Nikolay Vitalyevich Lysenko (Mykola Lysenko) |

Mykola Lysenko

N. Lysenko anapereka ntchito zake zosunthika (wolemba nyimbo, folklorist, woimba, wochititsa, woimira anthu) kuti azitumikira chikhalidwe cha dziko, iye anali woyambitsa sukulu ya ku Ukraine yolemba nyimbo. Moyo wa anthu a ku Ukraine, luso lawo loyambirira linali nthaka yomwe inakulitsa luso la Lysenko. Ubwana wake unadutsa m'chigawo cha Poltava. Sewero la oyendayenda oyendayenda, gulu la oimba, madzulo a nyimbo zapanyumba, ndipo koposa zonse - nyimbo zowerengeka, kuvina, masewera amwambo momwe mnyamatayo adatenga nawo mbali ndi chidwi chachikulu - "zolemera zonsezo sizinapite pachabe," Lysenko analemba m'buku lake. autobiography, ” monga ngati dontho ndi dontho la machiritso ndi madzi amoyo anagwera mu moyo wachichepere. Nthawi yogwira ntchito yafika, idatsalabe kumasulira zinthuzo kukhala zolemba, ndipo sizinali za munthu wina, kuyambira ubwana zidazindikirika ndi mzimu, wodziwika ndi mtima.

Mu 1859, Lysenko adalowa mu Faculty of Natural Sciences ku Kharkov, ndiye yunivesite ya Kyiv, komwe adakhala pafupi ndi ophunzira okhwima, adalowa m'magulu a nyimbo ndi maphunziro. Kapepala kake ka opera "Andriashiada" kadayambitsa kulira kwa anthu ku Kyiv. Mu 1867-69. Lysenko anaphunzira ku Leipzig Conservatory, ndipo monga Glinka wamng'ono, ali ku Italy, anazindikira yekha ngati Russian wopeka nyimbo, Lysenko ku Leipzig potsiriza kulimbikitsa cholinga chake chopereka moyo wake kutumikira nyimbo Chiyukireniya. Amamaliza ndikusindikiza magulu awiri a nyimbo zamtundu wa Chiyukireniya ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito pagulu lalikulu (nyimbo 2) "Music for the Kobzar" ndi TG Shevchenko. Kawirikawiri, mabuku a Chiyukireniya, ubwenzi ndi M. Kotsyubinsky, L. Ukrainka, I. Franko anali amphamvu zojambulajambula za Lysenko. Kudzera mu ndakatulo zaku Chiyukireniya pomwe mutu wa zionetsero za chikhalidwe cha anthu udalowa mu ntchito yake, yomwe idatsimikiza zomwe zili m'mabuku ake ambiri, kuyambira kwaya "Zapovit" (pa Shevchenko station) ndikumaliza ndi nyimbo yanyimbo "The Eternal Revolutionary" (pa siteshoni ya Franko), yomwe inayamba kuchitidwa mu 83, komanso opera "Aeneid" (malinga ndi I. Kotlyarevsky - 1905) - kunyoza koyipa kwambiri pa autocracy.

Mu 1874-76. Lysenko anaphunzira ku St. Petersburg ndi N. Rimsky-Korsakov, anakumana ndi mamembala a Mighty Handful, V. Stasov, anathera nthawi yambiri ndi khama kuti agwire ntchito mu Dipatimenti ya Nyimbo ya Salt Town (malo owonetsera mafakitale, ma concerts. zinachitikira kumeneko), kumene anatsogolera kwaya ya ankachita masewera kwaulere. Zomwe zinachitikira olemba nyimbo a ku Russia, omwe anatengera Lysenko, zinakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri. Zinapangitsa kuti pamlingo watsopano, wapamwamba kwambiri kuti achite kuphatikizika kwamitundu yamitundu yonse komanso yapa-European stylistic. "Sindidzakana kuphunzira nyimbo pa zitsanzo zazikulu za luso la ku Russia," Lysenko analembera I. Franko mu 1885. Wolemba nyimboyo anachita ntchito yabwino yosonkhanitsa, kuphunzira ndi kulimbikitsa nthano za Chiyukireniya, powona kuti ndi gwero losatha la kudzoza ndi kudzoza. luso. Iye adapanga makonzedwe ambiri a nyimbo zowerengeka (zoposa 600), analemba mabuku angapo a sayansi, omwe chofunika kwambiri ndi nkhani yakuti "Makhalidwe a nyimbo za malingaliro ang'onoang'ono a ku Russia ndi nyimbo zomwe Kobzar Veresai anachita" (1873). Komabe, Lysenko nthawi zonse ankatsutsa ethnography yopapatiza ndi "Little Russian". Iye analinso ndi chidwi ndi nthano za mitundu ina. Iye analemba, kukonzedwa, anachita osati Chiyukireniya kokha, komanso Chipolishi, Chisebiya, Moraviani, Czech, Russian nyimbo, ndi kwaya motsogozedwa ndi iye anali mu repertoire ake akatswiri nyimbo za European ndi Russian opeka ku Palestrina kwa M. Mussorgsky ndi C. Saint-Saens. Lysenko anali womasulira woyamba mu nyimbo za Chiyukireniya za ndakatulo za H. Heine, A. Mickiewicz.

Ntchito ya Lysenko imayang'aniridwa ndi mitundu ya mawu: opera, nyimbo zakwaya, nyimbo, zachikondi, ngakhale iye ndi mlembi wa symphony, chipinda ndi limba. Koma zinali mu nyimbo zomveka kuti chidziwitso cha dziko ndi umunthu wa wolemba zinawululidwa momveka bwino, ndipo masewera a Lysenko (alipo 10, osawerengera achinyamata) adayambitsa kubadwa kwa zisudzo za nyimbo za Chiyukireniya. Nyimbo zamasewera amtundu wa Natalka-Poltavka (zochokera pa sewero la dzina lomwelo la I. Kotlyarevsky - 1889) ndi sewero lanyimbo la Taras Bulba (lochokera pa buku la N. Gogol - 1890) linakhala nsonga zapamwamba za luso loimba. Ngakhale kuti oimba a ku Russia ankathandizidwa kwambiri, makamaka P. Tchaikovsky, opera iyi siinayambe nthawi ya moyo wa woimbayo, ndipo omvera adadziwana nayo mu 1924. Zochita za Lysenko zimakhala zambiri. Iye anali woyamba kukonza kwaya ankachita masewera mu Ukraine, anapita ku mizinda ndi midzi ndi zoimbaimba. Ndi kutenga nawo mbali mwakhama kwa Lysenko mu 1904, sukulu ya nyimbo ndi masewero inatsegulidwa ku Kyiv (kuyambira 1918, Institute of Music and Drama Institute yotchedwa pambuyo pake), yomwe wolemba nyimbo wakale kwambiri wa Chiyukireniya L. Revutsky anaphunzitsidwa. Mu 1905, Lysenko adapanga bungwe la Bayan Society, patatha zaka ziwiri - Kalabu yaku Ukraine yokhala ndi madzulo oimba.

Zinali zofunika kuteteza ufulu wa luso lachiyukireniya luso lachidziwitso cha dziko m'mikhalidwe yovuta, mosiyana ndi ndondomeko ya chauvinistic ya boma la tsarist, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kusankhana ndi zikhalidwe za dziko. Nyuzipepala ya mu 1863 inati: “Panalibe chinenero chaching’ono chaching’ono chapadera cha Chirasha, palibe ndipo sichingakhalepo,” inatero nyuzipepala ya mu 25. gulu lanyimbo. Ntchito yodzipereka yodzipereka ya Lysenko idayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi anzawo. Zaka 35 ndi XNUMX zakubadwa kwa Lysenko ndi zochitika zamagulu zasintha kukhala chikondwerero chachikulu cha chikhalidwe cha dziko. "Anthu anamvetsa kukula kwa ntchito yake" (M. Gorky).

O. Averyanova