Zilembo zanyimbo |
Zilembo za nyimbo ndi dongosolo la zilembo zopangira kutulutsa mawu. kutalika. Idawuka pasanathe zaka za zana lachitatu. BC. mu Dr. Greece, kumene kunali machitidwe awiri a A. m. M'mbiri yakale. dongosolo linaphatikizapo zilembo za Chigriki. ndi zilembo za Foinike. Mu wok pambuyo pake. kachitidwe kachi Greek kokha. zilembo motsatira alifabeti mogwirizana ndi sikelo yotsika.
Malembo ena achi Greek adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Zap. Europe isanafike zaka za zana la 10. M'zaka zoyambirira za m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, njira yotchulira mawu ndi zilembo lat idawuka ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi nayo. zilembo. Choyamba, diatonic. mlingo wokhala ndi nyimbo ziwiri. octaves (A - a), otchulidwa ndi makalata ochokera ku A kupita ku R. Pambuyo pake, zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira zokha zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi njira iyi, zolembazo zinali motere: A, B, C., D, E, F, G; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, aa. Pambuyo pake, sikelo imeneyi inawonjezeredwa kuchokera pansi ndi phokoso la mchere wa octave yaikulu, yosonyezedwa ndi chilembo g (gamma) cha zilembo zachigiriki. II siteji ya waukulu mlingo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mitundu iwiri: mkulu - phokoso si, ankatchedwa B durum (lat. - olimba) ndipo anasonyeza ndi autilaini lalikulu (onani Bekar); otsika - phokoso la B-flat, limatchedwa B mollis (lat. - soft) ndipo linasonyezedwa ndi ndondomeko yozungulira (onani Flat). M'kupita kwa nthawi, mawu si anayamba kutanthauza lat. kalata H. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 12. M'zaka za zana. dongosolo la kulemba makalata linalowedwa m'malo ndi kulemba osati munthu payekha komanso kwaya, komabe, m'zaka za 14-18. inatsitsimutsidwanso m’matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana a organ ndi lute tablature.
Pakadali pano, sikelo ya diatonic mkati mwa octave ili ndi zilembo zotsatirazi:
M'mayiko a chinenero cha Chingerezi, dongosololi limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kutsika kumodzi - kutchulidwa kwakale kwa phokoso ndi kalata b kwasungidwa; B-flat imatanthawuza b flat (B-soft).
Kulemba mwangozi, ma syllables amawonjezeredwa ku zilembo: ndi - sharp, es - flat, isis - double sharp, eses - double flat. Kupatulapo ndikumveka kwa B-flat, komwe kutchulidwa ndi chilembo b, phokoso la E-flat ndi A-flat, lotchulidwa ndi syllables es ndi monga, motero, zasungidwa. C-charp - cis, F-double-charp - fisis, D-flat - des, G-double-flat - geses.
M'mayiko a chinenero cha Chingerezi lakuthwa kumasonyezedwa ndi mawu akuti lakuthwa, lathyathyathya - ndi mawu akuti lathyathyathya, awiri akuthwa - ndi mawu awiri lakuthwa, pawiri-lathyathyathya - ndi mawu awiri lathyathyathya, C-charp - ndi lakuthwa, F- wakuthwa kawiri - f wakuthwa kawiri, D-flat - d lathyathyathya, G pawiri lathyathyathya - g awiri lathyathyathya.
Phokoso la octave lalikulu limasonyezedwa ndi zilembo zazikulu, ndipo zing’onozing’ono ndi zilembo zing’onozing’ono. Pakumveka kwa ma octave ena, manambala kapena madontho amawonjezeredwa ku zilembozo, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi manambala a mayina a octave:
mpaka octave yoyamba - c1 kapena c' re ya octave yachiwiri - d2 kapena d ” mi ya octave yachitatu - e3 kapena e '' fa ya octave yachinayi - f4 kapena f "" mpaka octave yachisanu - c5 kapena c ” “‘’ ndi zokokera — H1 kapena 1H kapena H kwa subcontroctave – A2 kapena A, kapena
Kuti muwonetse makiyi, mawuwo amawonjezeredwa ku zilembo: dur (yaikulu), moll (yaing'ono), ndi makiyi akuluakulu zilembo zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi makiyi ang'onoang'ono - zilembo zochepa, mwachitsanzo C-dur (C yaikulu), fis -moll (F-sharp minor) etc. Mwachidule cha kulemba, zilembo zazikulu (popanda kuwonjezera) zimatanthawuza makiyi akuluakulu ndi zolembera, ndipo zilembo zing'onozing'ono zimasonyeza zazing'ono.
Ndi mawu oyamba a nyimbo. mchitidwe wa linear nyimbo dongosolo A. m. yataya tanthauzo lake loyambirira ndipo yasungidwa ngati chothandizira. njira zotchulira mawu, nyimbo ndi makiyi (makamaka muzoimba ndi zongopeka).
Zothandizira: Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, t. 1, ch. 1, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann Fr., Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen, V., 1847; Fortlage K., The musical system of the Greeks…, Lpz., 1847; Riemann H., Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Monro DV, Mitundu ya nyimbo zakale zachi Greek, Oxf., 1894; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; Sachs C., Die griechische Instrumentalnotenschrift, «ZfMw», VI, 1924; его же, Die griechische Gesangsnotenschrift, «ZfMw», VII, 1925; Pоtirоn H., Chiyambi cha zilembo za zilembo, Revue grйgorienne», 1952, XXXI; Сorbin S., Valeur et sens de la notation alphabйtique a Jumiiges…, Rouen, 1955; Smits van Waesberghe J., Les origines de la notation alphabйtique au moyen vge, в сб.: Annuario musical XII, Barcelona, 1957; Barbour JM, Mfundo za Greek notation, "JAMS", XIII, 1960.
VA Vakhromeev
