Jean-Baptiste Lully |

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Lully Jean-Baptiste. Minuet

Ndi ochepa okha omwe anali oimba achi French monga Italy uyu, iye yekha ku France wakhala akutchuka kwa zaka zana. R. Rollan

JB Lully ndi m'modzi mwa oimba akulu kwambiri azaka za zana la XNUMX komanso woyambitsa bwalo la zisudzo zaku France. Lully adalowa m'mbiri ya opera ya dziko lonse monga mlengi wa mtundu watsopano - zomvetsa chisoni (monga momwe opera yaikulu ya nthano inkatchedwa ku France), ndipo monga munthu wodziwika bwino wa zisudzo - zinali pansi pa utsogoleri wake kuti Royal Academy of Music inakhala. nyumba yoyamba komanso yayikulu ya zisudzo ku France, yomwe pambuyo pake idadziwika padziko lonse lapansi yotchedwa Grand Opera.

Lully anabadwira m'banja la miller. Luso la nyimbo ndi khalidwe lachinyamatayo linakopa chidwi cha Duke of Guise, yemwe, ca. Mu 1646 anatenga Lully kupita ku Paris, kum'patsa ntchito ya Princess Princess Montpensier (mlongo wa Mfumu Louis XIV). Osalandira maphunziro a nyimbo m'dziko lakwawo, amene ali ndi zaka 14 yekha kuimba ndi kuimba gitala, Lully anaphunzira zikuchokera ndi kuimba mu Paris, anaphunzira kuimba zeze ndi, makamaka, violin wake ankakonda. Mnyamata wachi Italiya, yemwe adakondedwa ndi Louis XIV, adachita bwino kwambiri pabwalo lake. Aluso virtuoso, amene m'nthawi yake anati - "kuimba violin ngati Baptiste", posakhalitsa analowa wotchuka orchestra "24 Violin wa Mfumu", pafupifupi. 1656 adakonza ndikutsogolera gulu lake laling'ono la "16 Violin of the King". Mu 1653, Lully adalandira udindo wa "wopeka nyimbo zamakhothi", popeza 1662 anali kale woyang'anira nyimbo za khoti, ndipo patatha zaka 10 - mwiniwake wa chilolezo chopeza Royal Academy of Music ku Paris " ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu umenewu moyo wonse ndi kuusamutsira kwa mwana aliyense amene adzam’loŵa m’malo monga woyang’anira nyimbo za mfumu.” Mu 1681, Louis XIV analemekeza wokondedwa wake ndi makalata aulemu komanso dzina la mlangizi wa mfumu. Atamwalira ku Paris, Lully mpaka mapeto a masiku ake anakhalabe ndi udindo wa wolamulira mtheradi wa moyo nyimbo likulu French.

Ntchito ya Lully idakula makamaka m'mitundu ndi mitundu yomwe idapangidwa ndikukulitsidwa pabwalo la "Sun King". Asanatembenukire ku opera, Lully m'zaka makumi angapo zautumiki wake (1650-60) adapanga nyimbo zoimbira (ma suites ndi ma divertissements a zida za zingwe, zidutswa zamtundu uliwonse ndi maulendo a zida zowululira, ndi zina zotero), nyimbo zopatulika, nyimbo zamasewera a ballet (" Sick Cupid", "Alsidiana", "Ballet of Mocking", etc.). Amakhala nawo nthawi zonse m'mabwalo amilandu monga wolemba nyimbo, wotsogolera, wosewera komanso wovina, Lully ankadziwa bwino miyambo ya kuvina kwachifalansa, kamvekedwe kake ndi kamvekedwe kake ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kugwirizana ndi JB Molière kunathandiza woimbayo kuti alowe m'dziko la zisudzo za ku France, kuti amve chidziwitso cha dziko lakulankhula kwa siteji, kuchita, kutsogolera, ndi zina zotero. Kondani Mchiritsi", ndi zina zotero), amasewera gawo la Pursonjak mu sewero lanthabwala "Monsieur de Pursonjac" ndi Mufti mu "The tradesman in the nobility". Kwa nthawi yayitali adakhalabe wotsutsana ndi zisudzo, akukhulupirira kuti chilankhulo cha Chifalansa sichinali choyenera kwa mtundu uwu, Lully kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1670. mwadzidzidzi anasintha maganizo ake. Mu nthawi 1672-86. adapanga masoka anyimbo 13 ku Royal Academy of Music (kuphatikiza Cadmus ndi Hermione, Alceste, Theseus, Atys, Armida, Acis ndi Galatea). Ndi ntchito izi zomwe zidakhazikitsa maziko a zisudzo zanyimbo zaku France ndikuzindikira mtundu wanyimbo zomwe zidalamulira France kwazaka makumi angapo. “Lully anapanga opera ya dziko la France, mmene zonse zolembedwa ndi nyimbo zimaphatikizidwa ndi njira za dziko zosonyezera ndi zokonda, ndipo zimene zimasonyeza zonse zophophonya ndi ubwino wa zojambulajambula za ku France,” akulemba motero wofufuza wa ku Germany G. Kretschmer.

Mtundu wa Lully wa tsoka lanyimbo unapangidwa mogwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo ya zisudzo za ku France za nthawi ya Classical. Mtundu waukulu wa zochitika zisanu ndi mawu oyamba, njira yobwerezabwereza ndi sewero la siteji, magwero a chiwembu (nthano zakale zachigiriki, mbiri ya Roma Wakale), malingaliro ndi mavuto amakhalidwe (kusemphana maganizo ndi kulingalira, chilakolako ndi ntchito. ) kubweretsa ma opera a Lully pafupi ndi masoka a P. Corneille ndi J. Racine . Chofunika kwambiri ndi kugwirizana kwa tsoka la nyimbo ndi miyambo ya ballet ya dziko - zosiyana zazikulu (zinambala zovina zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chiwembucho), maulendo aulemu, zikondwerero, zikondwerero, zojambula zamatsenga, zochitika zaubusa zinalimbikitsa kukongoletsa ndi kuchititsa chidwi kwa ntchito ya opera. Chizoloŵezi choyambitsa ballet chomwe chinayambika mu nthawi ya Lully chinakhala chokhazikika kwambiri ndipo chinapitirira mu opera ya ku France kwa zaka mazana angapo. Mphamvu za Lully zidawonekera m'magulu oimba azaka za m'ma XNUMX komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. (G. Muffat, I. Fuchs, G. Telemann ndi ena). Zopangidwa ndi mzimu wamasewera a ballet a Lully, adaphatikizanso zovina zaku France ndi zidutswa zamakhalidwe. Kufalikira mu opera ndi nyimbo zoimbira zazaka za zana la XNUMX. adalandira mtundu wapadera wa kugwedezeka, komwe kunachitika mu tsoka lanyimbo la Lully (lomwe limatchedwa "French" overture, lomwe linali loyambira pang'onopang'ono, lomveka bwino komanso gawo lalikulu losuntha).

Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka XVIII. tsoka lanyimbo la Lully ndi otsatira ake (M. Charpentier, A. Campra, A. Detouches), ndipo ndi mawonekedwe onse a opera ya bwalo lamilandu, amakhala nkhani yamakambirano akuthwa kwambiri, ziwonetsero, zonyoza ("nkhondo yankhondo ma buffons ", "nkhondo ya okonda glucians ndi picchinists") . Art, yomwe idayamba m'nthawi yanthawi ya absolutism, idawonedwa ndi anthu anthawi ya Diderot ndi Rousseau ngati yonyowa, yopanda moyo, yodzitukumula komanso yodzitukumula. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito ya Lully, yomwe inachita mbali ina pakupanga kalembedwe kabwino kwambiri mu zisudzo, inakopa chidwi cha olemba opera (JF Rameau, GF Handel, KV Gluck), omwe adakoka ku monumentality, pathos, mosamalitsa zomveka, mwadongosolo bungwe lonse.

I. Okhalova