Kuchepa |

lat. kuchepa; German Diminution, Verkleinerung; French ndi English. kuchepa; italo. diminuzione

1) Zofanana ndi kuchepa.

2) Njira yosinthira nyimbo, mutu, zolinga, rhythmic. kujambula kapena chifaniziro, komanso kuyimitsa pozisewera ndi mawu (kupuma) kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusiyanitsa U. ndendende, popanda kusintha kutulutsanso osn. nyimbo mu gawo loyenera (mwachitsanzo, mawu oyamba a opera "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" ndi Glinka, nambala 28), zolakwika, kubereka waukulu. rhythm (theme) yokhala ndi ma rhythmic osiyanasiyana. kapena melodic. kusintha (mwachitsanzo, aria ya Swan-Mbalame, No. 11 kuchokera ku 2nd act of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan, nambala 117), ndi rhythmic, kapena non-thematic, ndi krom melodic. chojambulacho chimasungidwa pafupifupi (chiyambi cha chiyambi cha opera Sadko ndi Rimsky-Korsakov), kapena sichinasungidwe nkomwe (chiwerengero cha mbali ya mbali mu U. pakukula kwa 1st movement ya 5 symphony ya Shostakovich).

J. Dunstable. Cantus firmus yochokera ku motet Christe sanctorum decus (mawu otsutsana sanatchulidwe).

J. Spataro. Motet.

Kuwonekera kwa U. (ndi kuwonjezereka) monga nyimbo zomveka komanso zokonzekera mwaukadaulo zimachokera ku nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro za mensural ndipo zimagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha polyphonic. polyphony. X. Riemann akusonyeza kuti U. woyamba anagwiritsa ntchito motet I. de Muris mu tenor. Isorhythmic motet - chachikulu. Kukula kwa U. m'zaka za zana la 14: kubwerezedwa, kofanana ndi ostinato, kuchititsa rhythmic. ziwerengero ndi maziko a nyimbo. mitundu, ndipo U. kwenikweni ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. kukhazikika kwa bungwe lake (mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri yomwe imatanthauzidwa ndi arr. text). Mu mawu a G. de Machaux (Amaro valde, Speravi, Fiat voluntas tua, Ad te suspiramus) rhythmic. chiwerengerocho chikubwerezedwa ku U. nthawi iliyonse ndi nyimbo yatsopano. kudzaza; mu ma motets a isorhythmic J. Dunstable rhythmic. chiwerengerocho chikubwerezedwa (kawiri, katatu) ndi nyimbo yatsopano, ndiye chirichonse chimapangidwanso ndi kusungidwa kwa nyimboyo. kujambula mu chimodzi ndi theka, kenako 3-fold U. (onani ndime 720). Chochitika chofananacho chikuwoneka m'magulu ena a Netherlands. otsutsa a m'zaka za zana la 15, kumene cantus firmus m'magawo otsatirawa akuchitikira ku U., ndi nyimbo yotengedwa ya cantus firmus kumapeto kwa ntchitoyo. amamveka m'mawonekedwe omwe analipo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku (onani chitsanzo mu Art. Polyphony, columns 354-55). Akatswiri a kalembedwe kokhwima adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya W. mu zomwe zimatchedwa. ma canons a mensural (molingana), pomwe mawu ofanana pamapangidwe amasiyana. zanthawi yochepa (onani chitsanzo mu Art. Canon, ndime 692). Mosiyana ndi kuwonjezeka, U. sichikuthandizira kudzipatula kwa polyphonic wamba. kuyenda kwa liwu limene likugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, U. amatsegula bwino liwu lina ngati lisunthidwa ndi maphokoso a nthawi yayitali; Chifukwa chake, mu misa ndi zolemba zazaka za 15th-16th. chakhala chizoloŵezi kutsagana ndi maonekedwe a cantus firmus m'mawu akuluakulu (tenor) ndi kutsanzira m'mawu ena ozikidwa pa U. wa cantus firmus yemweyo (onani ndime 721).

Njira yotsutsa mtsogoleriyo komanso mawu omveka bwino omwe amatsutsana naye adasungidwa malinga ngati mawonekedwe a cantus firmus alipo. Zojambula izi zinafika pa ungwiro wake wapamwamba kwambiri mu nyimbo za JS Bach; onani, mwachitsanzo, org yake. Kukonzekera kwa kwaya ya "Aus tiefer Not", BWV 686, pomwe mawu aliwonse a chorale amatsogozedwa ndi zolinga zake zisanu. kufotokozera mu U., kotero kuti zonse zimapangidwira mu strophic. fugue (mawu 5, 6 zowonetsera; onani chitsanzo mu Art. Fugue). Mu Ach Gott und Herr, BWV 5, mawu onse otsanzira ali pawiri ndi quadruple W. chorale, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe onse ndi ammutu:

JS Bach. Kukonzekera kwa chiwalo chakwaya "Ach Gott und Herr".

Reachercar con. Zaka za m'ma 16-17 ndi pafupi naye tiento, zongopeka - malo omwe U. (monga lamulo, kuphatikiza ndi kuwonjezeka ndi kusinthika kwa mutu) wapeza ntchito yaikulu. W. adathandizira kukulitsa malingaliro a instr yoyera. mphamvu zamawonekedwe komanso, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitu yamunthu payekha (mosiyana ndi thematism ya kalembedwe kolimba), idakhala njira yomwe imaphatikizapo lingaliro lofunikira kwambiri lachitukuko cha nyimbo zanthawi zotsatila.

Inde. P. Sweelinck. "Zongopeka za Chromatic" (kagawo komaliza; mutuwu uli mu kuchepetsedwa kawiri kapena kanayi).

Kufotokozera kwa U. monga njira ndi yakuti, kuwonjezera pa isorhythmic. motet ndi ena op. Zaka za zana la 20 palibe mitundu ina yomwe ingakhale maziko a zolembazo. Canon mu U. monga wodziyimira pawokha. play (AK Lyadov, “Canons”, No 22), yankhani U. in fugue (“The Art of the Fugue” lolemba Bach, Contrapunctus VI; onaninso kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana ndi U. mu fugue yomaliza kuchokera ku pianoforte quartet, op 20 Taneyev, makamaka manambala 170, 172, 184) ndizosiyana kwambiri. U. nthawi zina amapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu fugue strettas: mwachitsanzo, mu miyeso 26, 28, 30 ya E-dur fugue kuchokera mu voliyumu ya 2 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; muyeso 117 wa fugue Fis-dur op. 87 No 13 Shostakovich; mu bar 70 kuchokera kumapeto kwa concerto kwa 2 fp. Stravinsky (kutsanzira molakwika ndi kusintha kwa mawu); muyeso 63 kuchokera pachiwonetsero cha 1 cha sewero lachitatu la opera "Wozzeck" lolemba Berg (onani chitsanzo m'nkhani ya Strett). W., njira yomwe ili ndi ma polyphonic m'chilengedwe, imapeza kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mu non-polyphonic. nyimbo za m'ma 3 ndi 19. Nthawi zambiri, U. ndi imodzi mwa njira zolimbikitsira bungwe pamutu, mwachitsanzo:

SI Taneev. Mutu wochokera kumayendedwe achitatu a symphony ya c-moll.

(Onaninso mipiringidzo isanu yomaliza ya Beethoven's sonata No. 23 pa piano; kuyambika kwa orchestra ku Ruslan's aria, No. 8 kuchokera ku Glinka's Ruslan ndi Ludmila; Ayi. 10, b-moll kuchokera ku Prokofiev's Fleeting, etc.). The polyphonization wa nyimbo ndi ponseponse. nsalu mothandizidwa ndi U. popereka mutuwo (kwaya "Obalalika, kuyeretsedwa" pamalo pafupi ndi Kromy kuchokera ku opera ya Mussorgsky Boris Godunov; njira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov - 1st sewero la opera The Legend of the Invisible City Kitezh ", nambala 5 ndi 34, ndi S. V. Rachmaninov - gawo loyamba la ndakatulo "Mabelu", nambala 1, kusintha X mu "Rhapsody pa Mutu wa Paganini"), panthawi yotumizidwa (kanoni kakang'ono kuchokera ku concerto ya Berg's violin, bar 12; monga chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero za neoclassical orientation of style - U. mu gawo 4 la violin sonata ndi K. Karaev, bar 13), pachimake. ndi kumaliza. zomangamanga (kachidindo kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa opera Ruslan ndi Lyudmila ndi Glinka; gawo lachiwiri la "The Bells" la Rachmaninov, miyeso iwiri mpaka nambala 2; gawo la 52 la quartet ya 4 ya Taneyev, nambala 6 ndi zina; mapeto a ballet "The Firebird" Stravinsky. ). U. monga njira yosinthira mutuwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana (kusiyana kwachiwiri, kwachitatu mu Arietta kuchokera ku sonata ya piano ya 2 ya Beethoven; piano etude "Mazeppa" yolembedwa ndi Liszt), muzomanga zosinthika (basso ostinato ikasamukira ku coda ya symphony's finale c- moll Taneyev, nambala 3), m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kwa opera leitmotifs (kukonzanso mvula yamkuntho leitmotif kukhala mitu yanyimbo yotsatira kumayambiriro kwa 32 ya opera ya Wagner Valkyrie; kudzipatula kwa mbalame ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Snow Maiden mutu wa Spring mu "Snow Maiden" lolembedwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov; kupotoza kochititsa mantha kwa leitmotif ya Countess mu sewero lachiwiri la opera "The Queen of Spades", nambala 101 ndi kupitirira), ndi kusintha kophiphiritsa komwe kunapezedwa ndi U.' kutenga nawo gawo kutha kukhala kadinala (kulowa kwa tenor mu Tuba mirum kuchokera ku Mozart's Requiem, muyeso 1; leitmotif mu coda yomaliza ya symphony yachitatu ya Rachmaninoff, muyeso wa 2 pambuyo pa nambala 62; kuyenda kwapakati, nambala 18, f. rom Taneyev a scherzo symphony mu c-moll). U. ndi njira yofunikira yachitukuko m'magawo omwe akutukuka amitundu ndi chitukuko cha sonata chazaka za 19th ndi 20th. U. pakukula kwachipongwe kwa Wagner's Nuremberg Mastersingers (bar 122; triple fugato, bar 138) ndikuseka kosangalatsa kwa kuphunzira kopanda cholinga (komabe, kuphatikiza mutuwo ndi U. mu mipiringidzo 158, 166 ndi chizindikiro cha luso, luso). Mu chitukuko cha 1 gawo la 2 fp. concert Rachmaninov U. mutu wa phwando lalikulu umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida champhamvu (nambala 9). Mu kupanga D. D. Shostakovich U. amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chakuthwa chofotokozera (zotengera pamutu wa gawo lambali mu gawo loyamba la symphony yachisanu, manambala 1 ndi 5; pamalo omwewo pachimake, nambala 22; canon yosatha ya ostinato pamaphokoso a leitmotif mu 24- th gawo la 32th quartet, nambala 2; gawo loyamba la symphony ya 8 ndi yolakwika ya U.

Ngati Stravinsky. "Symphony of Psalms", 1st movement (chiyambi cha reprise).

U. ali ndi mawu olemera. ndi kufotokoza. mwayi. "Kulira kwakukulu" kwa Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov" (kusintha kwa mgwirizano kupyolera mu kugunda, theka la kugunda, kotala la kugunda) kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yapadera. Chithunzi chowoneka bwino (Sigmund's Notung, chophwanyidwa ndi kumenyedwa ndi mkondo wa Wotan) chikuwonekera pa chithunzi cha 5 kuchokera ku 2nd act of Wagner's Valkyrie. Chochitika chosowa cha polyphony yowoneka bwino ndi fugato yomwe ikuwonetsa nkhalango m'mudzi wachitatu wa Rimsky-Korsakov "The Snow Maiden" (mitundu inayi yamutu, nambala 3). Njira yofananira idagwiritsidwa ntchito powonekera ndi Grishka Kuterma wamisala mu 253nd scene ya 2rd act. "Nthano za Mzinda Wosaoneka wa Kitezh" (kusuntha kwachisanu ndi chitatu, katatu, khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, nambala 3). Mu code code ndakatulo ya Rachmaninoff "Isle of the Dead" imaphatikiza mitundu isanu ya Dies irae (bar 225 pambuyo pa nambala 11).

Mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20 lingaliro la W. nthawi zambiri limadutsa mu lingaliro la kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono; Izi zimagwira ntchito makamaka ku rhythmic. mutu bungwe. Mfundo ya U. kapena kupitilira muzolemba zina zitha kufutukuka ku kapangidwe kazinthu zonse. kapena njira. mbali zake (1 wa 6 zidutswa zeze ndi zingwe, quartet op. 16 ndi Ledenev). Kuphatikizika komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kwa mutuwu ndi chilankhulo chake m'zaka za zana la 20. amasandulika kukhala njira yophatikizira ziwerengero zofanana, pamene kugwirizana kumapangidwa ndi kulira kwa mawu ofanana a melodic-rhythmic panthaŵi zosiyanasiyana. malonda (mwachitsanzo, "Petrushka" ndi Stravinsky, nambala 3).

Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu aleatoric pang'ono, pomwe ochita masewera amawongolera pamawu operekedwa, aliyense pamayendedwe ake (ena amalembedwa ndi V. Lutoslavsky). O. Messiaen anaphunzira mitundu ya U. ndi kuonjezera (onani bukhu lake "The Technique of My Musical Language"; onani chitsanzo mu Art. Increase).

Zothandizira: onani pa Art. Wonjezani.

VP Frayonov