Orchestra |

kuchokera ku Greek orxestra - nsanja yozungulira, yozungulira pambuyo pake ya zisudzo zakale, komwe, kupanga mayendedwe anyimbo, nyimbo zatsoka ndi nthabwala zidayimba mbali zawo, kuchokera ku orxeomai - ndimavina.

Gulu la oimba omwe amaimba zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwira kuti aziimba limodzi nyimbo.

Mpaka ser. Zaka za m'ma 18 mawu akuti "O." zomveka kale. malingaliro, okhudzana ndi malo oimba (Walther, Lexikon, 1732). Pokhapokha m’ntchito ya I. Mattheson “Rediscovered Orchestra” (“Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre”, 1713) mawu akuti “O.” pamodzi ndi tanthauzo lakale anapeza latsopano. Zamakono zidafotokozedwa koyamba ndi JJ Rousseau mu Dikishonale ya Nyimbo (Dictionnaire de la musique, 1767).

Pali mfundo zingapo zamagulu a O.: chachikulu ndi gawo la O. molingana ndi instr. kupanga. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa nyimbo zosakanikirana, kuphatikizapo zida zamagulu osiyanasiyana (symphonic O., estr. O.), ndi zofanana (mwachitsanzo, okhestra ya zingwe, gulu la mkuwa, O. zida zoimbira). Zolemba zofanana zimakhala ndi magawo awo: mwachitsanzo, chida cha chingwe chikhoza kukhala ndi zida zoweramira kapena zodulira; Mu mphepo O., mawonekedwe osakanikirana amasiyanitsidwa - kapangidwe ka mkuwa ("zigawenga") kapena kusakanikirana, ndi kuwonjezera kwa matabwa, nthawi zina kugunda. Dr. Mfundo ya gulu la O. imachokera ku kusankhidwa kwawo mu muses. kuchita. Pali, mwachitsanzo, gulu lankhondo, estr. O. Mtundu wapadera wa O. umaimiridwa ndi ambiri. nat. ensembles ndi O. Nar. zida, zonse zofanana (domrovy O.), komanso zosakanikirana (makamaka, oimba a Neapolitan, opangidwa ndi mandolin ndi magitala, taraf). Ena a iwo anakhala akatswiri (Great Russian Orchestra, yopangidwa ndi VV Andreev, O. Uzbek zida zoimbira, zokonzedwa ndi AI Petrosyants, ndi ena). Za O. nat. zida za ku Africa ndi Indonesia zimadziwika ndi nyimbo zomwe zimakhala ndi zomveka zambiri, mwachitsanzo. gamelan, O. ng'oma, O. xylophones. M'mayiko a ku Ulaya mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa mgwirizano wa instr. ntchito inakhala symphonic. O., yokhala ndi zida zoweramira, zamphepo ndi zoimbira. Zigawo zonse za zingwe zimachitidwa mu symphony. O. ndi gulu lonse (osachepera oyimba awiri); uyu O. amasiyana ndi instr. pamodzi, pomwe woyimba aliyense amasewera otd. phwando.

Mbiri ya symphony. O. inayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 16th-17th. Magulu akuluakulu a zida analipo kale - zakale, Middle Ages, mu Renaissance. M'zaka za 15-16. mu zikondwerero. milandu inasonkhanitsidwa adv. ensembles, to-rye anaphatikizanso mabanja onse a zida: zingwe zoweramira ndi zodulira, matabwa ndi mkuwa, makibodi. Komabe, mpaka 17 C.E. panalibe ensembles kuchita nthawi zonse; kayimbidwe kanyimbo kamakhala nthawi ya zikondwerero ndi zochitika zina. Maonekedwe a O. masiku ano. tanthawuzo la mawuwa likugwirizana ndi kutuluka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 16-17. Mitundu yatsopano yanyimbo zama homophonic, monga opera, oratorio, solo wok. konsati, momwe O. adayamba kuchita ntchito yoyimbira mawu. Nthawi yomweyo, magulu monga O. nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mayina ena. Inde, Chitaliyana. olemba con. 16 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 17 nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ndi mawu akuti "konsati" (mwachitsanzo, "Concerti di voci e di stromenti" y M. Galliano), "chapel", "kwaya", ndi zina zotero.

Kukula kwa O. kunatsimikiziridwa ndi ambiri. zakuthupi ndi luso. zinthu. Zina mwazo ndi 3 zofunika kwambiri: kusinthika kwa orc. zida (kupangidwa kwa zatsopano, kukonza zakale, kuzimiririka kwa zida zoimbira zakale), chitukuko cha orc. machitidwe (njira zatsopano zosewerera, malo oimba pa siteji kapena mu orc. dzenje, kasamalidwe ka O.), komwe mbiri ya orcs imagwirizana. magulu, ndipo, potsiriza, kusintha kwa orc. maganizo olemba. Chifukwa chake, m'mbiri ya O., zokometsera zakuthupi ndi nyimbo zimagwirizana kwambiri. Zigawo. Chifukwa chake, tikaganizira za tsogolo la O., sitikutanthauza mbiri ya zida kapena ork. masitayelo, zingati zigawo zakuthupi za chitukuko cha O. Mbiri ya O. pankhaniyi yagawidwa mu nthawi zitatu: O. kuyambira pafupifupi 1600 mpaka 1750; A. 2 pansi. 18 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 20 (pafupifupi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanayambe 1-1914); O. Zaka za zana la 18 (itatha Nkhondo Yadziko I).

O. mu nthawi 17 - 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 Kuchokera ku Renaissance, O. adalandira chida cholemera chotengera kusankha kwa timbre ndi tessitura. Mfundo zofunika kwambiri pagulu la orc. zida kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 17 zinali: 1) kugawa zida mwakuthupi. chikhalidwe cha thupi lomveka mu zingwe ndi mphepo, zoperekedwa ndi A. Agazzari ndi M. Pretorius; omaliza nawonso ankatchula ng'oma. Komabe, malinga ndi Pretorius, mgwirizano wa, mwachitsanzo, zingwe zikuphatikizapo zida zonse "zokhala ndi zingwe zotambasula", ziribe kanthu kuti zimakhala zosiyana bwanji ndi timbre ndi kupanga phokoso - violini, violini, azeze, zingwe, azeze, lipenga, monochord, clavichord. , cembalo, etc. 2) Kulekanitsa zida mkati mwa mtundu womwewo malinga ndi tessitura yotsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwake. Umu ndi momwe mabanja a zida zofananira adayambira, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza 4, nthawi zina mitundu yambiri ya tessitura yolingana ndi mawu amunthu (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). Amaperekedwa m'magome a zida mu gawo 2 la "Code of Musical Science" ("Syntagma musicum", gawo II, 1618). Olemba chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16-17. Iwo anali, motero, mabanja a nthambi a zingwe, mphepo ndi kugunda. Mwa mabanja a zingwe, viols (treble, alto, bass yayikulu, ma bass awiri; mitundu yapadera - viol d'amour, baritone, viola-bastard), azeze (kuphatikiza da braccio), violins (zingwe 4 zotsamira , tenor, bass, Chifaransa cha zingwe zitatu - pochette, chiwongolero chaching'ono chowongolera chachinayi chapamwamba), lute (lute, theorbo, archilute, etc.). Zida zoimbira zitoliro (banja la zitoliro zakutali) zinali zofala pakati pa zida zoimbira; zida zokhala ndi bango lawiri: chitoliro (pakati pawo gulu la mabomba kuchokera ku bass pommer kupita ku chitoliro cha treble), nyanga zokhota - krummhorns; zida za embouchure: matabwa ndi zinki fupa, trombones decomp. makulidwe, mapaipi; kugunda (timpani, mabelu, etc.). Wok-instr. maganizo a olemba m'zaka za zana la 3 mokhazikika pa mfundo ya testitura. Mawu onse ndi zida za treble tessitura, komanso zida za alto, tenor ndi bass tessitura, zinaphatikizidwa pamodzi (zigawo zawo zinalembedwa pamzere umodzi).

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha zomwe zikutuluka kumapeto kwa zaka za 16-17. kalembedwe ka homophonic, komanso homophonic-polyphonic. makalata (JS Bach, GF Handel ndi olemba ena), anakhala basso kupitiriza (onani General bass); pankhaniyi, pamodzi ndi melodic. mawu ndi zida (violin, viola, zoimbira zosiyanasiyana zoimbira) zinawonekera zomwe zimatchedwa. continuo group. Chida mawonekedwe ake adasintha, koma ntchito yake (kuchita bass ndi mgwirizano wotsatira wa polygonal) sinasinthe. M'nthawi yoyamba ya chitukuko cha opera (mwachitsanzo, masukulu a ku Italy a opera), gulu la continuo linaphatikizapo organ, cembalo, lute, theorbo, ndi zeze; mu 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 17 zida zomwe zilimo zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. M'masiku a Bach, Handel, olemba nyimbo achi French. Classicism imangokhala pa chida cha kiyibodi (mu nyimbo za tchalitchi - chiwalo, kusinthana ndi cembalo, m'mitundu yadziko - cembalos imodzi kapena ziwiri, nthawi zina theorbo mu opera) ndi mabasi - cello, bass awiri (Violono), nthawi zambiri bassoon.

Kwa O. 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 17 zodziwika ndi kusakhazikika kwa nyimbo, chifukwa cha zifukwa zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndikukonzanso miyambo ya Renaissance pakusankha ndi magulu a zida. Chidacho chasinthidwa kwambiri. Anasiya nyimbo. machitidwe a lute, viol, kuthamangitsidwa ndi violin - zida za kamvekedwe kolimba. Mabomba pomaliza adapereka njira ku mabassoon opangidwa kuchokera ku bass pommer ndi ma obo omwe adamangidwanso kuchokera ku chitoliro cha treble; zinki wapita. Zitoliro zautali zimasunthidwa ndi zitoliro zopingasa zomwe zimaziposa mphamvu zomveka. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya tessitura chachepa. Komabe, zimenezi sizinathe ngakhale m’zaka za zana la 18; mwachitsanzo, zingwe monga violino piccolo, violoncello piccolo, komanso lute, viola da gamba, viol d'amour, nthawi zambiri zimawoneka mu oimba a Bach.

Dr. chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa nyimbo ndi kusankha mwachisawawa zida mu adv. nyumba za opera kapena ma cathedral. Monga lamulo, olemba nyimbo adalemba nyimbo osati chifukwa chovomerezeka, chokhazikika, koma chifukwa cha zolemba za O. zisudzo kapena priv. matchalitchi. Pachiyambi. Zaka za m’ma 17 patsamba la mutu wa zigolizo, kaŵirikaŵiri mawu akuti: “buone da cantare et suonare” (“kuyenerera kuimba ndi kusewera”). Nthawi zina muzolemba kapena patsamba lamutu zomwe zidalipo m'bwaloli zidakhazikika, monga momwe zidaliri pamasewera a Monteverdi's Orfeo (1607), omwe adalembera khothi. zisudzo ku Mantua.

Kusintha zida zogwirizana ndi zokongola zatsopano. zopempha, zathandizira kusintha kwamkati. mabungwe O. Pang'onopang'ono kukhazikika kwa ork. nyimbo zinayenda motsatira mzere wa chiyambi chamakono. ife lingaliro la orc. gulu lomwe limaphatikiza zida zokhudzana ndi timbre ndi mphamvu. katundu. Kusiyanitsa kwa timbre-homogeneous wowerama gulu la zingwe - violin za kukula kosiyana - kunachitika makamaka pochita masewera (kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1610 mu opera yowerama ya ku Paris "24 Violin of the King"). Mu 1660-85, Royal Chapel ya Charles II idakhazikitsidwa ku London molingana ndi chitsanzo cha Parisian - chida chokhala ndi violin 24.

Kujambula kwa gulu la zingwe popanda zoimbira ndi zoyimba (violin, viola, cellos, mabasi awiri) kunali kugonjetsa kofunikira kwambiri kwa opera ya m'zaka za m'ma 17, yomwe inkawonetsedwa makamaka muzojambula. Opera ya Purcell Dido ndi Aeneas (1689) inalembedwera zeze wowerama ndi continuo; kuwonjezera kwa atatu a zida zamphepo - Cadmus ndi Hermione ndi Lully (1673). Magulu a matabwa ndi amkuwa sanapangidwebe mu chikhalidwe cha baroque, ngakhale kuti matabwa onse akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo clarinets (zitoliro, oboes, bassoons), akudziwitsidwa kale mu O. M'mabuku ambiri a JB Lully, atatu a mphepo. nthawi zambiri amalembedwa: 2 oboes (kapena 2 zitoliro) ndi bassoon, ndipo mu F. Rameau's operas (“Castor ndi Pollux, 1737) ndi gulu losakwanira la mphepo zamkuntho: zitoliro, oboes, bassoons. Mu orchestra ya Bach, kukopa kwake kobadwa nako ku zida za m'zaka za zana la 17. zidakhudzanso kusankha zida zamphepo: mitundu yakale ya oboe - oboe d`amore, oboe da caccia (chifanizo cha nyanga yamakono ya Chingerezi) imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi bassoon kapena 2 zitoliro ndi bassoon. Kuphatikizika kwa zida zamkuwa kumayambanso kuchokera kumagulu amtundu wa Renaissance (mwachitsanzo, zinki ndi 3 trombones mu Scheidt's Concertus Sacri) kupita kumagulu amkuwa amkuwa (malipenga 3 ndi timpani mu Bach's Magnificat, malipenga 3 okhala ndi timpani ndi nyanga m'makani ake. No. 205). Kuchuluka. Mapangidwe a O. anali asanawonekere panthawiyo. Zingwe. gululo nthawi zina lidali laling'ono komanso losakwanira, pomwe kusankha zida zowululira nthawi zambiri kudali kosasintha (onani Gulu 1).

Kuchokera pa 1st floor. Kugawikana kwa zaka za zana la 18 kunachitika. nyimbo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, malo ake, omvera. Kugawikana kwa nyimbo mu tchalitchi, opera ndi makonsati kunagwirizanitsidwanso ndi malingaliro a tchalitchi, opera ndi masitaelo a chipinda. Kusankhidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zida muzolemba zilizonse zimasinthasintha kwambiri; komabe, zisudzo za opera (Handel's oratorios zinkachitikiranso mu nyumba ya opera) nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodzaza ndi zoimbira zamphepo kuposa zoimbaimba. Mogwirizana ndi dif. Pachiwembu, pamodzi ndi zingwe, zitoliro ndi oboes, malipenga ndi timpani, trombones nthawi zambiri ankapezeka mmenemo (mu Scene of Hell ku Monteverdi's Orpheus, gulu la zinc ndi trombones linagwiritsidwa ntchito). Nthaŵi zina chitoliro chaching’ono chinayambitsidwa (“Rinaldo” ndi Handel); m’zaka zitatu zomalizira za zaka za zana la 17. nyanga ikuwoneka. Ku tchalitchi. O. anaphatikizirapo chiwalo (mu gulu la continuo kapena ngati chida choimba). Ku tchalitchi. O. mu op. Bach, pamodzi ndi zingwe, matabwa (zitoliro, oboes), nthawi zina mapaipi ndi timpani, nyanga, trombones, kuwirikiza kawiri mawu a kwaya (cantata No 21), nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa. Monga mu mpingo, kotero mu operatic O. zolengedwa. udindowo ankaimba ndi obligate (onani Obligate) zida zotsagana kuimba payekha: violin, cello, chitoliro, oboe, etc.

Kapangidwe ka konsati ya O. kudalira kwathunthu malo ndi chikhalidwe cha kuyimba nyimbo. Za zikondwerero. adv. zikondwerero za baroque (coronation, ukwati), m'matchalitchi akuluakulu pamodzi ndi mapemphero. nyimbo zidamveka instr. ma concert ndi zikondwerero zochitidwa ndi khoti. oyimba.

Zadziko priv. ma concert ankachitikira m'nyumba ya opera komanso panja - pa masquerade, maulendo, zozimitsa moto, "pamadzi", komanso m'maholo a nyumba zachifumu kapena nyumba zachifumu. Mitundu yonseyi yamakonsati idafunikira Disembala. nyimbo O. ndi chiwerengero cha oimba. Mu "Music for Fireworks" lolembedwa ndi Handel, lopangidwa ku London's Green Park pa 27 Apr. 1749, mphepo ndi kugunda kokha (zida zosachepera 56); mu konsati Baibulo, anachita patatha mwezi umodzi ku Foundling Hospital, wolemba, kuwonjezera 9 malipenga, 9 nyanga, 24 oboes, 12 bassoons, percussion, komanso ntchito zingwe zida. Mu chitukuko cha conc weniweni. O. gawo lalikulu kwambiri lidaseweredwa ndi mitundu yanthawi ya Baroque monga concerto grosso, solo concerto, orc. suite. Kudalira kwa wolemba pa zomwe zilipo - nthawi zambiri zazing'ono - zolemba zimawonekeranso pano. Komabe, ngakhale mkati mwa chimangochi, woimbayo nthawi zambiri amakhazikitsa ntchito zapadera za virtuoso ndi timbre zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kalembedwe ka chipinda cha ma concert a homophonic-polyphonic. maziko. Awa ndi 6 Brandenburg Concertos of Bach (1721), iliyonse yomwe ili ndi gulu laoyimba payekha, omwe adalembedwa ndendende ndi Bach. Nthawi zina, wolembayo adawonetsa kuwonongeka. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ad libitum (A. Vivaldi).

Zolengedwa. Mapangidwe a oimba a nthawi ya Baroque adakhudzidwa ndi stereophonic (m'malingaliro amakono) a nyimbo zamakwaya ambiri. Lingaliro la kuphatikizika kwa malo amawu linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 17. kuchokera kwaya. antiphonal polyphony m'zaka za zana la 16. Malo angapo kwaya. ndi instr. Nyumba zopemphereramo m'makwaya a ma cathedral akuluakulu adayambitsa kugawikana kwa malo a sonority. Mchitidwe umenewu unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Cathedral of St. Mark ku Venice, kumene G. Gabrieli ankagwira ntchito, ankadziwanso bwino ndi G. Schutz, amene ankaphunzira naye, komanso S. Scheidt ndi olemba nyimbo ena. Kuwonetseredwa monyanyira kwa mwambo wa multikwaya wok.-instr. Kalatayo inachitidwa mu 1628 ku Salzburg Cathedral ndi O. Benevoli, misa yachikondwerero, yomwe inatenga makwaya 8 (malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi imeneyo, panali ngakhale 12). Zotsatira za lingaliro la makwaya ambiri silinawonekere mu gulu lachipembedzo la polyphonic. nyimbo (Bach's Matthew Passion idalembedwera kwaya 2 ndi zisudzo ziwiri), komanso m'mitundu yakudziko. Mfundo ya concerto grosso ndikugawanitsa gulu lonse la ochita masewera m'magulu awiri osafanana omwe akuchita decomp. ntchito: concertino - gulu la soloists ndi concerto grosso (big concerto) - gulu lotsagana nawo, linagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu O. oratorio, opera (Handel).

Maonekedwe a O. oimba a nthawi ya 1600-1750 adawonetsa zizolowezi zonse zomwe tatchulazi. Malinga ndi mmene zithunzi zoperekedwa ndi akatswiri anthanthi za m’zaka za zana la 18 ndi zozokotedwazo zimatilola kuweruza, malo a oimba a O. anali osiyana kwambiri ndi amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake. Malo okhala oimba mu nyumba ya opera, conc. holo kapena tchalitchi chachikulu chimafuna mayankho amunthu payekha. Pakatikati pa zisudzo za opera panali chambalo ya oimba nyimbo ndi mabasi a zingwe omwe anali pafupi nawo - cello ndi ma bass awiri. Kumanja kwa woimba nyimbo kunali zingwe. zida, kumanzere - zida zamphepo (zamatabwa ndi nyanga), zosonkhanitsidwa pafupi ndi chachiwiri, kutsagana ndi cembalo. Zingwe zinalinso pano. mabasi, theorbo, mabassoon, omwe pamodzi ndi cembalo yachiwiri amapanga gulu lopitiliza.

Malo a oimba mu gulu la oimba m'zaka za zana la 18. (kuchokera m’buku lakuti: Quantz J., Versuch einer Anweisung, die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, Berlin, p. 134).

Pakuya (kumanja) mapaipi ndi timpani akhoza kuikidwa. Pakuimba kwa konsati, oimba solo anali kutsogolo pafupi ndi woimba nyimbo, zomwe zinathandiza kuti sonority ikhale bwino. Kukhazikika kwa malo okhalamo kunali kuphatikiza kwa zida zomwe zimapanga zida zingapo zolekanitsidwa ndi malo: magulu a 2 continuo, gulu la concertino mu concerto, nthawi zina mu opera, magulu awiri osiyana (zingwe, matabwa) kuzungulira 2 cembalos. . Kapangidwe kameneka kanafuna kasamalidwe ka masitepe ambiri. Ena mwa oimbawo ankatsatira chambalo, O. chonsecho, ankatsatira chambalo cha woimbayo. Njira yowongolera pawiri yagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri (onani Kuwongolera).

A. 2 pansi. 18 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 20 O. nyengo iyi, ikuphimba kuwonongeka kotere. zochitika zamalembedwe monga Viennese classical school, romanticism, kugonjetsa chikondi. mayendedwe, impressionism ndi zambiri zosiyana wina ndi mzake, amene anali zawo. Chisinthiko cha masukulu a dziko, komabe, chimadziwika ndi njira imodzi yofanana. Uku ndiye kukula kwa orc. zida, zolumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi kugawika bwino kwa kapangidwe kake pamaziko a homophonic harmonic. kuganiza. Idapeza kufotokozera mu kapangidwe kake ka orc. nsalu (yowunikira ntchito za nyimbo, bass, mgwirizano wokhazikika, orc. pedal, counterpoint, figuration mmenemo). Maziko a ndondomekoyi adayikidwa mu nthawi ya zojambulajambula za Viennese. zapamwamba. Pamapeto pake, orc idapangidwa. zida (zonse potengera kapangidwe ka zida ndi bungwe lamkati), zomwe zidakhala, titero, poyambira kupititsa patsogolo kwa okondana ndi olemba nyimbo mu Chirasha. sukulu.

Chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri cha kukhwima ndi homophonic harmonic. mayendedwe mu orc. kuganiza kwa nyimbo - kufota mu gawo lachitatu. Magulu a basso continuo a zaka za m'ma 3 Ntchito yotsagana ndi cembalo ndi chiwalo chinayamba kutsutsana ndi kukula kwa orc yoyenera. mgwirizano. Kuchulukirachulukira kwachilendo orc. anthu a m'nthawi imeneyo ankaganizanso kuti timbre ya zeze imveka. Komabe, mu mtundu watsopano - ma symphonies - chida cha kiyibodi chomwe chimagwira ntchito ya basso continuo (chembalo) chikadali chofala - m'magulu ena asukulu ya Mannheim (J. Stamitz, A. Fils, K. Cannabih), koyambirira nyimbo za J. Haydn. Ku tchalitchi. Mu nyimbo, ntchito ya basso continuo idapulumuka mpaka 18s. Zaka za zana la 90 (Mozart's Requiem, Haydn's Mass).

Mu ntchito ya olemba nyimbo za Viennese classic. Sukuluyi ikuganizanso za kugawanika kwa tchalitchi, zisudzo ndi zipinda za O. Kuyambira pachiyambi. Zaka za zana la 19 mawu akuti “tchalitchi O.” m’chenicheni anasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mawu akuti "chipinda" anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku ensembles, kutsutsana ndi orc. ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusiyana pakati pa magulu oimba ndi oimba nyimbo za opera kunakhala kofunika kwambiri. Ngati zikuchokera opera O. kale m'ma 18. chosiyanitsidwa ndi kukwanira ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida, ndiye conc yeniyeni. kapangidwe, komanso Mitundu ya symphony ndi solo concerto okha, anali mu ubwana wake, kutha kokha ndi L. Beethoven.

Kupangidwa kwa crystallization kwa nyimbo za O. kunapitilira molingana ndi kukonzanso kwa zidazo. Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18 chifukwa cha kusintha kwa aesthetics. zabwino kuchokera ku nyimbo. machitidwe adazimiririka. zida - theorbos, viols, oboes d'amore, zitoliro zotalika. Zida zatsopano zidapangidwa zomwe zidalemeretsa sikero ya timbre ndi tessitura ya O. Kupezeka kulikonse mu opera mu 80s. Zaka za m'ma 18 analandira clarinet yopangidwa (c. 1690) ndi I. Denner. Kuyamba kwa clarinet ku symphony. O. inatha ndi chiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 19 mapangidwe mzimu wamatabwa. magulu. Nyanga ya basset ( corno di bassetto ), mitundu yambiri ya clarinet, inapulumuka kwa kanthawi kochepa. Kufunafuna mzimu wonyozeka. oimba nyimbo za bass adatembenukira ku contrabassoon (Haydn's oratorio).

Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 wopekayo anali adakali wodalira mwachindunji kupangidwa kwa O. Nthawi zambiri zolemba zakale zoyambirira. O. 1760-70s. kuchepetsedwa kukhala 2 oboes, 2 nyanga ndi zingwe. Sanagwirizane ku Ulaya. O. ndi chiwerengero cha zida mkati mwa zingwe. magulu. adv. O., ku Krom kunali zingwe zoposa 12. zida, zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zazikulu. Komabe, ili mu 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18 zokhudzana ndi demokalase ya nyimbo. moyo, kufunika kokhazikika nyimbo za O. kunakula. Panthawiyi, O., pl. amene pambuyo pake anadzadziŵika mofala: O. “Makonsati Auzimu” (makonsati auzimu) ku Paris, O. Gewandhaus ku Leipzig (1781), O. Ob-va makonsati a Conservatory ku Paris (1828). (Onani tebulo 2)

Ku Russia, masitepe oyamba pakupanga O. adangotengedwa mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za zana la 2 Mu 17, mogwirizana ndi kulengedwa kwa adv. t-ra ku Moscow anaitanidwa kunja. oyimba. Pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 1672 Peter Woyamba adayambitsa nyimbo zamagulu ku Russia (onani Nyimbo Zankhondo). Mu 18s. Zaka za m'ma 30 ndi Russian Zisudzo ndi moyo wamakonsati umayamba pabwalo. Mu 18, mayiko a khoti loyamba anakhazikitsidwa ku St. O., opangidwa ndi akunja. oimba (pamodzi naye panali ophunzira Russian). Oimba oimbawo anali ndi zingwe, zitoliro, bassoon, gulu lamkuwa lopanda trombones, timpani, ndi clavi-chambalos (mpaka anthu 1731 onse). Mu 40, munthu wina wa ku Italy anaitanidwa ku St. gulu la zisudzo lotsogozedwa ndi F. Araya, anthu aku Russia omwe adasewera mu O. adv. oyimba. Mu 1735nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 2 adv. O. anagawidwa m'magulu 18: "oimba makamera a O yoyamba." (malinga ndi mayiko 2-1791 anthu, kutsagana ndi K. Canobbio) ndi "wachiwiri O. oimba ndi ballroom yemweyo" (47 anthu, woperekeza VA Pashkevich). Woyamba O. pafupifupi kwathunthu anali alendo, yachiwiri - kuchokera ku Russia. oyimba. Serfs anali ofala; ena a iwo anali akatswiri kwambiri. Oimba a NP Sheremetev (malo a Ostankino ndi Kuskovo, oimba 43) adalandira kutchuka kwakukulu.

Mu symph. ntchito ya L. Beethoven potsiriza crystallized "zachikale", kapena "Beethovenian", zikuchokera symphonies. A: zingwe, zophatikizana zamphepo zamkuntho (2 zitoliro, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons), 2 (3 kapena 4) nyanga, 2 malipenga, 2 timpani (mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 2 idasankhidwa ngati yaying'ono. chizindikiro cha O.). Ndi 19th symphony (9), Beethoven adayala maziko a ma symphonies akulu (mu tanthauzo lamakono). A: zingwe, matabwa awiriawiri okhala ndi zida zowonjezera (zitoliro 1824 ndi chitoliro chaching'ono, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons ndi contrabassoon), nyanga 2, malipenga 4, 2 trombones (yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa symphony yachisanu), timpani , makona atatu, zinganga, ng'oma ya bass. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. (3) 5 trombones ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu F. Schubert a "Unfinished Symphony". Mu zisudzo za m'ma XVIII. mogwirizana ndi zochitika za siteji zinaphatikizapo zida zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe mu conc. mawonekedwe a chizindikiro A: piccolo, contrabassoon. Mu gulu la percussion, kuwonjezera pa timpani, kunyamula rhythmic. ntchito, mayanjano olimbikira adawonekera, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo akum'mawa (omwe amatchedwa "nyimbo zaku Turkey kapena "nyimbo za Janissary"): ng'oma ya bass, zinganga, makona atatu, nthawi zina ng'oma ya msampha ("Iphigenia in Tauris" lolemba Gluck, "The Kubedwa kwa Seraglio" ndi Mozart). Mu dipatimenti Nthawi zina, mabelu amawonekera (Glcckenspiel, Mozart's Magic Flute), tam-toms (Maliro a Gosseca a Mariro a Imfa ya Mirabeau, 1822).

zaka zoyambirira za zana la 19. zodziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa mzimu. zida zomwe zinathetsa zophophonya monga kumveka kwabodza, kusowa kwa chromatic. mamba a zida zamkuwa. Chitoliro, ndipo kenako mizimu ina yamatabwa. zidazo zinali ndi makina a valve (kupangidwa kwa T. Boehm), nyanga zachirengedwe ndi mapaipi anali ndi makina a valve, omwe adapanga kukula kwawo kwachromatic. Mu 30s. A. Sachs anawongola bwino bass clarinet ndikupanga zida zatsopano (saxhorns, saxophones).

Chikoka chatsopano pa chitukuko cha O. chinaperekedwa ndi chikondi. Ndikuyenda bwino kwa nyimbo zamapulogalamu, mawonekedwe komanso osangalatsa. mu opera, kusaka kwa orc kudawonekera. mtundu ndi sewero. timbre expressiveness. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, olemba (KM Weber, P. Mendelssohn, P. Schubert) poyamba adakhalabe muzojambula za opera (mu opera ndi kukhudzidwa kwa mitundu: chitoliro chaching'ono, nyanga ya Chingerezi, etc.). Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachuma kwa zinthu za O. kumachokera ku MI Glinka. Coloristic chuma cha O. wake chimatheka pamaziko a zingwe. magulu amphepo ndi awiriawiri (ndi zida zowonjezera); amamangirira zitoliro ku nyanga ndi mapaipi (3, kawirikawiri 1). G. Berlioz adachitapo kanthu pakugwiritsa ntchito mwayi watsopano wa O.. Popereka zofuna zowonjezereka za sewero, kukula kwa phokoso, Berlioz adakulitsa kwambiri nyimbo ya O. Mu Fantastic Symphony (1830), adawonjezera zingwe. gulu, kusonyeza ndendende chiwerengero cha ochita zigoli: osachepera 15 woyamba ndi 15 wachiwiri violin, 10 violas, 11 cellos, 9 mabasi awiri. Mu op izi. mogwirizana ndi kutsindika kwake programmability, wopeka anachoka pa kusiyana kale kwambiri pakati pa opera ndi konsati. nyimbo polowa mu chizindikiro. O. kwambiri mu mtundu. zida zopangira, monga Chingerezi. lipenga, nyanga yaing'ono, azeze (2), mabelu. Kukula kwa gulu lamkuwa kunakula, kuwonjezera pa nyanga za 4, malipenga a 2 ndi trombones 3, kuphatikizapo 2 cornets-a-piston ndi 2 ophicleides (kenako m'malo mwa tubas).

Ntchito ya R. Wagner inakhala nthawi yambiri m'mbiri ya O. Koloristich. kufunafuna ndi kuyesetsa kachulukidwe kapangidwe kakale ku Lohengrin kudapangitsa kuti orc ichuluke. mpaka katatu (nthawi zambiri zitoliro 3 kapena zitoliro ziwiri ndi chitoliro chaching'ono, 2 oboes kapena 3 oboes ndi nyanga ya Chingerezi, 2 clarinets kapena 3 clarinets ndi bass clarinet, 2 bassoons kapena 3 bassoons ndi contrabassoon, nyanga 2, 4 malipenga, 3 trombone, bass tuba, ng'oma, zingwe). Mu 3s anamaliza mapangidwe amakono. gulu la mkuwa, lomwe linaphatikizapo nyanga za 1840, 4-2 malipenga, 3 trombones ndi tuba (yoyamba inayambitsidwa ndi Wagner mu Faust overture ndi opera Tannhäuser). Mu "Ring of the Nibelung" O. adakhala membala wofunikira kwambiri pazambiri zakale. sewero. Udindo wotsogola wa timbre mu mawonekedwe a leitmotif ndikusaka masewero. kufotokoza ndi mphamvu. Mphamvu ya mawu idapangitsa wolemba nyimbo kuti awonetse sikelo ya timbre yosiyanitsidwa kukhala O. (powonjezera mitundu ya tessitura ya zida zamatabwa ndi mapaipi). Mapangidwe a O., motero, adakula mpaka kanayi. Wagner analimbitsa gulu la mkuwa ndi quartet ya French horn (kapena "Wagner") tubas yopangidwa ndi dongosolo lake (onani Tuba). Zofuna zopangidwa ndi wolemba paukadaulo wa virtuoso orc zakula kwambiri. oyimba.

Njira yofotokozedwa ndi Wagner (yopitilizidwa pang'ono ndi A. Bruckner mumtundu wa symphony) sinali yokhayo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo m’ntchito ya I. Brahms, J. Bizet, S. Frank, G. Verdi, pakati pa olemba Achirasha. Sukuluyo inali kupititsa patsogolo nyimbo za "classic" za ochestra ndikuganiziranso zachikondi zingapo. machitidwe. Mu oimba a PI Tchaikovsky, kufufuza zamaganizo. kumveketsa bwino kwa timbre kunaphatikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa ork. ndalama. Kukana kukulitsa orc. zida mu ma symphonies (zolemba ziwiri, nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo zitoliro 3), woimbirayo amangogwira ntchito papulogalamu, m'mayimbidwe amtsogolo ndi ma ballet adatembenukira ku chothandizira. mitundu ya orc. mapepala (monga English horn, bass clarinet, zeze, celesta mu The Nutcracker). Mu ntchito ya NA Rimsky-Korsakov ntchito zina ndi wosangalatsa. kupaka utoto, zowoneka bwino zidapangitsa wolembayo kuti agwiritse ntchito kwambiri (popanda kupitilira nyimbo ziwiri-patatu ndi patatu) zonse zazikulu komanso mawonekedwe a O. K owonjezera. clarinet yaying'ono, mitundu ya alto ya chitoliro ndi lipenga idawonjezedwa ku zida, kuchuluka kwa zida zoyimbira zonyamula zokongoletsa ndi zokongoletsera zidawonjezeka, makibodi adayambitsidwa (malinga ndi mwambo wa Glinka - fp., komanso chiwalo). Kutanthauzira kwa oimba ndi NA Rimsky-Korsakov, yotengedwa ndi Russian. Olemba a m'badwo wachichepere (AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky mu nthawi yoyambirira ya zilandiridwenso), anali ndi chikoka mu gawo la Orc. mtundu ndi ntchito ya Western-European. olemba - O. Respighi, M. Ravel.

Udindo waukulu pakukula kwa kuganiza kwa timbre m'zaka za zana la 20. okhestra ya C. Debussy ankaimba. Kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi ku mtundu kunapangitsa kuti ntchito ya mutuwo isamuke pagulu. zolinga kapena kapangidwe - maziko ndi coloristic. zinthu za nsalu, komanso kumvetsetsa fonich. mbali O. monga mawonekedwe mawonekedwe. Zizolowezi izi zidatsimikizira kusiyanitsa kobisika kwa orc. ma invoice.

Kukula kwina kwa zizolowezi za Wagnerian kunatsogolera kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th-20th. ku mapangidwe mu ntchito ya oimba angapo (G. Mahler, R. Strauss; Rimsky-Korsakov ku Mlada, AN Scriabin, komanso Stravinsky mu The Rite of Spring) ya otchedwa wapamwamba-orchestra - kukodzedwa poyerekeza ndi nyimbo zinayi za O. Mahler ndi Scriabin zinagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zazikuluzikulu za okhestra kufotokoza malingaliro awo a dziko. malingaliro. The apogee wa chikhalidwe ichi anali wochita. kupangidwa kwa symphony ya 8 ya Mahler (oimba 8, oimba 2 osakanikirana, kwaya ya anyamata, nyimbo zisanu za symphony yaikulu O. yokhala ndi zingwe zolimba, zida zambiri zoimbira ndi zokongoletsera, komanso chiwalo).

Zida zoyimba m'zaka za zana la 19 sizinapange mgwirizano wokhazikika. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 gulu la anthu okongoletsa nyimbo lakula kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pa timpani, munalinso ng'oma yaikulu ndi ya msampha, maseche, zinganga, katatu, makatani, tom-toms, mabelu, glockenspiel, xylophone. Zeze (1 ndi 2), celesta, pianoforte, ndi organ nthawi zambiri zinkaphatikizidwa mu O. yaikulu, nthawi zambiri - "zida za mwambowu": phokoso, makina amphepo, clapperboard, etc. Pakati. ndi con. Zaka za zana la 19 ma orcs atsopano akupitilizabe kupanga. ensembles: New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1842); Gulu la okhestra ku Paris (1873); Orchestra ya Chikondwerero cha Wagner ku Bayreuth (1876); Boston Orchestra (1881); okhestra ya Lamoureux ku Paris (1881); Court Orchestra (“Court Musical Choir”) ku St. Petersburg (1882; tsopano Academic Symphony of O. Leningrad Philharmonic).

M'zaka za m'ma 19 O., mosiyana ndi O. wa nthawi ya Baroque, monochoirism ndi yopambana. Komabe, mu nyimbo za Berlioz, oimba ambiri adapezanso ntchito. Ku Tuba mirum kuchokera ku "Requiem" ya Berlioz, yolembedwa kuti ikhale ndi ma symphonies akulu akulu. O., oimba agawidwa m'magulu 5: symphony. O. ndi magulu 4 a zida zamkuwa zomwe zili m'makona a kachisi. Mu opera (kuyambira ndi Don Giovanni wa Mozart) zizoloŵezi zoterezi zinawonekeranso: O. "pa siteji", "kumbuyo kwa siteji", mawu a oimba ndi oimba. payekha "kumbuyo kwa siteji" kapena "pamwamba" (Wagner). Kusiyanasiyana kwa malo. Kuyika kwa oimba kunapeza chitukuko mu okhestra ya G. Mahler.

M'malo okhala oimba O. mu 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18 komanso ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 19. Kusungidwa pang'ono ndikung'ambika ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa ma timbre complexes, omwe ali ndi khalidwe la Baroque O. Violin yoyamba ndi yachiwiri inali kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa woyendetsa mzere umodzi, ma viola adagawidwa m'magawo awiri ndikupanga mzere wotsatira, mzimu. zida zinayikidwa kumbuyo kwawo mwakuya. Pamaziko awa, malo a orc adawuka pambuyo pake. oimba, omwe anafalikira mu 1775th ndi mu 19st floor. Zaka za m'ma 1 ndipo pambuyo pake adalandira dzina la "European" mipando: ma violin oyamba - kumanzere kwa woyendetsa, wachiwiri - kumanja, violas ndi cellos - kumbuyo kwawo, matabwa - kumanzere kwa woyendetsa, mkuwa. - kumanja (mu opera) kapena mizere iwiri: matabwa oyambirira, kumbuyo kwawo - mkuwa (mu konsati), kumbuyo - ng'oma, mabasi awiri (onani chithunzi pamwambapa).

O. m'zaka za zana la 20. (Itatha Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse 1-1914).

Zaka za m'ma 20 zinayambitsa njira zatsopano zochitira. kuchita O. Pamodzi ndi chikhalidwe. Makanema a wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema komanso zisudzo zapa studio zidawoneka ngati zisudzo ndi ma concert. Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa mawailesi ndi opera ndi ma concert a symphony, kuwonjezera pa ntchito, kumangokhala pamipando ya oimba. Nyimbo za Symphonic. Mizinda ya mizinda ikuluikulu padziko lonse ili pafupifupi yogwirizana. Ndipo ngakhale ziwerengerozo zikupitilira kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zingwe kuti Op. ingathenso kuchitidwa ndi ocheperapo O., symphony yayikulu. O. Zaka za zana la 20 zimaphatikizapo gulu la oimba 80-100 (nthawi zina kuposa).

M'zaka za zana la 20 njira ziwiri zakusintha kwa nyimbo za O zimaphatikizidwa. Chimodzi mwa izo chikugwirizana ndi kupititsa patsogolo miyambo. chizindikiro chachikulu. A. Olemba akupitiriza kutembenukira ku zolemba ziwiri (P. Hindemith, "Artist Mathis", 2; DD Shostakovich, Symphony No. 1938, 15). Malo akulu adakhala ndi zolemba zitatu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakulitsidwa chifukwa chowonjezera. zida (M. Ravel, opera "Child and Magic", 1972; SV Rachmaninov, "Symphonic Dances", 1925; SS Prokofiev, symphony No. 1940, 6; DD Shostakovich, symphony No. 1947, 10; V. symphonyslavsky, Lutonysky, No. 1953, 2). Nthawi zambiri, olemba amatembenukiranso ku nyimbo zinayi (A. Berg, opera Wozzeck, 1967; D. Ligeti, Lontano, 1925; BA Tchaikovsky, symphony No 1967, 2).

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mogwirizana ndi malingaliro atsopano ndi kalembedwe koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 20, gulu la oimba la chipinda linatuluka. Mu zizindikiro zambiri. ndi wok.-symp. nyimbo ntchito mbali chabe ya zikuchokera lalikulu symphony. O. - otchedwa. non-normative, kapena payekha, zolemba za O. Mwachitsanzo, mu Stravinsky's "Symphony of Psalms" (1930) kuchokera ku chikhalidwe. ma clarinets, violin ndi viola amalandidwa ambiri.

Kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kukula kwachangu kwa gulu loyimba kumakhala kodziwika, to-rye adadziwonetsa ngati orc yokwanira. mgwirizano. Mu 20-30s. kugunda. zida anayamba kupatsidwa osati ndi rhythmic, coloristic, komanso thematic. ntchito; iwo akhala chigawo chofunikira cha kapangidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, gulu la ng'oma kwa nthawi yoyamba linalandira palokha. tanthauzo mu chizindikiro. O., poyamba mu O. ya non-normative ndi chipinda kamangidwe. Zitsanzo ndi Stravinsky's The Story of a Soldier (1918), Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion ndi Celesta (1936). Panawoneka nyimbo yokhala ndi zoyimba kapena zongoyimba zokha: mwachitsanzo, Stravinsky's Les Noces (1923), yomwe imaphatikizapo, kuwonjezera pa oimba pawokha ndi kwaya, piano 4 ndi magulu 6 oimba; "Ionization" yolembedwa ndi Varèse (1931) idalembedwa pazida zoyimba zokha (ochita 13). Gulu loyimba limayendetsedwa ndi zida zosadziwika. phula, pakati pawo zida zosiyana zamtundu womwewo (gulu la ng'oma zazikulu kapena zinganga, gong, matabwa, ndi zina zotero) zafala kwambiri. Onse R. makamaka 2 pansi. 20th century hit. gululo lidakhala ndi malo ofanana ndi magulu a zingwe ndi mphepo ponse pawiri ("Turangalila" lolembedwa ndi Messiaen, 1946-48) komanso m'mawu osakhazikika a O. ("Antigone" lolemba Orff, 1949; "Colors of the Heavenly City ”wolemba Messiaen wa piano solo, 3 clarinets, 3 xylophones ndi zida zoimbira zachitsulo, 1963; Luke Passion lolemba Penderecki, 1965). Mu dipatimenti Gulu loyimba nalonso linakula. Mu 1961, panakonzedwa msonkhano wapadera ku Strasbourg. gulu loyimba (zida 140 ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomveka).

Chikhumbo cholemeretsa sikelo ya timbre ya O. kuphatikizidwa mu chizindikiro. O. zida zamagetsi. Izi ndizo "mafunde a Martenot" omwe anamangidwa mu 1928 (A. Honegger, "Joan wa Arc pamtengo", 1938; O. Messiaen, "Turangalila"), electronium (K. Stockhausen, "Prozession", 1967), ionics ( B. Tishchenko, 1 symphony, 1961). Kuyesa kukupanga kuphatikiza nyimbo ya jazi mu O.. Mu 60-70s. kujambula tepi kunayamba kuyambitsidwa mu zida za O. monga chimodzi mwa zigawo za phokoso (EV Denisov, The Sun of the Incas, 1964). K. Stockhausen (Mixtur, 1964) analongosola kufutukuka koteroko kwa kalembedwe ka O. kukhala “magetsi amoyo.” Pamodzi ndi kulakalaka kukonzanso kwa timbre mu symphony. O. pali zizolowezi zakutsitsimutsa zida ndi otd. mfundo za O. Baroque. Kuchokera ku 1st quarter 20th century oboe d'amore (C. Debussy, "Spring Dances"; M. Ravel, "Bolero"), basset horn (R. Strauss, "Electra"), viol d'amour (G. Puccini, "Chio-Chio-san"; SS Prokofiev, "Romeo ndi Juliet"). Mogwirizana ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa zaka za zana la 20. zida zanyimbo za Renaissance sizinawonekere komanso zida za m'zaka za zana la 15-16. (M. Kagel, "Music for Renaissance Instruments", 1966; imaphatikizapo ochita 23, A. Pärt, "Tintinnabuli", 1976). Mu O. 20th century. anapeza kusinkhasinkha ndi mfundo ya kusiyanasiyana. Ch. Ives anagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa gawo la zolemba za O. mu sewero lakuti Funso Latsala Losayankhidwa (1908). Kusankhidwa kwaufulu kwapangidwe mkati mwa magulu a O. olembedwa ndi mapepala amaperekedwa kwa L. Kupkovich's Ozveny. Lingaliro la stereophonic la O linapangidwanso. Kuyesera koyamba mu gawo la malo a O. ndi a Ives ("Funso Latsala Losayankhidwa", 4th Symphony). Mu 70s. kuchuluka kwa magwero amawu kumatheka ndi diff. njira. Kugawanika kwa orc yonse. unyinji pa “makwaya” angapo kapena “magulu” (mosiyana ndi kale - osati timbre, koma tanthauzo la malo) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi K. Stockhausen (“Magulu” a 3 O., 1957; “Kappe” kwa 4 O. , 1960). Mapangidwe a O. "Gulu" (anthu 109) amagawidwa m'magulu atatu ofanana (aliyense ali ndi kondakitala wake), wokonzedwa mu mawonekedwe a U; mipando ya omvera ili m’malo opangidwa pakati pa oimba. 3. Mattus mu sewero lakuti The Last Shot (1967, yozikidwa pa nkhani ya BA Lavrenyov The Forty-First) anagwiritsa ntchito ma O. atatu omwe ali mu orc. dzenje, kumbuyo kwa omvera komanso kumbuyo kwa siteji. J. Xenakis mu “Terretektor” (1966) anaika oimba 88 a gulu lalikulu la oimba m’njira yofanana ndi ray mogwirizana ndi wotsogolera pakati; omvera amaima osati kuzungulira O., komanso pakati pa zotonthoza, kusakaniza ndi oimba. "Moving stereophony" (kuyenda kwa oimba ndi zida panthawi yochita masewera) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "Klangwehr" ndi M. Kagel (1970) ndi 2nd symphony ndi AG Schnittke (1972).

Gulu 3.

Malo okhala paokha oimba a O. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mukamagwiritsa ntchito. op. mawonekedwe osakhazikika; muzochitika izi woipeka amapanga zisonyezero zoyenera muzolembazo. Pa ntchito yachibadwa ya O. monga monochoric zovuta mu 1 pansi. M'zaka za m'ma 20, malo okhala “a ku Ulaya” amene tafotokozawa analipo. Kuyambira 1945, zomwe zimatchedwa "zotchedwa" zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi L. Stokowski zinayamba kufotokozedwa kwambiri. Ame. mipando. Ma violin 1 ndi 2 ali kumanzere kwa kondakitala, ma cello ndi viola ali kumanja, mabasi awiri ali kumbuyo kwawo, zoimbira zamphepo zili pakati, kuseri kwa zingwe, ng'oma, woyimba piyano. kumanzere.

Kupereka kulimba kwakukulu kwa phokoso la zingwe mu kaundula wapamwamba "Amer." makonzedwe okhala si opanda, mwa lingaliro la kondakitala ena, ndipo amakanidwa. mbali (mwachitsanzo, kufooketsa kukhudzana kwa cellos ndi mabasi awiri omwe ali kutali ndi mzake). Pachifukwa ichi, pali zizolowezi zobwezeretsa "European" malo a oimba O. Ntchito ya symphony. O. mu studio (wailesi, wailesi yakanema, kujambula) amaika patsogolo zingapo zenizeni. zofunikira pakukhala. Muzochitika izi, kumveka bwino kumayendetsedwa osati kokha ndi wotsogolera, komanso ndi tonemaster.

Kusintha kwakukulu komwe kunachitikira O. m'zaka za zana la 20 kumachitira umboni kuti akadali chida chamoyo cha kulenga. chifuniro cha olemba ndipo akupitirizabe kukula bwino muzolemba zake zokhazikika komanso zosinthidwa (zosagwirizana ndi malamulo).

Zothandizira: Albrecht E., Zakale ndi zamakono za oimba. (Nkhani yonena za chikhalidwe cha oimba), St. Petersburg, 1886; Nyimbo ndi moyo wanyimbo wa Russia wakale. CO., L., 1927; Pindeizen Nick., Zolemba za mbiri ya nyimbo ku Russia kuyambira nthawi zakale mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 2, (vol. 1928), M.-L., 29-2; Zipangizo ndi zolemba pa mbiri ya nyimbo, vol. 1934-XVIII zaka, ed. MV Ivanov-Boretsky. Moscow, 1. Shtelin Jakob von, Izvestiya o musik v Rossii, trans. kuchokera ku German, mu Sat: Musical heritage, no. 1935, M., 1935; iye, Nyimbo ndi ballet ku Russia m'zaka za m'ma 1961, trans. kuchokera ku Chijeremani., L., 1969; Rogal-Levitsky DR, Zokambirana za oimba, M., 1969; Barsova IA, Book about the orchestra, M., 1971; Blagodatov GI, Mbiri ya symphony orchestra, L., 1973; Musical Aesthetics of Western Europe mu 1973th-3th Centuries, Sat, comp. VP Shestakov, (M., 1975); Levin S. Ya., Zida za mphepo m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, L., XNUMX; Fortunatov Yu. A., Mbiri ya masitaelo a orchestra. Pulogalamu yamayunivesite oimba ndi oimba nyimbo, M., XNUMX; Zeyfas HM, Concerto grosso mu nyimbo za baroque, mu: Problems of Musical Science, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

IA Barsova