Organim |

Late Lat. Organum, kuchokera ku Greek. organon - chida

Ambiri dzina angapo. mitundu yoyambirira ya ku Europe. polyphony (chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 9-13). Poyamba, liwu lokhalo lomwe linali ndi mawuwo linali lotchedwa O., kenako liwulo linakhala dzina la mtundu wa polyphony. M'lingaliro lalikulu, O. imaphatikizapo chirichonse kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages. polyphony; mu yopapatiza, mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, okhwima (kusuntha kofanana mu gawo lachinayi ndi lachisanu, komanso ndi kuwonjezera kwa octave zawo zowonjezera), mosiyana ndi zomwe zinapangidwa mkati mwa dongosolo la O. ndipo adalandira zawo. mayina amitundu ndi mitundu ya polygols. makalata.

O. amakhudza angapo. masukulu a polygonal. makalata, Komanso, osati nthawi zonse chibadwa okhudzana wina ndi mzake. Mitundu yayikulu ya O. (komanso magawo akuluakulu a chitukuko cha mbiriyakale): kufanana (zaka za 9th-10th); zaulere (zaka za m'ma 11-12); melismatic (zaka za zana la 12); meterized (kumapeto kwa 12th - 1st theka la 13th century).

M'mbiri O., mwachiwonekere, adatsogolera otchedwa. mawu ofotokozera m'nyimbo zachiroma zakumapeto (malinga ndi chidziwitso chochokera ku Ordo romanum, zaka mazana 7-8; oimba ena a papa Schola Cantorum amatchedwa paraphonists; zimaganiziridwa kuti ankayimba mofananiza gawo lachinayi ndi lachisanu). Mawu oti "organicum melos", pafupi ndi tanthauzo la "O.", adakumana koyamba ndi John Scotus Eriugena ("De divisione naturae", 866). Zitsanzo zoyamba za O. zomwe zatsikira kwa ife zili m'malingaliro osadziwika. mabuku "Musica enchiriadis" ndi "Scholia enchiriadis" (zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi). O. azikidwa pano pa nyimbo ya kwaya, yomwe imatsatiridwa ndi makonsonanti angwiro. Mawu otsogolera nyimbo yakwaya, naz. principalis (vox principalis – main voice), komanso (kenako) tenor (tenor – hold); mawu obwereza - organalis (vox organalis - organ, or organum, voice). Nyimboyi sinatchulidwe ndendende, mawu ndi monorhythmic (mfundo punctus contra punctum kapena nota contra notam). Kuphatikiza pa kufanana komwe kumatsogolera ku gawo limodzi kapena lachisanu, pali kuwirikiza kawiri kwa mawu (aequisonae - mawu ofanana):

Zitsanzo za organum yofanana kuchokera m'mabuku a Musica enchiriadis (pamwamba) ndi Scholia enchiriadis (pansi).

Kenako English. Mitundu ya O. - gimel (cantus gemellus; gemellus - double, twin) imalola kuyenda mu magawo atatu (chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha gimel ndi nyimbo ya St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).

M'nthawi ya Guido d'Arezzo, mtundu wina wa O. unapangidwa - wopanda O., kapena diaphonia (poyamba, mawu oti "diaphonia" anali asayansi ndi anthanthi, ndi "O." - tanthauzo la tsiku ndi tsiku la zochitika zomwezo; pachiyambi M'zaka za zana la 12, mawu akuti "diaphonia" ndi "o." adakhala matanthauzo a njira zosiyanasiyana zolembera). Ilinso ndi monohythmic, koma mawu omwe ali mmenemo ndi omasuka; kusuntha kosalunjika, kuwongolera, komanso kuwoloka kwa mawu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kufotokozera za mfundo ndi zitsanzo za ufulu O. - mu Guido d'Arezzo mu Microlog (c. 1025-26), mu nkhani Milanese Ad Organum faciendum (c. 1150), mu John Cotton mu ntchito yake De musica ( pafupifupi 1100); magwero ena ndi Winchester Troparion (1 theka la 11th atumwi), zolembedwa pamanja amonke a Saint-Martial (Limoges, c. 1150) ndi Santiago de Compostela (c. 1140). Free O. (komanso kufanana) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawu awiri.

Zitsanzo za organum kuchokera ku "Ad Organum faciendum".

O. parallel ndi O. free, malinga ndi mtundu wamba wa zolemba, ziyenera kunenedwa kwambiri ndi homophony (monga mtundu wa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kapena ngati mawu ake owopsa) kuposa polyphony mwanjira yanthawi zonse.

Nyimbo yatsopano inabadwira ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya O. - polyphony yozikidwa pa mgwirizano wa vertical harmonies. Iyi ndi mbiri yakale yamtengo wapatali wa O., yomwe idawonetsa mzere wakuthwa pakati pa monodic. kuganiza mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha onse dr. dziko (kuphatikiza Kummawa kwina), pomwe mitundu yoyambirira ya Khristu. kuyimba (1st millennium AD), kumbali imodzi, ndikutengera mgwirizano watsopano (ndi mtundu - polyphonic), chikhalidwe Chatsopano chaku Western, kwina. Choncho, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 9-10 ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri mu nyimbo. nkhani. M'zaka zotsatira (mpaka zaka za zana la 20), nyimbo zidasinthidwa kwambiri, koma zidakhalabe zamitundumitundu. Ngakhale mkati mwa dongosolo laulere O., nthawi zina panali kutsutsa kumveka kumodzi kwa principalis angapo mu organalis. Njira yolembera iyi idakhala yayikulu mu melismatic. A. Phokoso lotambasulidwa la tenor (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) lidawerengera zingapo. imamveka nyimbo yayitali kwambiri:

Organum kuchokera m'mipukutu ya amonke ya Saint-Martial.

Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) ali kale ndi polyphonic yotchulidwa. khalidwe. Zitsanzo za Melismatic. O. - m'makhodi a Santiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, makamaka sukulu ya Paris ya Notre Dame (mu Leonin's "Magnus liber organis", yomwe inkatchedwa optimus organista - woimba bwino kwambiri, m'lingaliro la "woimba bwino kwambiri." ”). Mu con. Zaka za zana la 12, kuwonjezera pa miyambo. mawu awiri (dupla) O., zitsanzo zoyamba za mawu atatu (tripla) komanso mawu anayi (quadrupla) zimawonekera. Pa mawu angapo a Organalis ali ndi mayina: duplum (duplum - second), triplum (triplum - third) ndi quadruplum (quadruplum - four). Liturgich. tenor akadalibe tanthauzo la ch. voti. Chifukwa cha melismatic. kukongoletsedwa kwa kamvekedwe kalikonse kokhazikika kwa tenola, kuchuluka kwake konseko kumawonjezeka kuwirikiza kakhumi kutalika kwake.

Kufalikira kwa ma modal rhythms ndi kukhazikika kwa tchalitchi (kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 12) kumapereka umboni ku chikoka cha zinthu zomwe zili kutali ndi kalembedwe kawo koyambirira. maziko, ndi kulumikiza O. ndi dziko ndi Nar. luso. Uku ndikutsika kwa suti ya O. Mu Leonin's organum, melismatic. zigawo za kapangidwe kake zimasinthana ndi zoyezera. Zikuoneka kuti metrization idatsimikiziridwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu: kulinganiza kwa mawu opitilira awiri kunapangitsa kuti mawu awo akhale olondola. kugwirizana. Vershina O. - awiri-, atatu- komanso ngakhale magawo anayi Op. Perotin (Sukulu ya Notre Dame), yotchedwa optimus dis-cantor (wotsutsa kwambiri):

Perotin. Pang'onopang'ono "Zotsatira za Sederunt" (c. 1199); gulu la quadruplum.

Mkati mwa dongosolo la O., kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kutsanzira (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), ndi kusinthana kwa mawu (Notre-Dame).

M'zaka za 12-13. O. amaphatikiza luso la motet, zitsanzo zoyambirira zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi ma metrized O.

M'mbiri yake yonse, O. - kuimba ndi solo ndi pamodzi, osati kwaya, yomwe idakali monophonic (malinga ndi G. Khusman). Awiri ndi polyphony O. anali chokongoletsera cha tchalitchi. nyimbo, nyimbo zotere poyamba zinkaimbidwa pa zikondwerero/nthawi zina (monga misonkhano ya Khrisimasi). Malinga ndi zina, oyambirira O. anachitidwa ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa zida.

Zothandizira: Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 1-2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, “ZfMw”, 1926, Jg. 8, Mpando 6; Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, in the book: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (Russian translation – Chevalier L., History of the doctrine of harmony, ed. and with adds M V. . Ivanov-Boretsky, Moscow, 1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie "Revue de Musicologie", 1928, No 25; Perotinus: Organum quadruplum "Sederunt principes", hrsg. v. R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii ndi kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (Kumasulira kwa Chiyukireniya: Khominsky Y., History of harmony and counterpoint, vol. 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, “Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch”, 1958, (Bd 42); ake, Zur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, mu: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la musique…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff ndi frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, mu: Forum musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov