Jean Sibelius (Jean Sibelius) |

Jean sibelius

Sibelius. Tapiola (orchestra yoyendetsedwa ndi T. Beecham)

... kupanga pamlingo wokulirapo, kupitiliza pomwe omwe adanditsogolera adasiyira, kupanga zaluso zamakono siufulu wanga wokha, komanso ntchito yanga. J. Sibelius

“Jan Sibelius ali m’gulu la olemba athu amene moona mtima ndi mopanda khama amafotokoza makhalidwe a anthu a ku Finland ndi nyimbo zawo,” analemba motero mnzake wa ku Finland, wotsutsa K. Flodin, ponena za wolemba nyimbo wodabwitsa wa ku Finland mu 1891. Ntchito ya Sibelius si kokha tsamba lowala mu mbiri ya chikhalidwe nyimbo Finland, kutchuka kwa wopeka anapitirira malire a dziko lakwawo.

Kukula kwa ntchito ya wolembayo kumafika kumapeto kwa 7th - koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 3. - nthawi yachitukuko chaufulu ndi kusintha kwa dziko ku Finland. Dongosolo laling'onoli panthawiyo linali gawo la Ufumu wa Russia ndipo lidakumananso ndi malingaliro omwewo anthawi yamphepo yamkuntho yakusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ku Finland, monga ku Russia, nthawi imeneyi inadziwika ndi kukwera kwa luso la dziko. Sibelius ankagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Adalemba ma symphonies a 2, ndakatulo za symphonic, XNUMX orchestral suites. Concerto ya violin ndi orchestra, ma quartets a zingwe XNUMX, piano quintets ndi trios, nyimbo zapachipinda ndi zida zoimbira, nyimbo zamasewera ochititsa chidwi, koma talente ya wolembayo idadziwonetsera bwino mu nyimbo za symphonic.

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Sibelius anakulira m'banja limene nyimbo zinkalimbikitsidwa: mlongo wa wolemba nyimboyo ankaimba piyano, mchimwene wake ankaimba cello, ndipo Jan poyamba ankaimba piyano ndiyeno violin. Patapita nthawi, nyimbo za Sibelius za m'chipinda choyambirira zinalembedwa za gulu lapakhomo ili. Gustav Levander, bandmaster wa gulu mkuwa m'deralo, anali woyamba nyimbo mphunzitsi. Luso lopanga la mnyamatayo lidawonekera koyambirira - Yang adalemba sewero lake laling'ono loyamba ali ndi zaka khumi. Komabe, ngakhale kuti anapambana kwambiri mu maphunziro a nyimbo, mu 1885 anakhala wophunzira pa luso la zamalamulo pa yunivesite ya Helsingfors. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amaphunzira ku Music Institute (kumalota mumtima mwake ntchito ya virtuoso violinist), choyamba ndi M. Vasiliev, ndiyeno ndi G. Challat.

Pakati pa ntchito zachinyamata za wolembayo, ntchito zachikondi zimawonekera, momwe zojambula za chilengedwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti Sibelius amapereka epigraph kwa quartet yachinyamata - malo osangalatsa a kumpoto olembedwa ndi iye. Zithunzi za chilengedwe zimapereka kununkhira kwapadera ku pulogalamu ya "Florestan" ya piyano, ngakhale kuti wolembayo akuyang'ana pa chithunzi cha ngwazi yokondana ndi nymph wokongola wamaso akuda ndi tsitsi lagolide.

Kudziwana kwa Sibelius ndi R. Cajanus, woimba wophunzira, wotsogolera nyimbo, ndiponso katswiri wodziŵa bwino kwambiri gulu la oimba, kunam’thandiza kukulitsa chidwi chake choimba. Chifukwa cha iye, Sibelius amakhala ndi chidwi ndi nyimbo za symphonic ndi zida. Iye ali paubwenzi wapamtima ndi Busoni, yemwe pa nthawiyo anaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ya uphunzitsi pa Musical Institute of Helsingfors. Koma, mwinamwake, kudziwana ndi banja la Yarnefelt kunali kofunika kwambiri kwa woimbayo (abale atatu: Armas - wotsogolera ndi wolemba nyimbo, Arvid - wolemba, Ero - wojambula, mlongo wawo Aino pambuyo pake anakhala mkazi wa Sibelius).

Kuti apititse patsogolo maphunziro ake oimba, Sibelius anapita kunja kwa zaka 2: ku Germany ndi Austria (1889-91), kumene adapititsa patsogolo maphunziro ake oimba, akuphunzira ndi A. Becker ndi K. Goldmark. Amaphunzira mosamala ntchito ya R. Wagner, J. Brahms ndi A. Bruckner ndipo amakhala wotsatira moyo wawo wonse wa nyimbo za pulogalamu. Malinga ndi wopeka nyimboyo, “nyimbo zingasonyeze mokwanira chisonkhezero chake kokha ngati ziperekedwa chitsogozo ndi nkhani ya ndakatulo, m’mawu ena, pamene nyimbo ndi ndakatulo zigwirizanitsidwa.” Mfundo imeneyi anabadwa ndendende pa nthawi imene wolemba anali kusanthula njira zosiyanasiyana zopeka, kuphunzira masitayelo ndi zitsanzo za kupambana kwapadera kwa masukulu oimba European. Pa April 29, 1892, ku Finland, motsogozedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo "Kullervo" (yochokera pa chiwembu cha "Kalevala") inachita bwino kwambiri kwa oimba, kwaya ndi oimba a symphony. Tsikuli limatengedwa kuti ndi tsiku lobadwa la akatswiri a nyimbo za ku Finnish. Sibelius mobwerezabwereza adatembenukira ku epic ya Finnish. Gulu loimba la "Lemminkäinen" la okhestra loyimba linapatsa woimbayo kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90. Sibelius amalenga ndakatulo symphonic "Finland" (1899) ndi Symphony Choyamba (1898-99). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amapanga nyimbo zowonetsera zisudzo. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali nyimbo ya sewero la "Kuolema" la A. Yarnefeld, makamaka "The Sad Waltz" (mayi wa protagonist, akufa, akuwona chithunzi cha mwamuna wake wakufa, yemwe, titero, amamuitanira kuvina. , ndipo amafa ndi kulira kwa waltz). Sibelius adalembanso nyimbo zamasewera: Pelléas et Mélisande lolemba M. Maeterlinck (1905), Phwando la Belshazzar lolemba J. Prokope (1906), The White Swan lolemba A. Strindberg (1908), The Tempest lolemba W. Shakespeare (1926) .

Mu 1906-07. anapita ku St. Petersburg ndi Moscow, kumene anakumana ndi N. Rimsky-Korsakov ndi A. Glazunov. Wolembayo amamvetsera kwambiri nyimbo za symphonic - mwachitsanzo, mu 1900 akulemba Symphony Yachiwiri, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi concerto yake yotchuka ya violin ndi orchestra ikuwonekera. Ntchito zonsezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuwala kwa nyimbo, monumentality ya mawonekedwe. Koma ngati symphony ikulamulidwa ndi mitundu yowala, ndiye kuti concerto ili ndi zithunzi zochititsa chidwi. Komanso, woimbayo amatanthauzira chida cha solo - violin - ngati chida chofanana ndi mphamvu ya njira zowonetsera kwa oimba. Zina mwa ntchito za Sibelius m'ma 1902. The music inspired by Kalevala reappears (symphonic poem Tapiola, 20). Kwa zaka zomaliza za 1926 za moyo wake, wolembayo sanapenge. Komabe, kulumikizana kopanga ndi dziko lanyimbo sikunayime. Oimba ambiri ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anabwera kudzamuona. Nyimbo za Sibelius zinkachitika m'makonsati ndipo zinali zokometsera za oimba ambiri otchuka ndi otsogolera a zaka za m'ma 30.

L. Kozhevnikova