Aram Khachaturian |

Aram Khachaturian

… Kuthandizira kwa Aram Khachaturian ku nyimbo zamasiku athu ndikwabwino. N'zovuta kufotokoza kufunika kwa luso lake kwa chikhalidwe Soviet ndi dziko nyimbo. Dzina lake lapambana kuzindikirika kwakukulu m'dziko lathu komanso kunja; ali ndi ophunzira ndi otsatira ambiri omwe amakulitsa mfundozo zomwe iye mwini amakhalabe wowona nthawi zonse. D. Shostakovich

Ntchito ya A. Khachaturian imachita chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa zophiphiritsa, kufalikira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu. Nyimbo zake zimakhala ndi malingaliro apamwamba aumunthu a chisinthiko, kukonda dziko la Soviet ndi mayiko, mitu ndi ziwembu zomwe zikuwonetsera zochitika zaukali ndi zoopsa za mbiri yakale ndi zamakono; Zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino za moyo wa anthu, dziko lolemera kwambiri lamalingaliro, malingaliro ndi zokumana nazo zamasiku ano. Ndi luso lake, Khachaturian anaimba ndi kudzoza moyo wa mbadwa yake ndi pafupi naye Armenia.

Creative yonena za Khachaturian si zachilendo. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi luso loimba, sanalandire maphunziro apadera a nyimbo ndipo adalowa nawo nyimbo ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Zaka zomwe zidakhala ku Tiflis wakale, zomwe zidachitika paubwana zidasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika m'malingaliro a wopeka wamtsogolo ndikutsimikiza maziko amalingaliro ake oimba.

Mkhalidwe wolemera kwambiri wa moyo wanyimbo wa mzindawu unakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya woimbayo, yomwe nyimbo za Chijojiya, Chiameniya ndi Azerbaijani zinkamveka pa sitepe iliyonse, kusintha kwa oimba - ashugs ndi sazandars, miyambo ya nyimbo zakummawa ndi kumadzulo zinadutsa. .

Mu 1921, Khachaturian anasamukira ku Moscow ndipo anakakhala ndi mchimwene wake Suren, wotchuka zisudzo munthu, wokonza ndi mkulu wa situdiyo Armenian sewero. Moyo wodabwitsa waluso wa Moscow umadabwitsa mnyamatayo.

Amayendera malo owonetserako zisudzo, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, madzulo olemba mabuku, makonsati, zisudzo za opera ndi ballet, amatengera mwachidwi zojambula zambiri, amazolowerana ndi nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito ya M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Balakirev, A. Borodin, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Ravel, K. Debussy, I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, komanso A. Spendiarov, R. Melikyan, etc. kumlingo wina adakhudza kupangidwa kwa kalembedwe koyambirira kwa Khachaturian.

Pa uphungu wa mchimwene wake, chakumapeto kwa 1922, Khachaturian adalowa dipatimenti ya biology ya Moscow University, ndipo patapita nthawi - ku Music College. Gnesins mu cello class. Pambuyo pa zaka 3, amasiya maphunziro ake ku yunivesite ndipo amadzipereka yekha ku nyimbo.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amasiya kusewera cello ndipo amasamutsidwa ku kalasi ya zolemba za mphunzitsi wotchuka wa Soviet ndi wolemba nyimbo M. Gnesin. Kuyesera kubwezera nthawi yotayika muubwana wake, Khachaturian amagwira ntchito mwakhama, amawonjezera chidziwitso chake. Mu 1929 Khachaturian analowa Moscow Conservatory. M'chaka cha 1 cha maphunziro ake mu zolemba zake, anapitirizabe ndi Gnesin, ndipo kuyambira chaka cha 2 N. Myaskovsky, yemwe adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa umunthu wa kulenga wa Khachaturian, anakhala mtsogoleri wake. Mu 1934, Khachaturian anamaliza maphunziro aulemu kuchokera ku Conservatory ndipo anapitiriza kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro awo. Yolembedwa ngati ntchito yomaliza maphunziro, Symphony Yoyamba imamaliza nthawi ya ophunzira ya mbiri ya wopanga. Kukula kwakukulu kwa kulenga kunapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri - pafupifupi zolemba zonse za nthawi ya ophunzira zidakhala repertoire. Izi ndizo, choyamba, Symphony Yoyamba, limba Toccata, Trio ya clarinet, violin ndi piyano, Nyimbo-ndakatulo (polemekeza ashugs) ya violin ndi piyano, ndi zina zotero.

Cholengedwa chabwino kwambiri cha Khachaturian chinali Piano Concerto (1936), yomwe idapangidwa panthawi ya maphunziro ake apamwamba ndikubweretsa kutchuka kwa wolemba nyimbo padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito mu gawo la nyimbo, zisudzo ndi nyimbo zamafilimu sizimasiya. M'chaka cha kulengedwa kwa konsati, filimu "Pepo" ndi nyimbo za Khachaturian ikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi za mizinda ya dziko. Nyimbo ya Pepo imakhala nyimbo yokondedwa kwambiri ku Armenia.

Pazaka zophunzira ku koleji yoimba nyimbo ndi Conservatory, Khachaturian nthawi zonse amayendera Nyumba ya Culture ya Soviet Armenia, izi zinathandiza kwambiri pa mbiri yake. Apa akukhala pafupi ndi wolemba A. Spendiarov, wojambula M. Saryan, wotsogolera K. Saradzhev, woimba Sh. Talyan, wosewera ndi wotsogolera R. Simonov. M’zaka zomwezo, Khachaturian analankhulana ndi anthu otchuka kwambiri m’maseŵera (A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov, V. Meyerhold, V. Kachalov), oimba piyano (K. Igumnov, E. Beckman-Shcherbina), oimba (S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky). Kuyankhulana ndi zowunikira za luso la nyimbo za Soviet kunalemeretsa kwambiri dziko lauzimu la wolemba nyimbo wamng'ono. Chakumapeto kwa 30s - koyambirira kwa 40s. adadziwika ndi kulengedwa kwa ntchito zingapo zodabwitsa za wopeka, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa mu thumba la golide la nyimbo za Soviet. Zina mwa izo ndi ndakatulo ya Symphonic (1938), Violin Concerto (1940), nyimbo za sewero la Lope de Vega lakuti The Widow of Valencia (1940) ndi sewero la M. Lermontov la Masquerade. Kuyamba komaliza kunachitika madzulo a chiyambi cha Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo pa June 21, 1941 pa Theatre. E. Vakhtangov.

Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a nkhondo, kuchuluka kwa ntchito za chikhalidwe ndi kulenga za Khachaturian zawonjezeka kwambiri. Monga wachiwiri kwa tcheyamani wa Komiti Yokonzekera ya Union of Composers of the USSR, akukulitsa kwambiri ntchito ya bungwe lopangali kuti athetse ntchito zanthawi yankhondo, amachita ndikuwonetsa nyimbo zake m'mayunitsi ndi zipatala, ndipo amatenga nawo gawo pazapadera. kuwulutsa kwa Komiti ya Wailesi yakutsogolo. Zochita zapagulu sizinalepheretse wolembayo kupanga m'zaka zovuta izi ntchito zamitundu ndi mitundu, zambiri zomwe zimawonetsa mitu yankhondo.

Pazaka 4 za nkhondo, adapanga ballet "Gayane" (1942), Second Symphony (1943), nyimbo za zisudzo zitatu zazikulu ("Kremlin Chimes" - 1942, "Deep Intelligence" - 1943, "Tsiku Lomaliza." ” - 1945), chifukwa cha filimuyo "Man No. 217" komanso pazotsatira zake za pianos ziwiri (1945), suites zidapangidwa kuchokera ku nyimbo za "Masquerade" ndi ballet "Gayane" (1943), nyimbo 9 zidalembedwa. , kuguba kwa gulu la mkuwa "To Heroes of the Patriotic War" (1942) , Anthem of the Armenian SSR (1944). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ntchito inayambika pa Cello Concerto ndi ma concert atatu (1944), yomwe inamalizidwa mu 1946. M’kati mwa nkhondoyo, lingaliro la “choreodrama ya ngwazi”—nyimbo ya ballet Spartacus—linayamba kukhwima.

Khachaturian adalankhulanso mutu wankhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo: nyimbo zamakanema The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), The Russian Question (1947), They have a Homeland (1949), Secret Mission (1950), ndi sewero. South Node (1947). Pomaliza, pamwambo wa chikumbutso cha 30 cha Kupambana mu Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi (1975), imodzi mwazolemba zomaliza za wolembayo, Solemn Fanfares ya malipenga ndi ng'oma, idapangidwa. Ntchito zofunika kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo - ballet "Gayane" ndi Symphony Second. Kuwonetsa koyamba kwa ballet kunachitika pa Disembala 3, 1942 ku Perm ndi ankhondo a Leningrad Opera ndi Ballet Theatre. SM Kirov. Malinga ndi wolemba, "lingaliro la Second Symphony linauziridwa ndi zochitika za Nkhondo Yokonda Dziko Lapansi. Ndinkafuna kusonyeza mkwiyo, kubwezera zoipa zonse zomwe Germany fascism idatibweretsera. Kumbali ina, nyimbo zoimbira zimasonyeza mikhalidwe yachisoni ndi malingaliro a chikhulupiriro chozama m’chipambano chathu chomaliza.” Khachaturian adapatulira Chachitatu Symphony kuti chigonjetse anthu a Soviet mu Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti igwirizane ndi chikondwerero cha 30th cha Great October Socialist Revolution. Mogwirizana ndi ndondomekoyi - nyimbo kwa anthu opambana - mapaipi owonjezera a 15 ndi chiwalo akuphatikizidwa mu symphony.

M'zaka za nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, Khachaturian anapitiriza kulemba mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri inali ballet "Spartacus" (1954). "Ndinapanga nyimbo monga momwe olemba akale adazipangira akatembenukira ku nkhani zakale: kusunga kalembedwe kawo, kalembedwe kawo, amafotokozera zochitika kudzera mumalingaliro awo mwaluso. Ballet "Spartacus" ikuwoneka kwa ine ngati ntchito yokhala ndi sewero lakuthwa lanyimbo, yokhala ndi zithunzi zaluso zodziwika bwino komanso mawu achindunji, okwiyitsidwa mwachikondi. Ndinaona kuti n’koyenera kuphatikizirapo zonse zomwe zatheka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chamakono cha nyimbo kuti ndiulule mutu wapamwamba wa Spartacus. Chifukwa chake, ballet imalembedwa m'chilankhulo chamakono, ndikumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa zovuta zamtundu wanyimbo ndi zisudzo, "Khachaturian adalemba za ntchito yake pa ballet.

Zina mwa ntchito zina zomwe zinapangidwa m'zaka za nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi "Ode to Memory of VI Lenin" (1948), "Ode to Joy" (1956), yolembedwa kwa zaka khumi zachi Armenian ku Moscow, "Greeting Overture" (1959). ) pakutsegulira kwa XXI Congress ya CPSU. Monga kale, wolembayo akuwonetsa chidwi chambiri mu nyimbo zamakanema ndi zisudzo, amapanga nyimbo. Mu 50s. Khachaturian akulemba nyimbo za sewero la B. Lavrenev "Lermontov", chifukwa cha masoka a Shakespeare "Macbeth" ndi "King Lear", nyimbo za mafilimu "Admiral Ushakov", "Sitima zikuwomba mapiri", "Saltanat", "Othello", "Bonfire". moyo wosafa", "Duel". Nyimbo "Ameniya kumwa. Nyimbo za Yerevan, "Mtendere wa Mtendere", "Zomwe ana amalota".

Zaka za nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo sizinadziwike kokha ndi kulengedwa kwa ntchito zatsopano zowala mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso ndi zochitika zofunika mu mbiri ya kulenga ya Khachaturian. Mu 1950, anaitanidwa kukhala pulofesa wa nyimbo pa nthawi yomweyo pa Moscow Conservatory ndi Institute Music ndi Pedagogical. Gnesins. Pazaka 27 za ntchito yake yophunzitsa, Khachaturian watulutsa ophunzira ambiri, kuphatikizapo A. Eshpay, E. Oganesyan, R. Boyko, M. Tariverdiev, B. Trotsyuk, A. Vieru, N. Terahara, A. Rybyaikov, K Volkov, M Minkov, D. Mikhailov ndi ena.

Chiyambi cha ntchito pedagogical anagwirizana ndi zoyesa woyamba kuchita nyimbo zake. Chaka chilichonse chiwerengero cha makonsati olemba chimakula. Maulendo opita kumizinda ya Soviet Union amakhala ndi maulendo opita kumayiko ambiri ku Europe, Asia, ndi America. Pano amakumana ndi oimira akuluakulu a dziko la zojambulajambula: olemba I. Stravinsky, J. Sibelius, J. Enescu, B. Britten, S. Barber, P. Vladigerov, O. Messiaen, Z. Kodai, otsogolera L. Stokowecki, G. Karajan , J. Georgescu, performers A. Rubinstein, E. Zimbalist, writers E. Hemingway, P. Neruda, film artists Ch. Chaplin, S. Lauren ndi ena.

Nthawi yomaliza ya ntchito ya Khachaturian idadziwika ndi kulengedwa kwa "Ballad of the Motherland" (1961) kwa bass ndi orchestra, zida ziwiri zoimbira: rhapsodic concertos for cello (1961), violin (1963), piyano (1968) ndi solo sonatas. kwa cello (1974), violin (1975) ndi viola (1976); Sonata (1961), wodzipereka kwa mphunzitsi wake N. Myaskovsky, komanso buku lachiwiri la "Album ya Ana" (2, voliyumu 1965 - 1) zinalembedwa kwa limba.

Umboni wa kuzindikira padziko lonse ntchito Khachaturian ndi kupereka iye ndi malamulo ndi mendulo dzina lake pambuyo oimba lalikulu yachilendo, komanso kusankhidwa kwake monga wolemekezeka kapena wathunthu wa maphunziro osiyanasiyana nyimbo za dziko.

Kufunika kwa luso la Khachaturian ndi chakuti adakwanitsa kuwulula mwayi wolemera kwambiri wa symphonizing oriental monodic thematics, kuphatikiza, pamodzi ndi olemba a mayiko achibale, chikhalidwe cha Soviet East ku polyphony, mitundu ndi mitundu yomwe anali atayamba kale mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya, kusonyeza njira zolemeretsa chinenero cha nyimbo za dziko . Pa nthawi yomweyo, njira improvisation, timbre-harmonic luso Kum'mawa nyimbo luso, kudzera ntchito Khachaturian, anali ndi chikoka chodziwika kwa olemba - oimira European nyimbo chikhalidwe. Ntchito ya Khachaturian inali chiwonetsero cha konkire cha zipatso za mgwirizano pakati pa miyambo ya zikhalidwe za nyimbo za Kummawa ndi Kumadzulo.

D. Arutyunov