Pierre Rode |

Pierre Rode

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ku France, komwe kunali chipwirikiti chachiwawa, sukulu yodabwitsa ya oimba zida zidakhazikitsidwa, yomwe idadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Oimira ake anzeru anali Pierre Rode, Pierre Baio ndi Rodolphe Kreuzer.

Oyimba violin a umunthu wosiyanasiyana waluso, anali ndi zambiri zofanana mu malo okongola, zomwe zinalola olemba mbiri kuti agwirizane nawo pansi pa mutu wa sukulu ya violin ya ku France. Ataleredwa mu chikhalidwe cha chisanachitike chisinthiko cha ku France, adayamba ulendo wawo ndi chidwi ndi olemba mabuku, filosofi ya Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ndipo mu nyimbo anali okonda kwambiri Viotti, omwe adadziletsa mwaulemu komanso nthawi yomweyo amamvetsa chisoni. masewero adawona chitsanzo cha kalembedwe kakale muzojambula. Iwo ankaona kuti Viotti anali atate ndi mphunzitsi wawo wauzimu, ngakhale kuti Rode yekha ndiye anali wophunzira wake wachindunji.

Zonsezi zidawagwirizanitsa ndi mapiko a demokalase kwambiri a zikhalidwe zaku France. Chikoka cha malingaliro a encyclopedist, malingaliro a kusinthako, amamveka bwino mu "Methodology of the Paris Conservatory" yopangidwa ndi Bayot, Rode ndi Kreutzer, "momwe malingaliro anyimbo ndi ophunzitsa amazindikira ndikusintha ... akatswiri amalingaliro a mabwanamkubwa achichepere aku France.”

Komabe, demokalase yawo inali yochepa makamaka ku gawo la aesthetics, gawo la luso, ndale iwo anali osayanjanitsika. Iwo analibe chidwi chamoto cha malingaliro a chisinthiko, chomwe chinasiyanitsa Gossek, Cherubini, Daleyrac, Burton, choncho adatha kukhala pakati pa moyo wa nyimbo wa France muzosintha zonse za chikhalidwe. Mwachibadwa, kukongola kwawo sikunasinthe. Kusintha kuchokera ku chisinthiko cha 1789 kupita ku ufumu wa Napoleon, kubwezeretsedwa kwa ufumu wa Bourbon ndipo, potsiriza, ku ufumu wa bourgeois wa Louis Philippe, motero kunasintha mzimu wa chikhalidwe cha ku France, chomwe atsogoleri ake sakanatha kukhala osayanjanitsika. Luso lanyimbo lazaka zimenezo linachokera ku classicism kupita ku "Empire" ndikupitanso ku chikondi. Zolemba zakale zamwayi-wachibadwidwe mu nthawi ya Napoleon zidalowetsedwa m'malo ndi zolankhula zodzitamandira komanso zamwambo wa "Empire", kuzizira kwamkati komanso zomveka, ndipo miyambo yachikale idapeza mawonekedwe amaphunziro abwino. Mkati mwake, Bayo ndi Kreutzer amamaliza ntchito yawo yojambula.

Pazonse, iwo amakhalabe owona ku classicism, ndipo ndendende mu mawonekedwe ake ophunzirira, ndipo ndi achilendo ku njira yomwe ikubwera yachikondi. Pakati pawo, Rode m'modzi adakhudza chikondi ndi nyimbo zake zomvera nyimbo. Komabe, mu chikhalidwe cha mawuwo, adakhalabe wotsatira wa Rousseau, Megul, Grétry ndi Viotti kusiyana ndi wolengeza za chikondi chatsopano. Kupatula apo, sizongochitika mwangozi kuti pamene maluwa achikondi adabwera, ntchito za Rode zidasiya kutchuka. Zachikondi sizimamva mwa iwo kugwirizana ndi machitidwe awo amalingaliro. Monga Bayo ndi Kreutzer, Rode kwathunthu anali wa nthawi ya classicism, amene anatsimikiza mfundo zake luso ndi zokongoletsa.

Rode anabadwira ku Bordeaux pa February 16, 1774. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, anayamba kuphunzira violin ndi André Joseph Fauvel (wamkulu). Kaya Fauvel anali mphunzitsi wabwino ndizovuta kunena. Kuwonongeka kofulumira kwa Rode monga wochita sewero, komwe kunakhala tsoka la moyo wake, kungakhale chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa njira yake ndi chiphunzitso chake choyambirira. Mwanjira ina, Fauvel sakanatha kupatsa Rode moyo wautali.

Mu 1788, Rode anapita ku Paris, komwe adasewera imodzi mwa ma concerto a Viotti kwa punto wotchuka wa violinist. Atakhudzidwa ndi luso la mnyamatayo, Punto amamutsogolera ku Viotti, yemwe amamutenga Rode ngati wophunzira wake. Maphunziro awo amakhala kwa zaka ziwiri. Rode akupita patsogolo modabwitsa. Mu 1790, Viotti anamasula wophunzira wake kwa nthawi yoyamba mu konsati yotseguka. The kuwonekera koyamba kugulu zinachitika pa Theatre m'bale wa Mfumu panthawi yopuma ntchito opera. Rode adasewera Viotti's Concerto's Thirteen, ndipo machitidwe ake owopsa, owoneka bwino adakopa omvera. Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 16 zokha, koma, mwazinthu zonse, ndiye woyimba zeze wabwino kwambiri ku France pambuyo pa Viotti.

M'chaka chomwecho, Rode anayamba kugwira ntchito mu oimba abwino kwambiri a Feydo Theatre monga wotsogolera nyimbo za violin chachiwiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zochitika zake za konsati zidachitika: pa sabata la Isitala 1790, adachita kuzungulira kwakukulu kwa nthawizo, akusewera makonsati 5 a Viotti motsatana (Chachitatu, chakhumi ndi chitatu, chakhumi ndi chinayi, chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu).

Rode amathera zaka zonse zoopsa za kusintha mu Paris, kusewera mu zisudzo Feydo. Only mu 1794 anayamba ulendo wake woyamba konsati pamodzi ndi woimba wotchuka Garat. Amapita ku Germany ndikuchita ku Hamburg, Berlin. Kuchita bwino kwa Rohde nkwapadera kwambiri, Berlin Musical Gazette inalemba mosangalala kuti: “Luso la sewero lake linakwaniritsa zonse zomwe ankayembekezera. Aliyense amene adamva mphunzitsi wake wotchuka Viotti amavomereza kuti Rode adadziwa bwino kwambiri khalidwe la mphunzitsiyo, kumupatsa kufewa komanso chifundo.

Ndemangayi ikugogomezera mbali yanyimbo ya kalembedwe ka Rode. Kusewera kwake kumeneku kumagogomezeredwa mosasintha m’zigamulo za anthu a m’nthaŵi yake. "Chithumwa, chiyero, chisomo" - epithets zotere zimaperekedwa kwa Rode ndi bwenzi lake Pierre Baio. Koma mwanjira iyi, kalembedwe ka Rode mwachiwonekere kunali kosiyana kwambiri ndi Viotti, chifukwa analibe makhalidwe ochititsa chidwi, "olankhula". Mwachiwonekere, Rode adakopa omvera ndi mgwirizano, kumveka bwino kwa classicist ndi nyimbo, osati ndi chisangalalo chomvetsa chisoni, mphamvu zachimuna zomwe zinasiyanitsa Viotti.

Ngakhale kupambana, Rode akufunitsitsa kubwerera kwawo. Atasiya zoimbaimba, amapita ku Bordeaux panyanja, chifukwa kuyenda pamtunda ndi koopsa. Komabe, amalephera kufika ku Bordeaux. Mphepo yamkuntho ikuphulika ndikuyendetsa ngalawa yomwe akupita kumphepete mwa England. Osakhumudwa konse. Rode akuthamangira ku London kukaona Viotti, yemwe amakhala kumeneko. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akufuna kulankhula ndi anthu a ku London, koma, tsoka, a French ku likulu la Chingerezi ali osamala kwambiri, akukayikira aliyense wa Jacobin. Rode akukakamizika kudziletsa kutenga nawo mbali mu konsati zachifundo mokomera akazi amasiye ndi ana amasiye, ndipo motero amachoka ku London. Njira yopita ku France yatsekedwa; woyimba violini akubwerera ku Hamburg ndipo kuchokera pano kudzera ku Holland akupita kudziko lakwawo.

Rode anafika ku Paris mu 1795. Inali nthawi imeneyi kuti Sarret anafuna ku Msonkhano lamulo pa kutsegulidwa kwa Conservatory - bungwe loyamba la dziko lonse, kumene maphunziro a nyimbo amakhala anthu. Pansi pa mthunzi wa Conservatory, Sarret amasonkhanitsa zida zonse zabwino kwambiri zoimba zomwe zinali ku Paris. Catel, Daleyrak, Cherubini, wojambula nyimbo Bernard Romberg, ndipo pakati pa oimba violin, Gavignier wokalamba ndi Bayot wamng'ono, Rode, Kreutzer amalandira chiitano. Mlengalenga mu Conservatory ndi kulenga ndi chidwi. Ndipo sizikudziwika chifukwa chake, takhala ku Paris kwakanthawi kochepa. Rode akusiya zonse ndikunyamuka kupita ku Spain.

Moyo wake ku Madrid ndi wodziwika chifukwa cha ubwenzi wake ndi Boccherini. Wojambula wamkulu alibe moyo mwa mnyamata wotentha wachifalansa. Rode wakhama amakonda kupeka nyimbo, koma alibe luso loimbira zida. Boccherini amamuchitira ntchito imeneyi mofunitsitsa. Dzanja lake limamveka bwino mu kukongola, kupepuka, chisomo cha oimba nyimbo zingapo za Rode, kuphatikizapo Concerto yachisanu ndi chimodzi yotchuka.

Rode anabwerera ku Paris mu 1800. Pa nthawi imene kunalibe kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale kunachitika ku likulu la France. General Bonaparte adakhala kazembe woyamba wa French Republic. Wolamulira watsopanoyo, akutaya pang'onopang'ono kudzichepetsa kwa Republican ndi demokalase, adafuna "kupereka" "bwalo" lake. Pa "bwalo" lake, tchalitchi ndi gulu la oimba amakonzedwa, kumene Rode akuitanidwa ngati woyimba payekha. Paris Conservatory imatsegulanso zitseko zake kwa iye, komwe kuyesa kumapangidwa kuti apange masukulu a njira m'magawo akuluakulu a maphunziro a nyimbo. Njira yakusukulu ya violin idalembedwa ndi Baio, Rode ndi Kreutzer. Mu 1802, Sukulu iyi (Methode du violon) idasindikizidwa ndikuvomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, Rode sanatengepo gawo lalikulu chotero pa chilengedwe chake; Baio anali wolemba wamkulu.

Kuphatikiza pa Conservatory ndi Bonaparte Chapel, Rode ndinso woyimba payekha ku Paris Grand Opera. Panthawiyi, adakondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu, ali pachimake cha kutchuka ndipo amasangalala ndi ulamuliro wosatsutsika wa woyimba zeze woyamba ku France. Ndipo kachiwiri, chikhalidwe chosakhazikika sichimulola kuti akhalebe m'malo. Atanyengedwa ndi bwenzi lake, wolemba nyimbo wa Boildieu, mu 1803 Rode ananyamuka kupita ku St.

Kupambana kwa Rode ku likulu la Russia ndikosangalatsa kwambiri. Anaperekedwa kwa Alexander I, amasankhidwa kukhala soloist wa khoti, ndi malipiro osamveka a ruble 5000 siliva pachaka. Watentha. St. Petersburg mkulu anthu akukangana wina ndi mzake kuyesa Rode mu salons awo; amapereka ma concerts payekha, masewero a quartets, ensembles, payekha mu opera yachifumu; nyimbo zake zimalowa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, nyimbo zake zimasiyidwa ndi okonda.

Mu 1804, Rode anapita ku Moscow, kumene anachita konsati, monga umboni wa chilengezo mu Moskovskie Vedomosti: “Bambo. Rode, woyimba violini woyamba wa His Imperial Majness, ali ndi mwayi wodziwitsa anthu olemekezeka kuti apereka konsati pa Epulo 10, Lamlungu, m'malo mwake muholo yayikulu ya Theatre ya Petrovsky, momwe adzasewera mbali zosiyanasiyana zamasewera. kapangidwe kake. Rode anakhala ku Moscow, mwachiwonekere kwa nthawi yabwino. Kotero, mu "Zolemba" za SP Zhikharev timawerenga kuti mu salon ya wokonda nyimbo wotchuka wa ku Moscow VA Vsevolozhsky mu 1804-1805 panali quartet yomwe "chaka chatha Rode adagwira violin yoyamba, ndi Batllo, viola Frenzel ndi cello akadali Lamar. . Zowona, zomwe Zhikharev adanena sizolondola. J. Lamar mu 1804 sakanakhoza kusewera mu quartet ndi Rode, chifukwa anafika ku Moscow mu November 1805 ndi Bayo.

Kuchokera ku Moscow, Rode anapitanso ku St. Ali panjira, adapitanso ku Moscow, komwe adakumana ndi abwenzi akale a ku Parisian omwe adakhalako kuyambira 1808 - woyimba zeze Bayo ndi cellist Lamar. Ku Moscow, adachita konsati yotsazikana. "Bambo. Rode, woyimba violini woyamba wa Kammera of His Majness the Emperor of All Russia, akudutsa ku Moscow kunja, Lamlungu, February 1808, adzakhala ndi mwayi wopereka konsati kuti apindule nawo muholo ya Dance Club. Zomwe zili mu konsati: 1805. Symphony yolembedwa ndi Bambo Mozart; 23. Bambo Rode adzaimba concerto ya nyimbo zawo; 1. Huge Overture, Op. mzinda wa Kerubini; 2. Bambo Zoon adzaimba Flute Concerto, Op. Kapellmeister Bambo Miller; 3. Bambo Rode adzaimba konsati ya zolemba zake, zoperekedwa kwa Mfumu Yake Mfumu Alexander Pavlovich. Rondo nthawi zambiri amatengedwa kuchokera ku nyimbo zambiri za Chirasha; 4. Chomaliza. Mtengo ndi ma ruble a 5 pa tikiti iliyonse, yomwe ingapezeke kwa Bambo Rode mwiniwake, yemwe amakhala ku Tverskaya, m'nyumba ya Bambo Saltykov ndi Madame Shiu, komanso kuchokera kwa woyang'anira nyumba ya Dance Academy.

Ndi konsati iyi, Rode anatsazikana Russia. Atafika ku Paris, posakhalitsa anapereka konsati mu holo ya Odeon Theatre. Komabe, kusewera kwake sikunadzutse chidwi cha omvera akale. Ndemanga yofooketsa idawonekera mu German Musical Gazette: “Atabwerera kuchokera ku Russia, Rode ankafuna kupereka mphoto kwa anzawo chifukwa chowamana chisangalalo chosangalala ndi luso lake lodabwitsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma nthawi ino sanachite mwayi. Kusankhidwa kwa concerto kwa sewerolo kudapangidwa ndi iye mosapambana. Analilemba ku St. Rode sanachite chidwi kwambiri. Talente yake, yomalizidwa kwathunthu pakukula kwake, imasiyabe zofunikira pazamoto ndi moyo wamkati. Roda zinamupweteka kwambiri chifukwa tinamva Lafon pamaso pake. Uyu tsopano ndi m'modzi mwa oyimba zeze omwe amakonda kuno."

Zowona, kukumbukira sikunenanso za kuchepa kwa luso la Rode. Wowunikayo sanakhutire ndi kusankha kwa concerto "yozizira kwambiri" komanso kusowa kwa moto pakuchita kwa wojambulayo. Mwachiwonekere, chinthu chachikulu chinali zokonda zosinthidwa za anthu a ku Parisi. Mtundu wa "classic" wa Rode unasiya kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu. Zochulukirapo tsopano adachita chidwi ndi kukongola kwa Lafont wachichepere. Chizoloŵezi cha kukhudzika kwa zida zabwino chinali kudzipangitsa kale kudzimva, chomwe posachedwapa chidzakhala chizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri cha nthawi yomwe ikubwera ya chikondi.

Kulephera kwa konsati kudakhudza Rode. Mwina chinali ntchito imeneyi yomwe inamupangitsa kupwetekedwa mtima kosasinthika, komwe sanachire mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Panalibe njira yotsalira ya Rode yemwe anali wokonda kucheza. Amadzipatula ndipo mpaka 1811 amasiya kulankhula pagulu. Pokhapokha pabwalo lanyumba ndi abwenzi akale - Pierre Baio ndi wojambula nyimbo Lamar - amasewera nyimbo, kusewera ma quartets. Komabe, mu 1811 anaganiza kuyambiranso ntchito konsati. Koma osati ku Paris. Ayi! Amapita ku Austria ndi Germany. Zoimbaimba ndi zowawa. Rode wataya chidaliro: amasewera mwamantha, amakulitsa "mantha a siteji." Pomumva ku Vienna mu 1813, Spohr akulemba kuti: “Ndinayembekezera, pafupifupi ndi kunjenjemera kwa malungo, chiyambi cha maseŵera a Rode, amene zaka khumi m’mbuyomo ndinalingalira chitsanzo changa chachikulu koposa. Komabe, pambuyo pa solo yoyamba, zinkawoneka kwa ine kuti Rode wabwerera mmbuyo panthawiyi. Ndinapeza kusewera kwake kozizira komanso kosangalatsa; analibe kulimba mtima kwake m’malo ovuta, ndipo ndinadzimva kukhala wosakhutira ngakhale pambuyo pa Cantabile. Ndikuchita zosiyana za E-dur zomwe ndinamva kwa iye zaka khumi zapitazo, ndinatsimikiza kuti adataya zambiri mu kukhulupirika kwaukadaulo, chifukwa sanangopeputsa ndime zovuta, koma adachitanso ndime zophweka mwamantha komanso molakwika.

Malinga ndi kunena kwa Fetis, katswiri wa nyimbo wa ku France, wolemba mbiri yakale, Rode anakumana ndi Beethoven ku Vienna, ndipo Beethoven anamulembera nyimbo ya Romance ( F-dur, op. 50) ya violin ndi okhestra, “ndiko kuti, Romance imeneyo,” akuwonjezera Fetis, “yomwe panthaŵiyo zochitidwa bwino ndi Pierre Baio m'makonsati a Conservatory. Komabe, Riemann, ndipo pambuyo pake Bazilevsky amatsutsa mfundo imeneyi.

Rode anamaliza ulendo wake ku Berlin, komwe adakhala mpaka 1814. Anamangidwa pano ndi bizinesi yaumwini - ukwati wake ndi mtsikana wa ku Italy.

Atabwerera ku France, Rode anakhazikika ku Bordeaux. Zaka zotsatila sizimapereka wofufuzayo chilichonse chokhudza mbiri yake. Rode samagwira ntchito kulikonse, koma, mwachiwonekere, akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti abwezeretse luso lake lotayika. Ndipo mu 1828, kuyesa kwatsopano kuwonekera pamaso pa anthu - konsati ku Paris.

Kunali kulephera kotheratu. Rode sanapirire. Anadwala ndipo atadwala kwa zaka ziwiri, pa November 25, 1830, anamwalira m’tauni ya Château de Bourbon pafupi ndi Damazon. Rode adamwa chikho chowawa cha wojambula yemwe tsogolo linachotsa chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'moyo - luso. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale kuti nthawi yayifupi kwambiri yojambula maluwa, ntchito yake yojambula inasiya chizindikiro chachikulu pa luso la nyimbo za ku France ndi dziko. Analinso wotchuka monga wolemba nyimbo, ngakhale kuti kuthekera kwake pankhaniyi kunali kochepa.

Cholowa chake chopanga chimaphatikizapo ma concerto 13 a violin, ma quartets a uta, nyimbo za violin, zosiyana zambiri pamitu yosiyanasiyana ndi ma caprice 24 a violin payekha. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1838, ntchito za Rohde zinali zopambana padziko lonse lapansi. Tikumbukenso kuti Paganini analemba wotchuka Concerto mu D yaikulu malinga ndi dongosolo la First Violin Concerto ndi Rode. Ludwig Spohr anachokera ku Rode m'njira zambiri, kupanga makonsati ake. Anakwera yekha mu mtundu wanyimbo anatsatira Viotti, amene ntchito yake inali chitsanzo kwa iye. Ma concerto a Rode amabwereza osati mawonekedwe okha, komanso mawonekedwe onse, ngakhale mawonekedwe amitundu yonse ya ntchito za Viotti, zomwe zimasiyana ndi nyimbo zazikulu. Nyimbo za "nyimbo zawo zosavuta, zosalakwa, koma zodzaza ndi kumva" zidadziwika ndi Odoevsky. Nyimbo za cantilena za nyimbo za Rode zinali zokongola kwambiri kotero kuti kusiyana kwake (G-dur) kunaphatikizapo mndandanda wa oimba otchuka a nthawi imeneyo Catalani, Sontag, Viardot. Paulendo woyamba wa Vieuxtan ku Russia mu 15, mu pulogalamu ya konsati yake yoyamba pa Marichi XNUMX, Hoffmann adayimba nyimbo za Rode.

Ntchito za Rode ku Russia zinali ndi chikondi chachikulu. Iwo ankachitidwa ndi pafupifupi onse violinists, akatswiri ndi ankachita masewera; adalowa m'zigawo za Russia. Zosungira zakale za Venevitinovs zinasunga mapulogalamu a ma concert apanyumba omwe anachitikira ku malo a Luizino ku Vielgorskys. Madzulo awa, oimba zoyimba Teplov (mwini malo, oyandikana nawo a Vielgorskys) ndi serf Antoine anachita ma concerto ndi L. Maurer, P. Rode (wachisanu ndi chitatu), R. Kreutzer (wakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi).

Pofika m'ma 40s m'zaka za m'ma 24, nyimbo za Rode zinayamba kutha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumasewero a konsati. Ma concerto atatu kapena anayi okha ndi omwe asungidwa muzophunzitsira za oimba nyimbo zoyimba panthawi yophunzira, ndipo ma caprices XNUMX amawonedwa lero ngati njira yachikale yamtundu wa etude.

L. Raaben