Kubwerera |

French oververture, kuchokera ku lat. apertura - kutsegula, chiyambi

Chidziwitso chothandizira ku sewero la zisudzo ndi nyimbo (opera, ballet, operetta, sewero), ku ntchito ya mawu monga cantata ndi oratorio, kapena zida zingapo monga suite, m'zaka za zana la 20. Komanso kwa mafilimu. Mtundu wapadera wa U. - conc. sewero lokhala ndi zisudzo. chitsanzo. Mitundu iwiri yofunikira ya U. - sewero lomwe lili ndi mawu oyamba. zimagwira ntchito, ndipo zimadziyimira pawokha. prod. ndi matanthauzo ophiphiritsa ndi olembedwa. katundu - amalumikizana pakupanga mitundu (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19). Chinthu chodziwika bwino ndi malo owonetserako pang'ono. chikhalidwe cha U., "kuphatikizana kwambiri khalidwe mbali ya dongosolo mu mawonekedwe awo chidwi kwambiri" (BV Asafiev, Ntchito Zosankhidwa, vol. 1, p. 352).

Mbiri ya U. imayambira kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko cha opera (Italy, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17), ngakhale kuti mawuwo adakhazikitsidwa mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za zana la 2 ku France ndipo kenako zidafalikira. Toccata mu opera Orfeo yolembedwa ndi Monteverdi (17) imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yoyamba. Nyimbo zachisangalalo zimasonyeza mwambo wakale wotsegulira zisudzo ndi zikondwerero zoitanira. Kenako Italy. mawu oyamba a opera, omwe amatsatizana ndi magawo atatu - mwachangu, pang'onopang'ono komanso mwachangu, pansi pa dzina. "Symphonies" (sinfonia) adakhazikitsidwa m'masewera a Neapolitan Opera School (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Magawo owopsa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapangidwe a fugue, koma lachitatu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mavinidwe amtundu wamtundu. khalidwe, pamene wapakati amasiyanitsidwa ndi melodiousness, lyricism. Ndichizoloŵezi chotcha ma symphonies oterowo ku Italy U. Mofanana, mtundu wosiyana wa 1607-part U. wopangidwa ku France, wachikale. zitsanzo za kudula zidapangidwa ndi JB Lully. Kwa French U. nthawi zambiri imatsatiridwa ndi mawu oyambira pang'onopang'ono, owoneka bwino, gawo lothamanga kwambiri, komanso kumanga pang'onopang'ono komaliza, kubwereza mwachidule zomwe zatchulidwa kapena kufanana ndi mawonekedwe ake. M'zitsanzo zina zapambuyo pake, gawo lomaliza linasiyidwa, kusinthidwa ndi kumanga cadenza pang'onopang'ono. Kuphatikiza pa oimba achi French, mtundu wa French. W. anagwiritsa ntchito. olemba a 3st floor. Zaka za zana la 3 (JS Bach, GF Handel, GF Telemann ndi ena), kuyembekezera ndi izo osati ma operas, cantatas ndi oratorios, komanso instr. ma suites (pomaliza, dzina lakuti U. nthawi zina limafikira pagulu lonse). Udindo wotsogola unasungidwa ndi opera U., tanthauzo la ntchito za gulu linayambitsa malingaliro ambiri otsutsana. Nyimbo zina. ziwerengero (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) amaika patsogolo kufunika kwa mgwirizano wamalingaliro ndi nyimbo zophiphiritsira pakati pa opera ndi opera; mu dipatimenti Nthawi zina, olemba anapanga mtundu uwu kugwirizana mu zida zawo (Handel, makamaka JF Rameau). Kusintha kwakukulu pachitukuko cha U. kudabwera mu 1nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 chifukwa cha kuvomereza kwa sonata-symphony. mfundo zachitukuko, komanso ntchito zosintha za KV Gluck, yemwe anamasulira U. monga "lowa. kubwereza zomwe zili mu opera. Cyclic. mtunduwo unapereka njira ku gawo limodzi la U. mu mawonekedwe a sonata (nthawi zina ndi mawu oyambira pang'onopang'ono), omwe nthawi zambiri ankapereka liwu lalikulu la sewero ndi khalidwe lapamwamba. mikangano ("Alceste" ndi Gluck), amene mu dipatimenti. milandu ndi concretized ndi ntchito nyimbo U. molingana. operas ("Iphigenia in Aulis" by Gluck, "The Abduction from the Seraglio", "Don Giovanni" ndi Mozart). Njira. Olemba a Great French nthawi adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa opera. Revolution, makamaka L. Cherubini.

Kupatula. Ntchito ya L. Beethoven idathandizira pakukula kwa mtundu wa wu. Kulimbikitsa nyimbo-thematic. kugwirizana ndi opera mu 2 mwa mitundu yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya W. mpaka "Fidelio", adawonetsa muzolemba zawo. chitukuko cha nthawi zofunika kwambiri za dramaturgy (zolunjika kwambiri mu Leonora No. 2, poganizira zenizeni za mawonekedwe a symphonic - mu Leonora No. 3). Mtundu wofanana wa sewero la ngwazi. Beethoven anakonza ndondomekoyi mu nyimbo za masewero (Coriolanus, Egmont). Olemba nyimbo zachikondi za ku Germany, akukulitsa miyambo ya Beethoven, amakhutitsa W. ndi mitu yamasewera. Posankha kwa U. zinthu zakale zofunika kwambiri. zithunzi za opera (nthawi zambiri - leitmotifs) komanso mogwirizana ndi symphony yake. Pamene zochitika zachiwembu zikukula, W. amakhala "sewero lazida" lodziyimira palokha (mwachitsanzo, W. kupita ku zisudzo za The Free Gunner lolemba Weber, The Flying Dutchman, ndi Tannhäuser lolemba Wagner). Mu Chitaliyana. nyimbo, kuphatikizapo za G. Rossini, makamaka zimasunga mtundu wakale wa U. - popanda mwachindunji. kugwirizana ndi mutu ndi chitukuko cha opera; Kupatulapo ndi nyimbo ya Rossini yotchedwa William Tell (1829), yomwe ili ndi gawo limodzi komanso kuphatikiza nthawi zofunika kwambiri zanyimbo za opera.

Zopambana ku Europe. Nyimbo za Symphony zonse ndipo, makamaka, kukula kwa kudziyimira pawokha komanso kukwanira kwa ma symphonies oimba kunathandizira kuti pakhale mtundu wake wapadera, pulogalamu ya konsati ya symphony (udindo wofunikira munjira iyi idaseweredwa ndi ntchito za H. Berlioz ndi F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). Mu mawonekedwe a sonata a U., pali chizolowezi chodziwika cha symphony yotalikirapo. chitukuko (ndakatulo zogwirira ntchito zakale nthawi zambiri zinkalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a sonata popanda kulongosola), zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mtundu wa ndakatulo ya symphonic mu ntchito ya F. Liszt; kenako mtundu uwu umapezeka mu B. Smetana, R. Strauss, ndi ena. M'zaka za zana la 19. U. wa chikhalidwe chogwiritsiridwa ntchito akupeza kutchuka - "mwachidule", "kulandira", "chikumbutso" (chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyamba ndi Beethoven's "Name Day" overture, 1815). Mtundu U. anali gwero lofunika kwambiri la symphony mu Russian. nyimbo za MI Glinka (m'zaka za zana la 18, zosinthidwa ndi DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 - ndi OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov) . Zothandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa decomp. mitundu ya U. idayambitsidwa ndi MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, ndi ena, omwe adapanga mtundu wapadera wa chikhalidwe cha U. nyimbo zitatu zaku Russia" ndi Balakirev ndi ena). Zosiyanasiyanazi zikupitilirabe mu ntchito ya olemba aku Soviet.

Mu 2nd floor. 19th century Olemba amatembenukira ku mtundu wa W. mocheperako. Mu opera, pang'onopang'ono amasinthidwa ndi mawu achidule osatengera mfundo za sonata. Nthawi zambiri imakhazikika pamunthu m'modzi, yolumikizidwa ndi chifaniziro cha m'modzi mwa ngwazi za opera ("Lohengrin" ndi Wagner, "Eugene Onegin" ndi Tchaikovsky) kapena, munjira yofotokozera, imayambitsa zithunzi zingapo zotsogola ("Carmen" ndi Wiese); zochitika zofanana zimawonedwa mu ballets (Coppelia ndi Delibes, Swan Lake lolemba Tchaikovsky). Lowani. mayendedwe a opera ndi kuvina kwa nthawi ino nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mawu oyamba, mawu oyamba, oyambira, ndi zina zotero. kubwereza zomwe zili mkati mwake, R. Wagner analemba mobwerezabwereza za izi, pang'onopang'ono akuchoka mu ntchito yake kuchokera ku mfundo ya pulogalamu yowonjezera U. Komabe, pamodzi ndi mawu oyambira otd. zitsanzo zowala za sonata U. kupitiriza kuwonekera mu muses. zisudzo 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 19 ("The Nuremberg Meistersingers" lolemba Wagner, "Force of Destiny" lolemba Verdi, "Pskovite" lolemba Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" ndi Borodin). Kutengera malamulo a mawonekedwe a sonata, W. amasandulika kukhala nthano yaulere kapena yocheperako pamitu ya opera, nthawi zina ngati potpourri (yotsirizirayi imakhala yofanana ndi operetta; chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi Strauss 'Die Fledermaus). Nthawi zina pali U. pa palokha. zinthu zochititsa chidwi (ballet "The Nutcracker" ndi Tchaikovsky). Ku conc. stage U. ikupereka njira ya symphony. ndakatulo, chithunzi cha symphonic kapena zongopeka, koma ngakhale apa mbali zenizeni za lingaliro nthawi zina zimabweretsa moyo wa zisudzo zapafupi. mitundu ya mtundu W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies Romeo ndi Juliet ndi Hamlet Tchaikovsky).

M'zaka za m'ma 20 U. mu mawonekedwe a sonata ndi osowa (mwachitsanzo, J. Barber's overture to Sheridan's "School of Scandal"). Conc. mitundu, komabe, ikupitiriza kukopa ku sonata. Zina mwa izo, zofala kwambiri ndi nat.-characteristic. (pa mitu ya anthu) ndi ulemu U. (chitsanzo chakumapeto ndi Shostakovich's Festive Overture, 1954).

Zothandizira: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. Eine Beethoven-Studie, "NZfM", 1861, Bd 54, No 10-13 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Thematism (Thematismus) ya kupititsa patsogolo kwa opera "Leonora". vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, chimodzimodzi, m’buku lakuti: Serov AN, Selected articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" lolemba Glinka, m'buku: Musical Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, chimodzimodzi, m'buku: Asafiev BV, Izbr. ntchito, vol. 1, M., 1952; ake, Pa French classical overture ndipo makamaka pa Cherubini overtures, m'buku: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, chimodzimodzi, m'buku: Asafiev BV, Izbr. ntchito, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; Krauklis GV, Opera overtures ndi R. Wagner, M., 1964; Tsendrovsky V., Zowonjezera ndi zoyambira zamasewera a Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 chimodzimodzi, m'buku: Richard Wagner, Nkhani ndi Zida, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis