Senezino (Senezino) |

Senesino

Pachiyambi cha nyumba ya zisudzo m'zaka za m'ma 1650 panali prima donna ("prima donna") ndi castrato ("primo uomo"). M'mbiri yakale, kugwiritsa ntchito ma castrati ngati oimba kunayamba zaka makumi awiri zapitazi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndipo adayamba kusewera mu opera cha m'ma XNUMX. Komabe, Monteverdi ndi Cavalli m'zolemba zawo zoyambirira adagwiritsabe ntchito mautumiki anayi oimba achilengedwe. Koma maluwa enieni a luso la castrati anafika mu opera ya Neapolitan.

Kuthedwa kwa anyamata, pofuna kuwapanga kukhala oyimba, mwina kwakhala kulipo. Koma zidali ndi kubadwa kwa polyphony ndi opera m'zaka za 1588 ndi XNUMX pomwe castrati idafunikiranso ku Europe. Chifukwa chomwe chidapangitsa izi chinali kuletsa kwa apapa XNUMX kwa amayi kuyimba m'makwaya atchalitchi, komanso kuyimba m'mabwalo a zisudzo m'maboma apapa. Anyamata ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo zachikazi za alto ndi soprano.

Koma pa msinkhu umene mawuwo akuphwanyidwa, ndipo panthaŵiyo iwo ayamba kale kukhala oimba odziŵa bwino, kamvekedwe ka mawu kamataya kumveka bwino ndi chiyero. Kuti zimenezi zisachitike, ku Italy, komanso ku Spain, anyamata ankafulidwa. Opaleshoniyi inayimitsa chitukuko cha larynx, kusunga moyo weniweni wa mawu - alto kapena soprano. Pakalipano, nthitiyo inapitirizabe kukula, ndipo ngakhale kuposa achinyamata wamba, motero, castrati anali ndi mpweya wochuluka kwambiri kuposa ngakhale amayi omwe ali ndi mawu a soprano. Mphamvu ndi chiyero cha mawu awo sizingafanane ndi zomwe zilipo panopa, ngakhale atakhala mawu apamwamba.

Opaleshoniyo inkachitidwa kwa anyamata nthawi zambiri azaka zapakati pa eyiti ndi khumi ndi zitatu. Popeza kuti maopaleshoni oterowo anali oletsedwa, nthaŵi zonse ankachitidwa mwachinyengo kapena mwangozi. Mwanayo anaviikidwa mu kusamba kwa mkaka wofunda, kupatsidwa mlingo wa opiamu kuchepetsa ululu. maliseche aamuna sanachotsedwe, monga momwe amachitira Kummawa, koma machende adadulidwa ndikuchotsedwa. Achinyamata adakhala osabereka, koma ndi opaleshoni yabwino analibe mphamvu.

Ma castrati adanyozedwa mpaka m'mitima yawo m'mabuku, makamaka mu sewero la buffoon, lomwe lidachita bwino kwambiri ndi mphamvu ndi zazikulu. Kuwukira kumeneku, komabe, sikunatanthauze luso lawo loyimba, koma makamaka mawonekedwe awo akunja, mphamvu zawo komanso kunyada kosapiririka. Kuyimba kwa ma castrati, komwe kumaphatikiza bwino kumveka kwa mawu achinyamata ndi mphamvu ya mapapu a munthu wamkulu, kunkayamikiridwabe kukhala pachimake pazipambano zonse zoimba. Osewera akuluakulu patali kwambiri kuchokera kwa iwo adatsatiridwa ndi ojambula amtundu wachiwiri: amodzi kapena angapo ndi mawu achikazi. Prima donna ndi castrato anaonetsetsa kuti oimbawa asakule kwambiri komanso makamaka maudindo oyamikira kwambiri. Mabasi achimuna adazimiririka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku opera yayikulu kuyambira nthawi za Venetian.

Oyimba angapo a ku Italy otaya anthu afika paungwiro pazaluso zamawu ndi zisudzo. Pakati pa "Muziko" ndi "Wonder" wamkulu, monga oimba castrato ankatchedwa ku Italy, ndi Caffarelli, Carestini, Guadagni, Pacciarotti, Rogini, Velluti, Cresentini. Pakati pa oyamba m'pofunika kuzindikira Senesino.

Tsiku loyerekezedwa la kubadwa kwa Senesino (dzina lenileni la Fratesco Bernard) ndi 1680. Komabe, zikutheka kuti iye alidi wamng'ono. Kutsimikiza kotereku kungapangidwe chifukwa chakuti dzina lake limatchulidwa m'ndandanda wa ochita masewera okha kuchokera ku 1714. Kenaka ku Venice, adayimba mu "Semiramide" ndi Pollarolo Sr. Anayamba kuphunzira kuimba kwa Senesino ku Bologna.

Mu 1715, impresario Zambekkari akulemba za momwe amachitira woimbayo:

"Senesino amachitabe modabwitsa, amaima osasunthika ngati chiboliboli, ndipo ngati nthawi zina apanga mawonekedwe amtundu wina, ndiye kuti zimakhala zosiyana ndendende ndi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa. Zolemba zake ndizowopsa monga za Nicolini zinali zokongola, ndipo za ma arias, amazichita bwino ngati ali m'mawu. Koma usiku watha, mu aria yabwino, iye anapita mipiringidzo iwiri patsogolo.

Casati ndi wosapiririka, ndipo chifukwa cha kuyimba kwake kosasangalatsa, komanso chifukwa cha kunyada kwake, adagwirizana ndi Senesino, ndipo alibe ulemu kwa aliyense. Chifukwa chake, palibe amene angawawone, ndipo pafupifupi a Neapolitans onse amawawona (ngati amaganiziridwa nkomwe) ngati adindo odzilungamitsa okha. Sanayimbe ndi ine, mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri otaya mtima omwe anachita ku Naples; awiri okhawa sindinawaitane. Ndipo tsopano ndingatonthozedwe ndi mfundo yakuti aliyense amawachitira zoipa.

Mu 1719, Senesino akuimba pabwalo lamilandu ku Dresden. Patatha chaka chimodzi, wolemba nyimbo wotchuka Handel anabwera kuno kudzalemba anthu oimba ku Royal Academy of Music, yomwe adapanga ku London. Pamodzi ndi Senesino, Berenstadt ndi Margherita Durastanti anapitanso ku gombe la "chifunga Albion".

Senesino anakhala ku England kwa nthawi yaitali. Anayimba bwino kwambiri kusukuluyi, akuimba maudindo otsogola m'masewera onse a Bononcini, Ariosti, komanso koposa zonse ndi Handel. Ngakhale mwachilungamo ziyenera kunenedwa kuti ubale pakati pa woimbayo ndi woimbayo sunali wabwino kwambiri. Senesino anakhala woimba woyamba wa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu angapo opera Handel: Otto ndi Flavius ​​(1723), Julius Caesar (1724), Rodelinda (1725), Scipio (1726), Admetus (1727) ), "Koresi" ndi "Ptolemy" (1728).

Pa May 5, 1726, filimu yoyamba ya Handel ya opera Alexander inachitika, yomwe inali yopambana kwambiri. Senesino, yemwe adasewera gawo lamutu, anali pachimake cha kutchuka. Kupambana kudagawidwa naye ndi ma prima donnas awiri - Cuzzoni ndi Bordoni. Tsoka ilo, aku Britain apanga misasa iwiri ya okonda osagwirizana ndi ma prima donnas. Senesino anali atatopa ndi mikangano ya oimba, ndipo, atanena kuti akudwala, anapita kudziko lakwawo - ku Italy. Kale pambuyo pa kugwa kwa sukulu, mu 1729, Handel mwiniwake anabwera ku Senesino kudzamufunsa kuti abwerere.

Choncho, ngakhale kusagwirizana konse, Senesino, kuyambira 1730, anayamba kuchita mu gulu laling'ono linakonzedwa ndi Handel. Anaimba m'mabuku awiri atsopano a wolembayo, Aetius (1732) ndi Orlando (1733). Komabe, zotsutsanazo zidakhala zozama kwambiri ndipo mu 1733 panali kupuma komaliza.

Monga momwe zochitika zotsatira zinasonyezera, mkangano umenewu unali ndi zotulukapo zazikulu. Anakhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe, motsutsana ndi gulu la Handel, "Opera ya akuluakulu" inakhazikitsidwa, yotsogoleredwa ndi N. Porpora. Pamodzi ndi Senesino, "muziko" wina wodziwika bwino - Farinelli adayimba apa. Mosiyana ndi zimene ankayembekezera, iwo ankagwirizana kwambiri. Mwina chifukwa chake ndi chakuti Farinelli ndi sopranist, pomwe Senesino ali ndi contralto. Kapena mwina Senesino amangosilira luso la mnzake wachichepere. Pokomera yachiwiri ndi nkhani yomwe inachitika mu 1734 pa sewero loyamba la opera ya A. Hasse ya "Artasasta" ku Royal Theatre ku London.

Mu opera iyi, Senesino adayimba kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi Farinelli: adasewera ngati wankhanza wokwiya, ndipo Farinelli - ngwazi yatsoka yomangidwa unyolo. Komabe, ndi chidziwitso chake choyamba, adakhudza mtima wowuma wa wankhanzayo kotero kuti Senesino, kuyiwala udindo wake, adathamangira kwa Farinelli ndikumukumbatira.

Nawa malingaliro a wolemba I.-I. Quantz yemwe adamva woyimba ku England:

"Anali ndi contralto yamphamvu, yomveka bwino komanso yosangalatsa, yokhala ndi mawu abwino kwambiri komanso ma tris abwino kwambiri. Kayimbidwe kake kanali kaluso, kamvekedwe kake kake sikanali kofanana. Popanda kudzaza adagio ndi zokongoletsera, adayimba zolemba zazikulu ndikuwongolera kodabwitsa. Ma allegroes ake anali odzaza ndi moto, okhala ndi caesuras omveka bwino komanso ofulumira, adachokera pachifuwa, adawachita momveka bwino komanso mwamakhalidwe osangalatsa. Anachita bwino pa siteji, manja ake onse anali achilengedwe komanso olemekezeka.

Makhalidwe onsewa anakwaniritsidwa ndi munthu wamkulu; maonekedwe ake ndi khalidwe lake zinali zoyenera kwambiri kuphwando la ngwazi kusiyana ndi wokonda.”

Kupikisana pakati pa nyumba ziwiri za opera kunatha ndi kugwa kwa onse awiri mu 1737. Pambuyo pake Senesino anabwerera ku Italy.

Castrati wotchuka kwambiri analandira ndalama zambiri. Nenani, mu 30s ku Naples, woimba wotchuka adalandira kuchokera ku 600 mpaka 800 ku Spain doubloons pa nyengo. Ndalamazi zikanawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito zopindulitsa. Anali ma doubloons 800, kapena ma ducats 3693, omwe Senesino, yemwe anaimba mu 1738/39 ku San Carlo Theatre, analandira kuno kwa nyengoyi.

Chodabwitsa n’chakuti omvera a m’deralo anachitapo kanthu ndi nyimbo za woimbayo popanda kumulemekeza. Kugwirizana kwa Senesino sikunapangidwenso nyengo yotsatira. Zimenezi zinadabwitsa wodziŵa bwino nyimbo monga de Brosse: “Senesino wamkulu anachita mbali yaikulu, ndinachita chidwi ndi kukoma kwa kuimba ndi kuseŵera kwake. Komabe, ndinaona modabwa kuti anthu a m’dziko lake sanali osangalala. Amadandaula kuti amaimba nyimbo zakale. Pano pali umboni wosonyeza kuti nyimbo zimene amakonda zimasintha zaka khumi zilizonse.”

Kuchokera ku Naples, woimbayo akubwerera ku Tuscany kwawo. Zochita zake zomaliza, mwachiwonekere, zidachitika m'ma opera awiri a Orlandini - "Arsaces" ndi "Ariadne".

Senesino anamwalira mu 1750.