Zinthu zachilengedwe

Zinthu zachilengedwe, pedal (German Orgelpunkt, French pedale inferieure, Italian pedale d'armonia, English pedal point), - phokoso lokhazikika mu bass, pomwe mawu ena amayenda momasuka, nthawi zina amalowa kutsutsana ndi bass (mpaka kunyamuka. m'mawu akutali); harmonic mgwirizano wa O. p. ndipo mawu ena onse amabwezeretsedwa panthawi ya kutha kwake kapena posachedwa izi zisanachitike. Kufotokozera kwa O. p. imagwirizana ndi ma harmonic. kupsinjika, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa mawu okhazikika ndi mawu ena. O. p. kumawonjezera phokoso la ma harmonics. ofukula, zomwe zimatsogolera ku multifunctionality.

Ma OP omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi phokoso la tonic (I degree of the mode) ndi lalikulu (V degree). O. p. ndikukulitsa kwa magwiridwe antchito ofananirako, kukulitsa kwake osati ku chord imodzi, koma kumveka bwino. kumanga. Choncho, ili ndi tanthauzo logwirizanitsa, kugwirizanitsa zinthu zosiyana kwambiri za chitukuko cha mawu apamwamba. O. p. pa tonic kumabweretsa nyimbo kukhala bata, nthawi zina ngakhale static; imapeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakukulu komaliza, komanso zigawo zoyambirira za nyimbo. ntchito (mwachitsanzo, gawo lomaliza pa zochitika za imfa ya Boris ku opera "Boris Godunov", chiyambi cha nyimbo yoyamba mu "Mateyu Passion" ndi JS Bach). OP pa olamulira amaphatikiza kuthandizira kosakhazikika kwa bass ndi ma consonance osakhazikika m'mawu apamwamba, kutali ndi tonic, yomwe imakhala yocheperako ku ntchito yayikulu ya bass. Zimapatsa nyimbo khalidwe lachiyembekezo champhamvu. Ntchito yake yodziwika bwino isanachitike (makamaka mu sonata allegro - mwachitsanzo, ine gawo la 1 sonata mu c-moll ya piyano ndi Beethoven), komanso pamaso pa coda; zopezeka m'mawu oyamba.

O. p. zimatheka osati mu bass, komanso mawu ena (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa phokoso lokhazikika) - pamwamba (French pédale supérieure, Italian pédale, English inverted pedal, mwachitsanzo, III gawo la 3rd Tchaikovsky quartet) ndi pakati (French pédale intérieure or médiaire, Italian pédale, English internal pedal, mwachitsanzo, sewero la "The Gallows" kuchokera ku piyano "Night Gaspard" ndi Ravel). Zitsanzo za double O. p. amadziwika - nthawi yomweyo. pa tonic ndi mawu akuluakulu. Mofananamo O. wa chinthucho, mu Krom tonic amalamulira. ntchito khalidwe la nyimbo. nthano za anthu osiyanasiyana ("bagpipe fives"), amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu prof. nyimbo, makamaka potengera nar. kusewera nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, gawo lachisanu la symphony ya 6 ya Beethoven); double dominant O. p. - pamaphokoso amphamvu (yotsika) ndi tonic (pakusintha mpaka kumapeto kwa symphony ya 5 ya Beethoven). Nthawi zina pamakhala ma OP pamasitepe ena (mwachitsanzo, pa sitepe yachitatu ya ang'ono - mu atatu kuchokera ku II gawo la 6 symphony ya Tchaikovsky; phokoso lokhazikika la sitepe yachinayi - mu limba "Serenade" ndi Rachmaninov). Zotsatira za O. p. imasungidwanso ngati phokoso lomwe limapanga silimatambasula, koma limabwerezedwa (mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero cha IV kuchokera ku opera Sadko ndi Rimsky-Korsakov) kapena pamene nyimbo zazifupi zimabwerezedwa. ziwerengero (onani Ostinato).

Monga luso. Zochitika za O. za chinthucho zimachokera ku nar. nyimbo (zotsatizana ndi kuyimba poyimba zitoliro ndi zida zina zofananira nazo. Magwero a mawu akuti “O. ​​p.” amagwirizana ndi kachitidwe ka polyphony, organum. musicae" (11-1025) organum yokhala ndi mawu awiri "oyandama" okhala ndi mawu osalunjika ("Organum suspensum"):

Franco wa ku Cologne (zaka za zana la 13), polankhula (m'nkhani yakuti "Ars cantus mensurabilis") za organum, amagwiritsanso ntchito mawu oti "OP" - "organicus punctus". Ndi "mfundo" apa akutanthauza gawo la organum, pomwe phokoso lokhazikika la cantus limatsutsidwa ndi melodic. kujambula kwa mawu apamwamba ("mfundo" imatchedwanso phokoso lokhalokha). Pambuyo pake, OP inayamba kumveka ngati phokoso lalitali la pedal la organ, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu nyimbo zamagulu malinga ndi luso. kuthekera kwa chida (mawu achi French akuti point d'orgue m'mabuku oimba achi French amatanthauza mwina cadenza ya woyimba payekha, kapena, nthawi zambiri, fermata). Mu polyphonic M'mawonekedwe a Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, zochitika za OP nthawi zambiri zimayambitsidwa ndi njira ya cantus firmus (yolemba G. de Machaux, Josquin Despres, ndi ena), phokoso lomwe linaperekedwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mu zaka 17-19. O. p. zopezedwa (makamaka mu classic. musical forms) zamphamvu. katundu akhala amphamvu levers chitukuko. M'zaka za zana la 19 O. p. anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu, mtundu-khalidwe. amatanthauza (mwachitsanzo, Chopin a "Lullaby", "The Old Castle" kuchokera "Zithunzi pa Exhibition" ndi Mussorgsky, II amachita kuchokera ku opera "Prince Igor", "Song of Indian Guest" kuchokera ku opera "Sadko"). M'zaka za zana la 20 njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito O. p. (ndi ostinato) adawonekera. Mtengo wapatali wa magawo O.P. amatha kukhala ndi nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, symphony ya 8 ya 2 ya Shostakovich) kapena consonance yovuta. O. p. imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe akumbuyo (mwachitsanzo, mawu oyamba a The Rite of Spring) ndi mawonekedwe achilendo (mwachitsanzo, kalambulabwalo wa kubwerezanso gawo lachinayi la piano yachiwiri ya Prokofiev's sonata - 15 mawu omveka bwino eis as kalambulabwalo wa kamvekedwe koyambitsanso kuyambiranso mu kiyi ya d-moll).

Zothandizira: onani pa Art. Kugwirizana.

Yu. N. Kholopov