndi chimodzi mwazopambana zanyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi. zikhalidwe zomwe zidapeza zokometsera zatsopano komanso zauzimu zomwe kale sizikudziwika mu nyimbo.

Ponena za fm Nthawi ya nthawi yatsopano idagawidwa momveka bwino m'nthawi ziwiri: 1600-1750 (moyenera - baroque, kulamulira kwa bass general) ndi 1750-1900 (zakale za Viennese ndi chikondi).

Mfundo za mawonekedwe mu F. m. Baroque: mu mawonekedwe a gawo limodzi b. maola, mafotokozedwe a chikhumbo chimodzi amasungidwa, chifukwa chake F. m. Amadziwika ndi kuchulukira kwa thematicism yofanana komanso kusakhalapo kosiyana kochokera, mwachitsanzo, kutengera mutu wina kuchokera pamutuwu. Katundu mu nyimbo za Bach ndi Handel, ukulu umalumikizidwa ndi kulimba komwe kumachokera apa, kukula kwa magawo a mawonekedwe. Izi zimatsimikiziranso mphamvu za "terraced" za VF m., pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. kusiyanitsa, kusowa kwa crescendo yosinthika komanso yosinthika; Lingaliro la kupanga silikukula kwambiri monga kufalikira, ngati kudutsa magawo okonzedweratu. Pochita zinthu thematic zimakhudza mphamvu ya polyphonic. zilembo ndi polyphonic mafomu. Dongosolo laling'ono laling'ono kwambiri limawonetsa mawonekedwe ake (makamaka mu nthawi ya Bach). Kusintha kwa ma tonal kumapereka mphamvu zatsopano. njira zoyendetsera mkati mwa F. m. Kuthekera kwa kubwereza zakuthupi mu makiyi ena ndi lingaliro lathunthu la kuyenda mwa kutanthauzira. bwalo la tonalities limapanga mfundo yatsopano ya mawonekedwe a tonal (m'lingaliro ili, tonality ndiye maziko a F. m. ya nthawi yatsopano). Mu Arensky's "Guidelines…" (1914, pp. 4 ndi 53), mawu oti "mawonekedwe a homophonic" amasinthidwa kukhala mawu ofanana ndi mawu oti "harmonic. mawonekedwe”, ndipo mogwirizana timatanthauza kumvana kwa tonal. Baroque fm (popanda zophiphiritsa komanso kusiyanitsa kwamutu) imapereka mtundu wosavuta kwambiri wamamangidwe wa fm motero kuwonekera kwa "zozungulira"), kudutsa ma cadenza pamasitepe ena a tonality, mwachitsanzo:

chachikulu: I - V; VI - III - IV - I mwa ang'onoang'ono: I - V; III - VII - VI - IV - I ndi chizolowezi chosabwerezabwereza makiyi pakati pa tonic kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto, malinga ndi mfundo ya T-DS-T.

Mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a konsati (yomwe inkasewera mu sonatas ndi makonsati a baroque, makamaka ndi A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, Handel, udindo wofanana ndi mawonekedwe a sonata muzitsulo za nyimbo zachikale-zachikondi):

Mutu — Ndipo — Mutu — Ndipo — Mutu — Ndipo — Mutu T — D — S — T (I – interlude, – kusinthasintha; zitsanzo – Bach, 1st movement of the Brandenburg Concertos).

Zida zoimbira zofala kwambiri mu Baroque ndi homophonic (modekha, zopanda fugued) ndi polyphonic (onani Gawo IV). Mkulu wa homophonic F. m. Baroque:

1) mitundu ya chitukuko (mu nyimbo za instr., mtundu waukulu ndi chiyambi, mu wok. - recitative); zitsanzo - J. Frescobaldi, zoyambira za chiwalo; Handel, clavier suite mu d-moll, prelude; Bach, organ toccata mu d wamng'ono, BWV 565, kayendedwe koyambirira, pamaso pa fugue;

2) mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono (osavuta) - bar (kubwereza ndi kusabwezera; mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya F. Nicolai "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern" ("Nyenyezi yam'mawa imawalira modabwitsa bwanji", kukonzedwa kwake ndi Bach mu 1st cantata ndi mu ena. op.)), awiri-, atatu- ndi mitundu yambiri (chitsanzo chakumapeto ndi Bach, Misa mu h-moll, No14); wok. nyimbo nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndi mawonekedwe a da capo;

3) mafomu ophatikizika (ovuta) (kuphatikiza ang'onoang'ono) - zovuta ziwiri, zitatu ndi zambiri; zosiyana-zophatikizika (mwachitsanzo, mbali zoyamba za orchestral overtures ndi JS Bach), mawonekedwe a da capo ndi ofunika kwambiri (makamaka, ku Bach);

4) kusiyanasiyana ndi kusintha kwakwaya;

5) rondo (poyerekeza ndi rondo la 13th-15th century - chida chatsopano cha F. m. pansi pa dzina lomwelo);

6) mawonekedwe akale a sonata, mdima umodzi ndi (mu mluza, chitukuko) mdima awiri; Iliyonse yaiwo ili yosakwanira (magawo awiri) kapena yokwanira (magawo atatu); mwachitsanzo, mu sonatas a D. Scarlatti; mawonekedwe a sonata wakuda wakuda - Bach, Matthew Passion, No 47;

7) konsati mawonekedwe (chimodzi mwa magwero aakulu a tsogolo classical sonata mawonekedwe);

8) mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya woks. ndi instr. mitundu ya cyclic (ndi mitundu ina yanyimbo) - Kukonda, misa (kuphatikiza chiwalo), oratorio, cantata, concerto, sonata, suite, prelude ndi fugue, overture, mitundu yapadera yamitundu (Bach, "Musical Offering", "The Art wa Fugue"), "zozungulira" (Bach, "The Well-Tempered Clavier", French suites);

9) opera. (Onani "Analysis of Musical Works", 1977.)

F.m. classical-chikondi. Nthawi, lingaliro la to-rykh likuwonekera pa gawo loyambirira la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Malingaliro a ku Ulaya. Kuwunikira ndi kulingalira, komanso m'zaka za zana la 19. malingaliro amunthu payekhapayekha malingaliro achikondi ("Chikondi sichina koma apotheosis ya umunthu" - IS Turgenev), kudziyimira pawokha ndi kukongoletsa nyimbo, kumadziwika ndi chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri chazithunzi zodziyimira pawokha. malamulo a kaumbidwe, primacy wa mfundo za centralized umodzi ndi dynamism, kuchepetsa semantic kusiyana F. m., ndi mpumulo wa chitukuko cha zigawo zake. Kwa classic chikondi Lingaliro la F. m. imakhalanso yofanana ndi kusankha kwa chiwerengero chocheperako cha mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya F. m. (ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo) ndi kukhazikitsa konkire kolemera modabwitsa komanso kosiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yofananira (mfundo yosiyana mu umodzi), yomwe ndi yofanana ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa magawo ena F. m. (mwachitsanzo, kusankha kosasunthika kwa mitundu yotsatizana, mitundu ya pulani ya tonal, ziwerengero zojambulidwa, nyimbo zoimbidwa bwino, zida zama metric zomwe zimakokera ku squareness, njira zachitukuko cholimbikitsa), kumverera kwamphamvu kwambiri pakumvera nyimbo. nthawi, kuwerengetsa mochenjera komanso kolondola kwa magawo akanthawi. (Zoonadi, mkati mwa nthawi ya mbiri yakale ya zaka 150, kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro a Viennese-classical ndi achikondi a F. m. ndi ofunikanso.) Mwa zina, n'zotheka kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha dialectical cha ambiri. lingaliro la chitukuko mu F. m. (Mawonekedwe a sonata a Beethoven). F.m. phatikizani mafotokozedwe aluso kwambiri, kukongola, malingaliro anzeru ndi mawonekedwe otsekemera a "padziko lapansi" a muse. zophiphiritsa (komanso nkhani zammutu zomwe zimakhala ndi chizindikiro cha nyimbo zamtundu watsiku ndi tsiku, zokhala ndi zida zake zoimbira; izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku arr. F. m. wazaka za zana la 19).

General zomveka tingachipeze powerenga chikondi mfundo. F.m. ndizokhazikika komanso zolemera zamalingaliro amalingaliro aliwonse okhudzana ndi nyimbo, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa m'matanthauzidwe. semantic ntchito za zigawo za F. m. Monga kuganiza kulikonse, nyimbo imakhala ndi chinthu cholingalira, zinthu zake (m'lingaliro lophiphiritsira, mutu). Kuganiza kumawonetsedwa mu nyimbo zomveka. "Kukambitsirana kwa mutu" ("Mawonekedwe a nyimbo ndi zotsatira za "kukambitsirana komveka" kwa nyimbo zoimbira" - Stravinsky IF, 1971, p. 227), zomwe, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha nthawi komanso chosakhala chamaganizo cha nyimbo monga luso. , amagawaniza F. m. m'madipatimenti awiri omveka - kuwonetsa nyimbo. lingaliro ndi kakulidwe kake ("kukambitsirana"). Komanso, zomveka nyimbo chitukuko. lingaliro limakhala ndi "lingaliro" lake ndi "mapeto" otsatirawa; Choncho chitukuko monga siteji zomveka. Kukula kwa F.m. imagawidwa m'magawo awiri - chitukuko chenichenicho ndi kutsiriza. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha tingachipeze powerenga F. m. amapeza zitatu zazikulu. ntchito za ziwalo (zogwirizana ndi Asafiev triad initium - motus - terminus, onani Asafiev BV, 1963, pp. 83-84; Bobrovsky VP, 1978, pp. 21-25) - kufotokozera (kufotokoza maganizo), kukulitsa (zenizeni) chitukuko) ndi chomaliza (chiganizo), chogwirizana kwambiri:

(Mwachitsanzo, mumpangidwe wosavuta wa magawo atatu, mu mawonekedwe a sonata.) Mu F. m. wosiyanitsidwa bwino, kuwonjezera pa zikhazikitso zitatu. ntchito zothandizira zigawo zimawuka - mawu oyamba (ntchito yomwe imachoka pakuwonetsa koyambirira kwa mutuwo), kusintha ndi kutsiriza (nthambi kuchokera ku ntchito yomaliza ndikuyigawa pawiri - kutsimikizira ndi kutsiriza kwa lingaliro). Motero, mbali za F. m. ali ndi ntchito zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha (cf. Sposobin IV, 1947, p. 26).

Pokhala chiwonetsero cha malamulo onse amalingaliro aumunthu, zovuta zamagulu a F. m. amawulula chinachake chofanana ndi ntchito za zigawo za kufotokozera maganizo mu gawo lomveka la kulingalira, malamulo ogwirizana nawo omwe amafotokozedwa mu chiphunzitso chakale cha rhetoric (mawu). Ntchito za magawo asanu ndi limodzi a classic. rhetoric (Exordium - introduction, Narratio - narration, Propositio - main position, Confutatio - challenging, Confirmatio - statement, Conclusio - mapeto) pafupifupi zimagwirizana ndendende mukupanga ndi kutsatizana ndi ntchito za zigawo za F. m. (ntchito zazikulu za FM zikuwunikira. m.):

Exordium - intro Propositio - presentation (mutu waukulu) Narratio - chitukuko monga kusintha Confutatio - gawo losiyanitsa (chitukuko, mutu wosiyana) Kutsimikizira - reprise Conclusio - code (kuwonjezera)

Ntchito zolankhulirana zimatha kudziwonetsera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. milingo (mwachitsanzo, imaphimba mafotokozedwe a sonata ndi mawonekedwe onse a sonata). Kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa ntchito za magawo muzolankhula ndi magawo a F. m. amachitira umboni za umodzi wakuya wa decomp. ndi kuganiza motalikirana wina ndi mzake.

Misc. zinthu za ayezi (maphokoso, timbres, rhythms, chords" nyimbo. tonation, melodic line, dynamic. ma nuances, tempo, agogics, tonal function, cadences, kapangidwe kake, etc. n.) ndi nkhani. zakuthupi. K F. m. (m'lingaliro lalikulu) ndi la nyimbo. dongosolo la zinthu, kuganiziridwa kuchokera kumbali ya mawu a muses. okhutira. M'dongosolo la mabungwe a nyimbo sizinthu zonse za nyimbo. zinthu ndi zofunika mofanana. Kufotokozera za classical-romantic. F. m. - tonality monga maziko a kapangidwe ka F. m. (cm. Tonality, Mode, Melody), mita, kapangidwe ka zolinga (onani. Motif, Homophony), counterpoint Basic. mizere (mu homof. F. m. kawirikawiri t. Bambo. contour, kapena chachikulu, mawu awiri: nyimbo + bass), thematicism ndi mgwirizano. Tanthauzo la kamvekedwe ka mawu limapangidwa (kuphatikiza zomwe zili pamwambapa) pakusokonekera kwa mutu wokhazikika wa tonal ndi kukopa wamba ku tonic imodzi (onani. chithunzi A mu chitsanzo pansipa). Tanthauzo la mawonekedwe a mita ndikupanga ubale (metric. symmetry) ya tinthu tating'ono F. m. (chap. mfundo: 2 mkombero amayankha 1 ndipo amalenga awiri mkombero, 2 awiri-mkombero amayankha 1 ndipo amalenga anayi mkombero, 2 zinayi mkombero kuyankha 1 ndipo amalenga eyiti kuzungulira; chifukwa chake kufunikira kofunikira kwa squareness kwa classical-romantic. F. m.), potero kupanga zomanga zazing'ono za F. m. - mawu, ziganizo, nthawi, magawo ofanana apakati ndi zobwereza mkati mwamitu; classical mita imatsimikiziranso malo a cadences amtundu umodzi kapena wina ndi mphamvu ya zochita zawo zomaliza (theka-mapeto kumapeto kwa chiganizo, mapeto athunthu kumapeto kwa nthawi). Tanthauzo lachitukuko lachitukuko (m'lingaliro lalikulu, komanso lamutu) lili mu mfundo yakuti mus wamkulu. lingaliro limachokera pachimake. semantic core (kawirikawiri ndi gulu loyamba lolimbikitsa kapena, kawirikawiri, cholinga choyambirira) kudzera kubwereza kosinthika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono (kubwereza kolimbikitsa kuchokera pamawu ena, kuchokera kwa ena. masitepe, etc. mgwirizano, ndi kusintha kwa nthawi mu mzere, kusinthasintha kwa kamvekedwe, kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa, kuyendayenda, ndi kugawanika - njira yogwira ntchito yopititsa patsogolo zolinga, zomwe zingatheke mpaka kusintha kwa cholinga choyamba kukhala ena. zolinga). Onani Arensky A. C, 1900, p. 57-67; Sopin I. V., 1947, p. 47-51. Kukula kolimbikitsa kumasewera mu homophonic F. m. za udindo womwewo monga kubwereza kwa mutu ndi particles mu polyphonic. F. m. (mwachitsanzo mu fuga). Mtengo wamapangidwe a counterpoint mu homophonic F. m. amadziwonetsera okha pakupanga mawonekedwe awo ofukula. Pafupifupi homophonic F. m. ponseponse ndi (osachepera) kuphatikiza magawo awiri mwa mawonekedwe a mawu owopsa, kumvera miyambo ya polyphony ya kalembedwe kameneka (udindo wa polyphony ukhoza kukhala wofunikira kwambiri). Chitsanzo cha mawu awiri a contour - V. A. Mozart, symphony mu g-moll No 40, minuet, ch. mutu. Kufunika kwachitukuko kwa thematism ndi mgwirizano kumawonekera muzosiyana zofananira za kufotokozera kwa mitu komanso kusakhazikika kwachitukuko, kulumikizana, kupanga zomanga zamtundu umodzi kapena wina (komanso "kupinda" komaliza ndi koyambira "koyera" ), tonally khola ndi modulating mbali; komanso kusiyanitsa mapangidwe amitu yayikulu ya monolithic ndi zina "zotayirira" zachiwiri (mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a sonata), motsatana, posiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhazikika kwa tonal (mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya kulumikizana kwa tonal kuphatikiza ndi kuyenda kwa ma tonal). mgwirizano mu Ch. mbali, kutsimikizika ndi mgwirizano wa tonality kuphatikiza ndi mawonekedwe ake ocheperako m'mbali, kuchepetsa ku tonic mu coda). Ngati mita imapanga F.

Pazithunzi za zida zina zazikulu zoimbira zachikondi (kutengera mawonekedwe apamwamba a kapangidwe kawo; T, D, p ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito makiyi, kusinthasintha; mizere yowongoka ndiyomanga yokhazikika, mizere yokhota osakhazikika) onani ndime 894.

Zotsatira zazomwe zatchulidwazi. zinthu za classical romanticism. F.m. akuwonetsedwa pa chitsanzo cha Andante cantabile wa symphony ya 5 ya Tchaikovsky.

Chiwembu A: Ch. mutu wa gawo loyamba la Andante umachokera ku tonic D-dur, ntchito yoyamba yachiwiri-yowonjezerayo ili pa tonic Fis-dur, ndiye kuti zonsezi zimayendetsedwa ndi tonic D-dur. Scheme B (mutu wamutu, cf. ndi chiwembu C): bar-imodzi imayankha ku bar-imodzi, kumanga kopitilira muyeso kwa mipiringidzo iwiri kumayankha zotsatira za mipiringidzo iwiri, chiganizo cha mipiringidzo inayi chotsekedwa ndi cadence imayankhidwa ndi ina yofanana ndi cadence yokhazikika. Chiwembu B: kutengera metric. Zomangamanga (Scheme B) zolimbikitsa (chidutswa chikuwonetsedwa) chimachokera ku cholinga cha bar-chimodzi ndipo chimapangidwa ndikuchibwereza muzotsatira zina, ndikusintha kwa nyimbo. mzere (a1) ndi nyimbo ya metro (a1, a2).

Chiwembu G: chosagwirizana. maziko a F. m., kulumikizana kolondola kwa mawu a 2 kutengera zilolezo mu konsoner. kapitawo ndi kusiyanitsa mu kayendedwe ka mawu. Chiwembu D: kuyanjana mwadongosolo. ndi harmonic. zinthu zimapanga F. m. za ntchito yonse (mtunduwo ndi mawonekedwe ovuta a magawo atatu omwe ali ndi gawo, ndi "zopatuka" kuchokera ku mawonekedwe achikhalidwe chachikhalidwe kupita kukukula kwamkati kwa gawo lalikulu la 1).

Kuti magawo a F. m. kuti agwire ntchito zawo zomanga, ziyenera kumangidwa moyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, mutu wachiwiri wa Gavotte wa Prokofiev "Classical Symphony" umawonedwa ngakhale kunja kwa nkhani ngati atatu wamba a mawonekedwe ovuta a magawo atatu; mitu yayikulu yonse ya kufotokozera kwa 8th fp. Ma sonata a Beethoven sangathe kuyimiridwa motsatira dongosolo - lalikulu ngati mbali, ndi mbali imodzi ngati yaikulu. Zitsanzo za kapangidwe ka zigawo za F. m., kuwulula ntchito zawo structural, wotchedwa. mitundu yowonetsera nyimbo. zakuthupi (lingaliro la Sposobina, 1947, pp. 27-39). Ch. Pali mitundu itatu yowonetsera - kuwonetsera, pakati ndi komaliza. Chizindikiro chotsogola cha chiwonetserochi ndi kukhazikika pamodzi ndi zochitika zoyenda, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. umodzi (kukula kwa zolinga chimodzi kapena zochepa), mgwirizano wa tonal (kiyi imodzi yokhala ndi zopotoka; kusinthasintha pang'ono kumapeto, osasokoneza kukhazikika kwa zonse), mgwirizano wamapangidwe (ziganizo, nthawi, ma cadences okhazikika, kapangidwe 4 + 4, 2) + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 ndi zofanana pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kukhazikika kwa harmonic); onani Chithunzi B, mipiringidzo 9-16. Chizindikiro cha mtundu wapakatikati (komanso chitukuko) ndi kusakhazikika, fluidity, amapindula mogwirizana. kusakhazikika (osadalira T, koma ntchito zina, mwachitsanzo D; chiyambi sichikhala ndi T, kupewa ndi kukankhira tonic, kusinthasintha), thematic. kugawanika (kusankha zigawo za zomangamanga zazikulu, mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono kusiyana ndi gawo lalikulu), kusakhazikika kwapangidwe (kusowa kwa ziganizo ndi nthawi, kutsatizana, kusowa kwa cadences okhazikika). Pomaliza. mtundu wa ulaliki umatsimikizira mphamvu zomwe zapezedwa kale ndi ma cadences mobwerezabwereza, kuwonjezera ma cadence, mfundo ya chiwalo pa T, kupatuka kwa S, ndi kutha kwa mutuwo. chitukuko, kugawikana kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zomangamanga, kuchepetsa chitukuko kuti chisungidwe kapena kubwereza tonic. chord (chitsanzo: Mussorgsky, chorus code "Ulemerero kwa inu, Mlengi wa Wamphamvuyonse" kuchokera mu opera "Boris Godunov"). Kudalira F.m. nyimbo zamtundu ngati zokometsera. kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyimbo za nthawi yatsopano, kuphatikizidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa ntchito zamapangidwe a F. m. ndi mitundu yowonetsera nyimbo zomwe zikugwirizana nazo. Nkhaniyi imakonzedwa kuti ikhale yogwirizana ya zida zoimbira, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhala nyimbo (zotengera kulamulira kwa maubwenzi a metric) ndi mawonekedwe a sonata (kutengera kukula kwa mutu ndi tonal). General systematics chachikulu. mitundu ya classical-romantic. F. m.:

1) Chiyambi cha zida zoimbira (mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, zida zoimbira za Renaissance) ndi mtundu wanyimbo womwe umasamutsidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku nyimbo zatsiku ndi tsiku (mitundu yayikulu yamapangidwe ndi magawo awiri osavuta komanso osavuta atatu- gawo limapanga ab, aba; kupitilira muzithunzi A), zofala osati mu wok. mitundu, komanso zikuwonetsedwa mu instr. ma miniature (ma preludes, etudes ndi Chopin, Scriabin, zidutswa zing'onozing'ono za piyano ndi Rachmaninov, Prokofiev). Kukula kwina ndi kusokonezeka kwa F. m., kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a couplet nar. nyimbo, zimachitika m'njira zitatu: pobwereza (kusinthidwa) mutu womwewo, kuyambitsa mutu wina, ndi kusokoneza mkati mwa zigawozo (kukula kwa nthawi mpaka mawonekedwe "apamwamba", kugawanitsa pakati kukhala dongosolo: kusuntha - mutu- embryo - kubwerera kusuntha, kudziyimira pawokha pazowonjezera pamutuwo - miluza). Mwa njira izi, mawonekedwe a nyimbo amakwera mpaka apamwamba kwambiri.

2) Mabanja (AAA…) ndi osinthika (А А1 А2…) mafomu, osn. pa kubwereza kwa mutuwu.

3) Zosiyana. mitundu yamitundu iwiri komanso yamitundu yambiri ("zovuta") ndi rondo. Chofunikira kwambiri pagulu la F.m. ndi ABA yovuta ya magawo atatu (mitundu ina ndi yovuta ya magawo awiri AB, arched kapena concentric ABBCBA, ABCDCBA; mitundu ina ndi ABC, ABCD, ABCDA). Kwa rondo (AVASA, AVASAVA, ABACADA) kukhalapo kwa magawo osinthika pakati pamitu ndikofanana; rondo zingaphatikizepo zinthu za sonata (onani Rondo sonata).

4) mawonekedwe a Sonata. Chimodzi mwazinthu zake ndi "kumera" kwake kuchokera mu mawonekedwe osavuta a magawo awiri kapena atatu (onani, mwachitsanzo, mawu oyamba a f-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri ya Sakha's Well-Tempered Clavier, minuet yochokera ku Mozart Quartet Es-dur. , K.-V 2; mawonekedwe a sonata popanda chitukuko mu gawo loyamba la Andante cantabile la Tchaikovsky la 428 symphony ali ndi kugwirizana kwa majini ndi mutu wosiyana ndi mawonekedwe osavuta a 1).

5) Pamaziko a kusiyanitsa kwa tempo, mawonekedwe, ndi (nthawi zambiri) mita, malinga ndi mgwirizano wa pakati, ma mita akulu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa amapindika kukhala magawo ambiri ndikuphatikizana kukhala gawo limodzi. mitundu yosiyana-siyana (zitsanzo za otsiriza - Ivan Susanin ndi Glinka, No 12, quartet; mawonekedwe a "Great Viennese Waltz", mwachitsanzo, ndakatulo ya choreographic "Waltz" ndi Ravel). Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yanyimbo yofananizidwa, pali mitundu yaulere yosakanizidwa komanso yapayekha, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro lapadera, mwina ladongosolo (F. Chopin, 2nd ballad; R. Wagner, Lohengrin, mawu oyamba; PI Tchaikovsky, symphony . fantasy " The Tempest”), kapena ndi mtundu wa zongopeka zaulere, ma rhapsodies (WA ​​Mozart, Fantasia c-moll, K.-V. 475). M'mawonekedwe aulere, komabe, zinthu zamitundu yoyimira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena zimatanthauziridwa mwapadera F. m.

Nyimbo za Opera zimatsatiridwa ndi magulu awiri a mfundo zopangira: zisudzo ndi zoimbaimba zokha. Kutengera kukhazikika kwa mfundo imodzi kapena imzake, nyimbo zanyimbo zimagawika m'magulu atatu. mitundu: opera owerengeka (mwachitsanzo, Mozart mu zisudzo "Ukwati wa Figaro", "Don Giovanni") nyimbo. sewero (R. Wagner, “Tristan ndi Isolde”; C. Debussy, “Pelleas ndi Mélisande”), wosakanikirana, kapena wopangidwa., mtundu (MP Mussorgsky, “Boris Godunov”; DD Shostakovich, “Katerina Izmailov”; SS Prokofiev, "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere"). Onani Opera, Dramaturgy, Sewero lanyimbo. Mtundu wosakanikirana wa mawonekedwe a opera umapereka kuphatikiza koyenera kwa kupitiliza kwa siteji. Zochita ndi ma FM ozungulira Chitsanzo cha ma FM amtunduwu ndi zomwe zidachitika m'chipinda chodyera kuchokera ku opera ya Mussorgsky Boris Godunov (kugawa mwaluso kwazinthu zowoneka bwino komanso zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a siteji).

VI. Mitundu yanyimbo yazaka za zana la 20 F.m. 20 p. amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: imodzi ndi kusunga nyimbo zakale. mitundu - zovuta zitatu za fm, rondo, sonata, fugue, fantasy, etc. (by AN Scriabin, IF Stravinsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith, B. Bartok, O. Messiaen , oimba a sukulu yatsopano ya Viennese, ndi zina zotero), wina popanda kusungidwa kwawo (wolemba C. Ives, J. Cage, olemba sukulu yatsopano ya ku Poland, K. Stockhausen, P. Boulez, D. Ligeti, ndi olemba ena a Soviet - LA Grabovsky, SA Gubaidullina, EV Denisov, SM Slonimsky, BI Tishchenko, AG Schnittke, R K. Shchedrin ndi ena). Mu 1st floor. Zaka za zana la 20 mtundu woyamba wa F.m umalamulira, mu 2nd floor. kumawonjezera kwambiri udindo wachiwiri. Kukula kwa mgwirizano watsopano m'zaka za zana la 20, makamaka kuphatikiza ndi gawo losiyana la timbre, rhythm, ndi kumanga kwa nsalu, kumatha kukonzanso mtundu wakale wa nyimbo zachikale (Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, the rondo yomaliza ya Great Sacred Dance yokhala ndi dongosolo la AVASA, loganiziridwanso pokhudzana ndi kukonzanso dongosolo lonse la chinenero cha nyimbo). Ndi mkati mwamphamvu kukonzanso kwa F. m. zitha kufananizidwa ndi zatsopano, popeza kulumikizana ndi mitundu yakale sikungaganizidwe motere (mwachitsanzo, orc. , komabe, sizimaganiziridwa motero chifukwa cha njira ya sonoristic, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yofanana kwambiri ndi F. m. ya ena sonoristic op. kuposa mwachizolowezi tonal op. mu mawonekedwe a sonata). Chifukwa chake lingaliro lofunikira la "njira" (kulemba) pakuphunzira kwa F. m. m’nyimbo za m’zaka za zana la 20. (lingaliro la "njira" limaphatikiza lingaliro la mawu omveka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi katundu wake, mgwirizano, kulemba ndi mawonekedwe).

Mu tonal (modekha, new-tonal, onani Tonality) nyimbo zazaka za zana la 20. Kukonzanso kwachikhalidwe cha F. m. zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mitundu yatsopano ya harmonica. malo ndi ofanana ndi zatsopano za harmonic. zinthu zokhudzana ndi ntchito. Kotero, mu gawo loyamba la 1 fp. sonatas ndi Prokofiev chikhalidwe. kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe "olimba" a Ch. gawo ndi "lotayirira" (ngakhale lokhazikika) mbali ya mbali imasonyezedwa momveka bwino ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya A-dur tonic mu ch. mutu ndi maziko ophimbidwa ofewa (hdfa chord) m'mbali. Kupumula kwa F.m. zimatheka ndi ma harmonics atsopano. ndi njira zomangika, chifukwa cha zatsopano za muses. mlandu. Zinthu ndi zofanana ndi njira ya modal (chitsanzo: mawonekedwe a magawo atatu mu sewero la Messiaen "Calm Comlaint") ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. ufulu atonality (mwachitsanzo, chidutswa ndi RS Ledenev kwa zeze ndi zingwe, quartet, op. 6 No 3, anachita mu njira ya chapakati consonance).

Mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20 kubwezeretsedwa kwa polyphonic kukuchitika. kuganiza ndi polyphonic. F.m. Zotsutsana. kalata ndi polyphonic wakale F. m. anakhala maziko a otchedwa. neoclassical (bh neo-baroque) malangizo ("Kwa nyimbo zamakono, mgwirizano womwe umatha pang'onopang'ono kugwirizanitsa ma tonal, mphamvu yolumikizira yamitundu yotsutsana iyenera kukhala yofunika kwambiri" - Taneyev SI, 1909). Pamodzi ndi kudzaza F. m. (fugues, canons, passacaglia, zosiyana, ndi zina zotero) ndi mawu atsopano. zili (mu Hindemith, Shostakovich, B. Bartok, mbali Stravinsky, Shchedrin, A. Schoenberg, ndi ena ambiri) kutanthauzira kwatsopano kwa polyphonic. F.m. (Mwachitsanzo, mu "Passacaglia" kuchokera ku septet ya Stravinsky, mfundo ya neoclassical ya linear, rhythmic ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa mutu wa ostinato sikunawonedwe, kumapeto kwa gawo ili pali canon "yosagwirizana", chikhalidwe cha monothematism ya kuzungulira ndi yofanana ndi serial-polyphonic. kusiyana).

Njira ya seri-dodecaphonic (onani Dodecaphony, njira ya seri) idapangidwa poyambirira (mu Novovensk School) kubwezeretsa mwayi wolemba zolemba zazikulu, zomwe zidatayika mu "atonality". F.m. M'malo mwake, kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito njirayi mu neoclassical. cholinga ndi chokayikitsa. Ngakhale zotsatira za quasi-tonal ndi tonal zimatheka mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito serial njira (mwachitsanzo, mu minuet trio ya Schoenberg's suite op. 25, tonality ya es-moll imamveka bwino; mu suite yonse, yolunjika ku nthawi yofanana ya Bach , mizere yotsatizana imatengedwa kokha kuchokera ku phokoso e ndi b, iliyonse yomwe ili yoyamba ndi yomaliza m'mizere iwiri yotsatizana, ndipo motero monotony ya baroque suite ikutsatiridwa pano), ngakhale sizidzakhala zovuta kuti mbuye azitsutsa. "Tonally" magawo okhazikika komanso osakhazikika, kusinthika-kusintha, kubwereza kofanana kwa mitu ndi zigawo zina za tonal F. m., zotsutsana zamkati (pakati pa mawu atsopano ndi njira yakale ya tonal F. m.), mawonekedwe a neoclassical. kuumba, kukhudza apa ndi mphamvu inayake. (Monga lamulo, kugwirizana kwawo ndi tonic ndi zotsutsana zochokera pa iwo sizingapezeke kapena kupanga pano, zomwe zinawonetsedwa mu Scheme A ya chitsanzo chotsiriza chokhudzana ndi classical-romantic. F. m.) zitsanzo za F. m. . Kulemberana makalata kwa mawu atsopano, harmonic. mafomu, njira zolembera ndi njira zamakono zimapezedwa ndi A. Webrn. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo loyamba la symphony op. 1 sadalira kokha pa mapangidwe a ma serial conduction, pa neoclassical. ndi chiyambi, ma canon ndi quasi-sonata pitch ratios, ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito zonsezi monga zakuthupi, amazipanga mothandizidwa ndi njira zatsopano za F. m. - kulumikizana pakati pa phula ndi timbre, timbre ndi kapangidwe kake, ma symmetries osiyanasiyana mu pitch-timbre-rhythm. nsalu, magulu apakati, pakugawidwa kwa kachulukidwe ka mawu, ndi zina zotero, kusiya nthawi imodzi njira zopangira zomwe zakhala zosankhidwa; watsopano F.m. imapereka kukongola. zotsatira za chiyero, sublimity, chete, masakramenti. kuwala ndi nthawi yomweyo kunjenjemera kwa phokoso lililonse, kuya cordiality.

Mitundu yapadera yamapangidwe a polyphonic amapangidwa ndi njira ya seri-dodecaphone yopangira nyimbo; motero, F. m., anapanga mu njira siriyo, ndi polyphonic kwenikweni, kapena osachepera malinga ndi mfundo yaikulu, kaya ali ndi maonekedwe textured polyphonic. F.m. (Mwachitsanzo, canons mu gawo lachiwiri la symphony ya Webern op. 2, onani Art. Rakohodnoe movement, chitsanzo mu columns 21-530; mu gawo loyamba la "Concerta-buff" lolemba SM Slonimsky, minuet trio kuchokera ku suite for piyano, op. 31 ndi Schoenberg) kapena quasi-homophonic (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a sonata mu cantata "Kuwala kwa Maso" op. 1 wolemba Webern; mu gawo loyamba la symphony yachitatu yolembedwa ndi K. Karaev; rondo - sonata kumapeto kwa quartet yachitatu ya Schoenberg). Mu ntchito ya Webern mpaka wamkulu. mawonekedwe a polyphonic akale. F.m. anawonjezera mbali zake zatsopano (kumasulidwa kwa magawo anyimbo, kutenga nawo mbali pamapangidwe a polyphonic, kuwonjezera pa kubwereza kwapamwamba, kubwereza mobwerezabwereza, kuyanjana kodziyimira pawokha kwa timbres, nyimbo, maubwenzi olembetsa, kufotokozera, mphamvu; onani, mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa gawo lachiwiri la piyano. op.25, orc.variations op.26), zomwe zinatsegula njira ya kusinthidwa kwina kwa polyphonic. F.m. - mu serialism, onani Seriality.

Mu nyimbo za sonoristic (onani Sonorism) zotsogola zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. payekhapayekha, mfulu, mitundu yatsopano (AG Schnittke, Pianissimo; EV Denisov, piano trio, gawo loyamba, pomwe gawo lalikulu ndi "kuusa moyo", ndilosiyana mosiyanasiyana, limagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mawonekedwe atsopano, osasinthika amitundu itatu. , A. Vieru, “Sieve Eratosthenes”, “Clepsydra”).

Polyphonic chiyambi F. m. Zaka za m'ma 20, osn. pa kuyanjana kosiyana kwa nyimbo zomveka nthawi imodzi. mapangidwe (zidutswa No. 145a ndi 145b kuchokera ku Bartok's Microcosmos, zomwe zingathe kuchitidwa mosiyana komanso nthawi imodzi; D. Millau's quartets No. 14 ndi 15, omwe ali ndi mbali imodzi; Magulu a K. Stockhausen a oimba atatu olekanitsidwa ndi malo). Chepetsani kunola polyphonic. mfundo yodziimira pawokha mawu (zigawo) za nsalu ndi aleatoriki wa nsalu, kulola kwa kanthawi kulekana kwa mbali za phokoso lonse ndipo motero, kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza zawo nthawi yomweyo. kuphatikiza (V. Lutoslavsky, 2 symphony, "Book for Orchestra").

Zida zatsopano, zoimbira payekha (komwe "chiwembu" cha ntchitoyo ndi mutu wa nyimboyo, mosiyana ndi mtundu wamakono wa zida zamakono) zimalamulira nyimbo zamagetsi (chitsanzo ndi "Birdsong" ya Denisov). Mobile F.m. (zosinthidwa kuchokera ku ntchito ina kupita ku ina) zimapezeka mumitundu ina ya alea-toric. nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, mu Piano Piece XI ya Stockhausen, Boulez's 3rd Piano Sonata). F.m. 60-70s. njira zosakanikirana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (RK Shchedrin, 2nd ndi 3rd piyano concertos). Zomwe zimatchedwa. kubwereza (kapena kubwerezabwereza) F. m., kapangidwe kake kozikidwa pa kubwereza kangapo b. maola a nyimbo zoyambira. zinthu (mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito zina ndi VI Martynov). M'munda wa siteji Mitundu - zikuchitika.

VII. Maphunziro a mitundu ya nyimbo. Chiphunzitso cha F. m. ngati dep. nthambi ya Applied theoretical musicology ndipo pansi pa dzina ili idayamba m'zaka za zana la 18. Komabe, mbiri yake, yomwe imayendera limodzi ndi chitukuko cha vuto lafilosofi la ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe ndi nkhani, mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili, ndipo zimagwirizana ndi mbiri ya chiphunzitso cha muses. nyimbo, kuyambira nthawi ya Dziko Lakale - kuchokera ku Greek. atomist (Democritus, 5th c. BC. BC) ndi Plato (anayambitsa malingaliro a "chiwembu", "morphe", "mtundu", "lingaliro", "eidos", "view", "chithunzi"; onani. Losev A. F., 1963, p. 430-46 ndi ena; zake, 1969, p. 530-52 ndi ena). Lingaliro lakale kwambiri la filosofi ya mawonekedwe ("eidos", "morphe", "logos") ndi nkhani (zokhudzana ndi vuto la mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili) zidaperekedwa ndi Aristotle (malingaliro a umodzi wa nkhani ndi mawonekedwe; the utsogoleri wa ubale pakati pa chinthu ndi mawonekedwe, pomwe mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri ndi milungu. malingaliro; cm. Aristotle, 1976). Chiphunzitso chofanana ndi sayansi ya F. m., yopangidwa mkati mwa melopei, yomwe idapangidwa ngati yapadera. nyimbo za theorist chilango, mwina pansi pa Aristoxenus (2nd theka. 4 mu); cm. Cleonides, Janus S., 1895, p. 206-207; Aristides Quintilian, "De musica libri III"). Osadziwika Bellerman III mu gawo "About melopee" akhazikitsa (ndi nyimbo. illustrations) zambiri za "mayimbidwe" ndi mawu. ziwerengero (Najock D., 1972, p. 138-143), Vol. e. makamaka pazinthu za F. m. kuposa F. m. m’lingaliro lenileni, kupita kumwamba ponena za lingaliro lakale la nyimbo monga utatu linalingaliridwa makamaka mogwirizana ndi ndakatulo. mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ka stanza, vesi. Kulumikizana ndi mawuwo (ndipo pankhaniyi kusowa kwa chiphunzitso chodziyimira pawokha cha Ph. m. m’lingaliro lamakono) lilinso khalidwe la chiphunzitso cha F. m. medieval ndi reissance. Mu Salmo, Magnificat, nyimbo za Misa (cf. gawo III), etc. mitundu ya nthawi ino F. m. kwenikweni, zinakonzedweratu ndi malemba ndi liturgical. kanthu ndipo sanafune wapadera. autonomous chiphunzitso cha F. m. Mu zaluso. mitundu yachipembedzo, pomwe mawuwo anali mbali ya F. m. ndipo adatsimikiza kapangidwe ka muses. kumanga, zinthu zinali zofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yama modes, imayikidwa muzolemba zanyimbo. nyimbo, makamaka mulingo wamtundu wa "nyimbo zachitsanzo" ndipo zinkabwerezedwa mu decomp. zopangidwa zamtundu womwewo. Malamulo multigoal. zilembo (kuyambira "Musica enchiriadis", kumapeto. 9 c.) adawonjezera F. ophatikizidwa mu nyimbo yoperekedwa. m.: nawonso sangaganizidwe ngati chiphunzitso cha Ph. m. m’lingaliro lamakono. Chifukwa chake, m'nkhani ya Milan "Ad Organum faciendum" (c. 1100), wamtundu wa "nyimbo-ukadaulo." amagwira ntchito pa nyimbo. nyimbo (momwe mungapangire" organum), pambuyo pa chachikulu. matanthauzo (organum, copula, diaphony, organizatores, "chibale" cha mawu - affinitas vocum), njira ya consonances, zisanu "njira za bungwe" (modi organizandi), mwachitsanzo. e. mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito ma consonances mu "composition" ya organum-counterpoint, ndi nyimbo. zitsanzo; zigawo za zomangamanga za mawu awiri zomwe zaperekedwa zimatchedwa (malinga ndi mfundo yakale: chiyambi - pakati - mapeto): prima vox - mediae voces - ultimae voces. Wed nayenso kuchokera ku ch. 15 "Microlog" (ca. 1025-26) Guido d'Arecco (1966, s. 196-98). Ku chiphunzitso cha F. m. mafotokozedwe anakumana nawonso ali pafupi. mitundu. M'nkhani ya J. de Groheo ("De musica", ca. 1300), yodziwika ndi chikoka cha njira ya Renaissance kale, ili ndi kulongosola kokwanira kwa ena ambiri. mitundu ndi F. m . .), invitatorium, Venite, antiphon, nyimbo. Pamodzi ndi iwo, pali zambiri pazambiri zamapangidwe a Ph. m. - za "mfundo" (ndime F. m.), mitundu yomaliza ya magawo F. m. (arertum, clausuni), chiwerengero cha magawo mu F. m. Ndikofunika kuti Groheo agwiritse ntchito kwambiri mawu akuti "F. m.”, Komanso, m’lingaliro lofanana ndi lamakono: formae musicales (Grocheio J. mwa, p. 130; cm. adzalowanso. nkhani ndi E. Rolof kuyerekeza ndi kutanthauzira kwa mawu akuti forma y ndi Aristotle, Grocheio J. mwa, p. 14-16). Potsatira Aristotle (yemwe dzina lake limatchulidwa kangapo), Groheo amagwirizanitsa "mawonekedwe" ndi "nkhani" (p. 120), ndipo "nkhani" imatengedwa ngati "harmonic. mawu”, ndi “mawonekedwe” (pano kapangidwe ka consonance) amagwirizana ndi “nambala” (p. 122; Russian pa. - Groheo Y. kumene, 1966, p. 235, 253). Kufotokozera kofananako kwatsatanetsatane kwa F. m. amapereka, mwachitsanzo, V. Odington m'nkhani "De speculatione nyimbo": treble, organum, rondel, khalidwe, copula, motet, goquet; mu nyimbo Amapereka zitsanzo za mavoti awiri ndi atatu. Mu ziphunzitso za counterpoint, pamodzi ndi njira ya polyphonic. zolemba (mwachitsanzo, mu Y. Tinctorisa, 1477; N. Vicentino, 1555; J. Tsarlino, 1558) amafotokoza za chiphunzitso cha polyphonic. mawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo. canon (poyamba mu njira yosinthira mawu - rondelle ndi Odington; "rotunda, kapena rotundel" ndi Groheo; kuyambira zaka za zana la 14. pansi pa dzina lakuti "fugue", lotchulidwa ndi Jacob wa Liege; adafotokozedwanso ndi Ramos de Pareja; cm. Parekha, 1966, p. 346-47; pafupi ndi Tsarlino, 1558, ibid., p. 476-80). Kukula kwa mawonekedwe a fugue mu chiphunzitso kumagwa makamaka m'zaka za 17th-18th. (makamaka J. M. Bononcini, 1673; Ndipo. G. Walter, 1708; NDI. NDI. Fuchsa, 1725; Ndipo. A. Shaybe (oc. 1730), 1961; Ine. Mattheson, 1739; F. AT. Marpurga, 1753-54; Ine. F. Kirnberger, 1771-79; NDI. G.

Pa chiphunzitso cha F. m. 16-18 zaka. chikoka chodziŵika chinaperekedwa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito za zigawo pamaziko a chiphunzitso cha malankhulidwe. Kuchokera ku Dr. Greece (c. 5th century BC), chakumapeto kwa zaka zakale kwambiri ndi Middle Ages, rhetoric inakhala gawo la "zojambula zisanu ndi ziwiri za ufulu" (septem artes liberales), kumene zinakumana ndi "sayansi ya sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu". nyimbo” (“… rhetoric sakanatha koma kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri pokhudzana ndi nyimbo ngati chilankhulo chofotokozera “- Asafiev BV, 1963, p. 31). Imodzi mwa zigawo za rhetoric - Dispositio ("makonzedwe"; mwachitsanzo, kupanga ndondomeko op.) - monga gulu limagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha F. m., limasonyeza tanthauzo. ntchito zamagulu ake (onani Gawo V). Ku lingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka muses. cit., ndi madipatimenti ena a nyimbo nawonso ndi a F. m. rhetoric - Inventio ("kupangidwa" kwa malingaliro oimba), Decoratio ("kukongoletsa" kwake mothandizidwa ndi ziwerengero zoimba nyimbo). (Pa zokamba za nyimbo, onani: Calvisius S., 1592; Burmeister J., 1599; Lippius J., 1612; Kircher A., ​​1650; Bernhard Chr., 1926; Janowka Th. B., 1701; Walther JG, 1955 ; Mattheson J., 1739; Zakharova O., 1975.) Pankhani ya nyimbo. rhetoric (ntchito za magawo, dispositio) Mattheson amasanthula ndendende F. m. m’malo a B. Marcello (Mattheson J., 1739); pankhani ya nyimbo. rhetoric, mawonekedwe a sonata adafotokozedwa koyamba (onani Ritzel F., 1968). Hegel, kusiyanitsa malingaliro a zinthu, mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili, adayambitsa lingaliro lomalizali m'mafilosofi ndi sayansi, adapatsa (komabe, pamaziko a njira yolingalira bwino) mawu ozama. kufotokoza, kunapangitsa kukhala gawo lofunikira la chiphunzitso cha luso, nyimbo ("Aesthetics").

Sayansi Yatsopano ya F.m., mwaokha. lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha F. m., linapangidwa m'zaka za 18-19. Mu ntchito zingapo za m'zaka za zana la 18. mavuto a mita ("chiphunzitso cha kumenyedwa"), chitukuko cha zolinga, kukula ndi kugawikana kwa muses amafufuzidwa. zomangamanga, kapangidwe ka ziganizo ndi nthawi, kapangidwe ka zina zofunika kwambiri homophonic instr. F. m., adakhazikitsa resp. malingaliro ndi mawu (Mattheson J., 1739; Scheibe JA, 1739; Riepel J., 1752; Kirnberger J. Ph., 1771-79; Koch H. Ch., 1782-93; Albrechtsberger JG, 1790). Mu con. 18 - pemphani. M'zaka za m'ma 19 dongosolo lonse la homophonic F. m. analongosoledwa, ndi kuphatikiza ntchito pa F. m. anaonekera, kuphimba mwatsatanetsatane onse chiphunzitso chawo wamba ndi structural mbali, tonal harmonic. dongosolo (kuchokera ku ziphunzitso za 19th century - Weber G., 1817-21; Reicha A., 1818, 1824-26; Logier JB, 1827). Classic AB Marx anapereka chiphunzitso chophatikizidwa cha F. m.; wake "Kuphunzitsa za Nyimbo. nyimbo” (Marx AV, 1837-47) imakhudza chilichonse chomwe woimbayo amafunikira kuti adziwe luso lopeka nyimbo. F.m. Marx amatanthauzira ngati "mawu ... Dongosolo la Marx la homophonic F.m. amachokera ku "mitundu yoyambirira" ya nyimbo. maganizo (kayendedwe, chiganizo, ndi nyengo), amadalira mpangidwe wa “nyimbo” (lingaliro limene anayambitsa) monga lofunikira m’kachitidwe kaŵirikaŵiri ka F. m.

Mitundu yayikulu ya homophonic F. m.: nyimbo, rondo, mawonekedwe a sonata. Marx adayika mitundu isanu ya rondo (idatengedwa m'zaka za zana la 19 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 mu Russian musicology ndi machitidwe a maphunziro):

(Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe a rondo: 1. Beethoven, 22nd piano sonata, 1st part; 2. Beethoven, 1st piano sonata, Adagio; 3. Mozart, rondo a-moll; 4. Beethoven, 2- 5st piano sonata, finale 1. Beethoven , 1st piano sonata, finale.) Pomanga chapamwamba. F.m. Marx anawona kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo “lachirengedwe” la utatu monga lamulo lalikulu m’nyimbo zilizonse. mapangidwe: 2) mitu. kukhudzana (ust, tonic); 3) modulating kusuntha gawo (zoyenda, gamma); 1900) reprise (mpumulo, tonic). Riemann, pozindikira kufunikira kwa luso lenileni la "kufunika kwa zinthu", "lingaliro", lomwe limafotokozedwa ndi F. m. (Riemann H., (6), S. 1901), anamasulira chotsiriziracho monga “njira yopezera mbali za ntchitoyo m’chidutswa chimodzi. Za zotsatira "zokongoletsa zonse. mfundo” iye anafotokoza “malamulo a nyimbo mwapadera. zomangamanga" (G. Riemann, "Musical Dictionary", M. - Leipzig, 1342, p. 1343-1907). Riemann adawonetsa kuyanjana kwa ma muses. zinthu mu mapangidwe F. m. (mwachitsanzo, “Katekisimu wa kuimba piyano”, M., 84, pp. 85-1897). Riemann (onani Riemann H., 1902, 1903-1918, 19-1892; Riemann G., 1898, 1806), kudalira zomwe zimatchedwa. iambic mfundo (cf. Momigny JJ, 1853, ndi Hauptmann M., XNUMX), adapanga chiphunzitso chatsopano chachikale. metric, masikweya anayi-mkombero, momwe kuzungulira kulikonse kumakhala ndi miyeso inayake. mtengo wosiyana ndi ena:

(miyezo ya miyeso yopepuka yopepuka imatengera zolemetsa zomwe amatsogolera). Komabe, kufalitsa mogawaniza magawo okhazikika a magawo okhazikika mpaka osakhazikika (kusuntha, kutukuka), Riemann, motero, sanaganizire zosiyanitsa zamachitidwe akale. F.m. G. Schenker anatsimikizira kwambiri kufunika kwa tonality, tonics kuti apange classical. F.m., adapanga chiphunzitso chamipangidwe ya F.m., kukwera kuchokera ku maziko a tonal kupita ku "zigawo" za nyimbo zophatikizika. nyimbo (Schenker H., 1935). Alinso ndi zochitika za monumental holistic analysis otd. ntchito (Schenker H., 1912). Kukula kwakuya kwavuto la mtengo wokhazikika wa mgwirizano wazakale. fm anapereka A. Schoenberg (Schönberg A., 1954). Mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha njira zatsopano mu nyimbo za m'ma 20. panali ziphunzitso za P. m. ndi muses. kapangidwe kake potengera dodecaphony (Krenek E., 1940; Jelinek H., 1952-58, etc.), modality ndi rhythmic yatsopano. tekinoloje (Messiaen O., 1944; imalankhulanso za kuyambiranso kwa Nyengo Zapakati .m. (mwachitsanzo, otchedwa otseguka, owerengera, mphindi P. m. mu chiphunzitso cha Stockhausen - Stockhausen K., 1955-1963; komanso Boehmer K., 1978). (Onani Kohoutek Ts., 1967.)

Ku Russia, chiphunzitso cha F. m. amachokera ku "Grammar ya Nyimbo" yolembedwa ndi N. AP Diletsky (1679-81), yomwe imapereka kufotokozera kwa F. m. ya nthawi imeneyo, polygonal teknoloji. zilembo, ntchito za magawo F. m. ("mu concerto iliyonse" payenera kukhala "chiyambi, pakati ndi mapeto" - Diletsky, 1910, p. 167), zinthu ndi zinthu zopanga ("padyzhi", vol. e. cadenzas; "kukwera" ndi "kutsika"; "dudal rule" (ie. e. org point), “countercurrent” (counterpoint; Mu kutanthauzira kwa F. m. Diletsky amamva mphamvu yamagulu a muses. rhetoric (mawu ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito: "disposition", "invention", "exordium", "amplification"). Chiphunzitso cha F. m. m'malingaliro atsopano amagwera pa 2nd floor. 19 - pemphani. 20 cc Gawo lachitatu la "Upangiri Wathunthu wopanga nyimbo" wolemba I. Gunke (1863) - "Pa Mafomu a Ntchito Zoyimba" - ili ndi malongosoledwe a ambiri omwe F. m. (fugue, rondo, sonata, concerto, symphony poem, etude, serenade, ed. zovina, ndi zina zotero), kusanthula kwa nyimbo zachitsanzo, kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za "mitundu yovuta" (mwachitsanzo. mawonekedwe a sonata). Mu gawo lachiwiri, polyphonic yakhazikitsidwa. luso, anafotokoza osn. zamitundumitundu. F. m. (mafugue, canons). Ndi nyimbo zothandiza. maudindo, "Kalozera wophunzirira mitundu ya nyimbo zoyimbira ndi mawu" mwachidule adalembedwa ndi A. C. Arensky (1893-94). Malingaliro ozama pamapangidwe a F. m., mgwirizano wake ndi harmonic. dongosolo ndi mbiri tsogolo anafotokozedwa ndi S. NDI. Taneev (1909, 1927, 1952). Lingaliro loyambirira la kapangidwe kanthawi ka F. m. yolembedwa ndi G. E. Konus (base. ntchito - "Embryology ndi morphology ya nyimbo zamoyo", zolemba pamanja, Museum of Musical Culture. M. NDI. Glinka; cm. komanso Konus G. E., 1932, 1933, 1935). Malingaliro angapo ndi mawu a chiphunzitso cha F. m. yolembedwa ndi B. L. Yavorsky (kuyesa kusanachitike, kusintha mu gawo lachitatu, kuyerekeza ndi zotsatira). Mu ntchito ya V. M. Belyaev "Chidziwitso Chachidule cha Chiphunzitso cha Counterpoint ndi Chiphunzitso cha Mitundu Yoyimba" (1915), chomwe chidakhudza kwambiri lingaliro lotsatira la F. m. mu owls musicology, kumvetsetsa kwatsopano (kosavuta) kwa mawonekedwe a rondo kumaperekedwa (kutengera kutsutsa kwa Ch. mutu ndi magawo angapo), lingaliro la "mawonekedwe a nyimbo" linathetsedwa. B. AT. Asafiev m'buku. “Mpangidwe wanyimbo monga kachitidwe” (1930-47) unatsimikiziridwa ndi F. m. Kukula kwa njira za mawu okhudzana ndi mbiri yakale. kusinthika kwa kukhalapo kwa nyimbo monga chikhalidwe cha anthu. zochitika (lingaliro la F. m. monga wosayanjanitsika ndi mawu. Machitidwe a zinthu zakuthupi "adafikitsa kuphatikizika kwa mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili pampando wachabechabe" - Asafiev B. V., 1963, p. 60). Makhalidwe amtundu wa nyimbo (incl. ndi F. m.) - zotheka zokha, zomwe kukhazikitsidwa kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe ka anthu (p. 95). Kuyambiranso zakale (akadali Pythagorean; cf. Bobrovsky V. P., 1978, p. 21-22) Lingaliro la utatu monga mgwirizano wa chiyambi, pakati ndi mapeto, Asafiev anapereka chiphunzitso chonse cha mapangidwe-ndondomeko ya F. m., kufotokoza magawo a chitukuko ndi chidule cha initium - motus - terminus (onani. gawo V). Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli ndikuzindikira zomwe zimafunikira pamawu anyimbo. mapangidwe, chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha mkati. dynamics F. m. ("Ice. kupanga ngati njira"), zomwe zimatsutsana ndi "chete" mafomu-machitidwe. Chifukwa chake, Asafiev adayimba mu F. m. "mbali ziwiri" - njira yopangira ndi kupanga mawonekedwe (p. 23); akugogomezeranso kufunikira kwa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimafala kwambiri popanga F. m. - zizindikiritso ndi kusiyanitsa, kugawa zonse F. m. molingana ndi kulamulira kwa chimodzi kapena chimzake (Vol. 1, gawo 3). Kapangidwe F. m., malinga ndi Asafiev, amalumikizidwa ndi chidwi chake pa psychology ya omvera (Asafiev B. V., 1945). M'nkhani V. A. Zuckerman za opera ya N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov "Sadko" (1933) nyimbo. prod. kwa nthawi yoyamba yomwe imaganiziridwa ndi njira ya "kusanthula kwathunthu". Mogwirizana ndi zikuluzikulu tingachipeze powerenga zoikamo. Theory of metrics amatanthauziridwa ndi F. m. ku G. L. Catuara (1934-36); adayambitsa lingaliro la "trochea of ​​the second kind" (metrical form ch. magawo a 1st part 8th fp. sonatas wolemba Beethoven). Potsatira njira za sayansi Taneyev, S. C. Bogatyrev adayambitsa chiphunzitso cha double canon (1947) ndi reversible counterpoint (1960). NDI. AT. Sposobin (1947) adapanga chiphunzitso cha ntchito za magawo mu F. m., adafufuza ntchito ya mgwirizano pakupanga. A. KWA. Butskoy (1948) adayesa kupanga chiphunzitso cha F. m., kutengera chiŵerengero cha zomwe zili ndi kufotokoza. njira za nyimbo, kusonkhanitsa pamodzi miyambo. wanthanthi. musicology ndi aesthetics (p. 3-18), kuyang'ana chidwi cha wofufuza pavuto lakusanthula nyimbo. ntchito (p. 5). Makamaka, Butskoy amadzutsa funso la tanthauzo la izi kapena mawu. njira za nyimbo chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa matanthauzo ake (mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka. atatu, p. 91-99); mu kusanthula kwake, njira yomangiriza mawu imagwiritsidwa ntchito. zotsatira (zokhutira) ndi njira zovuta kuzifotokozera (p. 132-33 ndi ena). (Yerekezerani ndi: Ryzhkin I. Ya., 1955.) Bukhu la Butsky ndizochitika zopanga zongopeka. maziko a "kusanthula nyimbo. ntchito” - maphunziro asayansi ndi maphunziro omwe amalowa m'malo mwachikhalidwe. sayansi ya F. m. (Bobrovsky V. P., 1978, p. 6), koma pafupi kwambiri ndi izo (onani mkuyu. kusanthula nyimbo). M'buku la olemba a Leningrad, ed. Yu N. Tyulin (1965, 1974) adayambitsa mfundo za "kuphatikiza" (mu mawonekedwe osavuta a magawo awiri), "mawonekedwe amitundu yambiri", "gawo loyambira" (m'mbali mwa mawonekedwe a sonata), ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. za rondo zidafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Mu ntchito ya L. A. Mazel ndi V. A. Zuckerman (1967) nthawi zonse amatsatira lingaliro la kulingalira njira za F. m. (kwambiri - nyimbo) mu umodzi ndi zomwe zili (p. 7), nyimbo zofotokozera. ndalama (kuphatikiza zotere, to-rye sizimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri m'ziphunzitso za F. m., - dynamics, timbre) ndi momwe amakhudzira omvera (onani. Onaninso: Zuckerman W. A., 1970), njira yowunikira zonse ikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane (p. 38-40, 641-56; kupitilira apo - zitsanzo za kusanthula), zopangidwa ndi Zuckerman, Mazel ndi Ryzhkin m'ma 30s. Mazel (1978) adafotokoza mwachidule zomwe zidachitika pakulumikizana kwa musicology ndi muses. aesthetics pochita kusanthula nyimbo. ntchito. Mu ntchito za V. AT. Protopopov adayambitsa lingaliro la mawonekedwe ophatikizika (onani. ntchito yake "Mafomu Ophatikizika Osiyana", 1962; Stoyanov P., 1974), mwayi wosiyanasiyana. mawonekedwe (1957, 1959, 1960, etc.), makamaka mawu akuti "mawonekedwe a dongosolo lachiwiri" linayambika, mbiri ya polyphonic. zilembo ndi ma polyphonic azaka za 17th-20th. (1962, 1965), mawu akuti "mawonekedwe akuluakulu a polyphonic". Bobrovsky (1970, 1978) adaphunzira F. m. monga dongosolo lamagulu ambiri lomwe zigawo zake zimakhala ndi mbali ziwiri zolumikizana - zimagwira ntchito (pomwe ntchitoyo ndi "mfundo yayikulu yolumikizira") komanso kapangidwe kake (mapangidwewo ndi "njira yeniyeni yoyendetsera mfundo zonse", 1978, p. . 13). Lingaliro la (Asafiev) la ntchito zitatu zachitukuko chonse lafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane: "chisonkhezero" (i), "mayendedwe" (m) ndi "kumaliza" (t) (p. 21). Ntchito zimagawidwa muzomveka, zomveka bwino, komanso zolembedwa (p. 25-31). Lingaliro loyambirira la wolemba ndi kuphatikiza kwa ntchito (zokhazikika komanso zam'manja), motsatana - "zolemba. kupatuka", "kupanga. kusinthasintha” ndi “kupanga.

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Yu. H. Kholopov