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Solmization (kuchokera ku dzina la mawu anyimbo mchere и E), solfeggio, solfegging

italo. solmisazione, solfeggio, solfeggiare, French. solmisation, solfege, solfier, nem. Solmisation, solfeggioren, solmisieren, English. solmization, sol-fa

1) Mwa njira yopapatiza - Middle Ages. Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya mchitidwe woimba nyimbo zoimbidwa ndi mawu akuti ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, woyambitsidwa ndi Guido d'Arezzo kusonyeza masitepe a hexachord; m'lingaliro lalikulu - njira iliyonse yoyimba nyimbo zokhala ndi mayina a syllabic. masitepe k.-l. sikelo (yachibale S.) kapena ndi dzina. mawu ogwirizana ndi mawu ake enieni (phokoso la mtheradi); kuphunzira kuyimba kuchokera ku nyimbo. Mipangidwe yakale kwambiri ya masilabulo—Chitchaina (pentatonic), Indian (masitepe asanu ndi awiri), Greek (tetrachordic), ndi Guidonian (hexachordic)—anali ofanana. Guido adagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo ya St. John:

Anagwiritsa ntchito masilabo oyambirira a “mizere” iliyonse ya mawuwo monga dzina. masitepe a hexachord. Chofunikira cha njirayi chinali kupanga mayanjano amphamvu pakati pa mayina ndi mawonetsedwe omveka a masitepe a hexachord. Pambuyo pake, masilabo a Guido m’maiko angapo, kuphatikizapo USSR, anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kutalika kwa mawu; m'dongosolo la Guido mwiniwake, dzina lachidziwitso. osakhudzana ndi tanthauzo limodzi. kutalika; mwachitsanzo, sillable u imagwira ntchito ngati dzina. Ndimaponda zingapo. ma hexachords: zachilengedwe (c), zofewa (f), zolimba (g). Poona kuti nyimbo zanyimbo sizimakwanira kaŵirikaŵiri m’malire a hexachord imodzi, ndi S. kaŵirikaŵiri kunali kofunikira kusinthira ku hexachord ina (mutation). Izi zinali chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mayina a syllabic. mamvekedwe (mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti a anali ndi dzina la la mu hexachord yachilengedwe, ndi mi mu hexachord yofewa). Poyambirira, kusintha kwa masinthidwe sikunali kuganiziridwa kukhala kovutirapo, popeza masilabulo mi ndi fa nthawi zonse amawonetsa malo a semitone ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mawu olondola (motero amatanthauzira mapiko a nthano yanyimbo ya Middle Ages: "Mi et fa sunt tota musica" - " Mi ndi fa onse ndi nyimbo") . Kuyambika kwa silabi si kufotokoza digiri yachisanu ndi chiwiri ya sikelo (X. Valrant, Antwerp, circa 1574) kunapangitsa masinthidwe mkati mwa kiyi imodzi mopambanitsa. Masitepe asanu ndi aŵiri akuti “gamma through si” anagwiritsiridwa ntchito “kuyambira pa kumveka kwa zilembo zilizonse” ( E. Lullier, Paris, 1696), ndiko kuti, m’lingaliro lochepa. Solmization yotereyi inatchedwa. "transposing", mosiyana ndi "mutating" wakale.

Kuchulukitsa udindo wa instr. nyimbo zomwe zidatsogolera ku France kugwiritsa ntchito masilabi ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si kutanthauza mawu akuti c, d, e, f, g, a, h, motero kutulukira kwatsopano, mtheradi wa C., tory analandira dzina. solfegging zachilengedwe ("solfier au naturel"), popeza mwangozi sizinaganizidwe momwemo (Monteclair, Paris, 1709). M'chilengedwe S., kuphatikiza kwa masilabi mi - fa sikungatanthauze sekondi yaying'ono, komanso yayikulu kapena yowonjezereka (ef, e-fis, es-f, es-fis), motero njira ya Monteclair inkafunika kuphunzira za mtengo wa kamvekedwe ka intervals, osati kupatulapo, mu Pakakhala zovuta, ntchito "transposing" S. Natural S. inafalikira pambuyo kuonekera kwa likulu ntchito "Solfeggia yophunzitsa pa Conservatory of Music ku Paris" , yolembedwa ndi L. Cherubini, FJ Gossec, EN Megul ndi ena (1802). Apa, mtheradi S. yekha anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lamulo. instr. kutsagana, yojambulidwa mu mawonekedwe a digito bass. Kudziwa luso loimba kuchokera pa manotsi kunathandizidwa ndi ambiri. maphunziro a mitundu iwiri: rhythmic. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masikelo ndi kutsatizana kuchokera ku intervals, choyamba mu C-dur, kenako m'makiyi ena. Kuyimba koyenera kunkatheka poyimba motsagana.

"Solfeggia" inathandizira kuyendetsa dongosolo la makiyi; zinali zogwirizana ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zazing'ono, zogwira ntchito za modal zomwe zinali zitapangidwa panthawiyo. Kale JJ Rousseau anadzudzula dongosolo lachirengedwe chachilengedwe chifukwa chonyalanyaza mayina a masitepe a modal, sichinathandizire kuzindikira kufunika kwa kamvekedwe ka nthawi, ndi chitukuko cha kumva. "Solfeggia" sinathetse zophophonya izi. Kuphatikiza apo, adapangidwira akatswiri am'tsogolo ndipo adapereka maphunziro owononga nthawi. Kwa maphunziro oimba kusukulu ndi maphunziro a oimba osaphunzira omwe adatenga nawo gawo mu kwaya. makapu, njira yosavuta idafunikira. Zofunikira izi zidakwaniritsidwa ndi njira ya Galen-Paris-Cheve, yopangidwa pamaziko a malingaliro a Rousseau. Mphunzitsi wasukulu wa masamu ndi kuimba P. Galen kumayambiriro kwa maphunziro adagwiritsa ntchito zolemba za digito za Rousseau, momwe masikelo akuluakulu adasankhidwa ndi manambala 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, masikelo ang'onoang'ono. ndi manambala 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, masitepe owonjezereka ndi ochepetsedwa - ndi manambala odutsa (monga motsatira и ), tonality - yokhala ndi chizindikiro chofananira kumayambiriro kwa kujambula (mwachitsanzo, "Ton Fa" amatanthauza kusinthasintha kwa F-dur). Mawu osonyezedwa ndi manambala anayenera kuimbidwa ndi masilabi ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. Galen anayambitsa masilabulo osinthidwa kuti azitanthawuza zosintha. masitepe (kutha mu mavawelo ndi pamene akuwonjezeka ndi mavawelo eu pakachepa). Komabe, adagwiritsa ntchito zolemba za digito pokhapokha pokonzekera phunziro la zolemba zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi mizere isanu. Wophunzira wake E. Pari analemeretsa dongosolo la rhythmic. syllables ("la langue des durées" - "chinenero cha nthawi"). E. Sheve, wolemba mabuku angapo a methodical. zolemba ndi mabuku, kwa zaka 20 kwaya inatsogolera mabwalo. kuyimba, kuwongolera kachitidwe ndikukwaniritsa kuzindikira kwake. Mu 1883, dongosolo la Galen-Paris-Cheve lidalimbikitsidwa poyambira. masukulu, mu 1905 ndi cf. masukulu ku France. M'zaka za zana la 20 mu zosungirako za ku France, S. zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; mu maphunziro onse. Masukulu amagwiritsa ntchito manotsi wamba, koma nthawi zambiri amaphunzitsidwa kuimba ndi makutu. Cha m'ma 1540, katswiri wina wa ku Italy, dzina lake G. Doni, anasintha mawu a syllable ut n'kuikamo syllable do kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti aziimba bwino. Ku England mu theka la 1. Zaka za m'ma 19 S. Glover ndi J. Curwen anapanga zomwe zimatchedwa. "Tonic Sol-fa njira" yophunzitsira nyimbo. Ochirikiza njira imeneyi amagwiritsa ntchito wachibale S. wokhala ndi masilabulo do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti (doh, ray, me, fah, sol, lah, te) ndi zilembo za zilembo zokhala ndi zilembo zoyambirira za masilabi amenewa: d , r, m, f, s, 1, t. Kuwonjezeka kwa masitepe kumawonetsedwa ndi vowel i; kuchepa mothandizidwa ndi mavawelo o kumapeto kwa syllables; mayina osinthidwa muzolemba. zolembedwa zonse. Kuti mudziwe tonality, miyambo imasungidwa. zilembo (mwachitsanzo, chizindikiro cha "Key G" chimatanthawuza kugwira ntchito mu G-dur kapena e-moll). Choyamba, mawu omveka amapangidwa mwadongosolo logwirizana ndi ntchito za masitepe: Gawo loyamba - masitepe I, V, III; 1 - masitepe II ndi VII; 2 - masitepe IV ndi VI zazikulu; pambuyo pake, sikelo yayikulu yonse, nthawi, masinthidwe osavuta, mitundu yaying'ono, kusintha kumaperekedwa. Ch. Ntchito ya Curwen "Njira yokhazikika yamaphunziro ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi mu Tonic Sol-fa njira yophunzitsira nyimbo" (3) ndi mwadongosolo. kwaya sukulu. kuimba. Ku Germany, A. Hundegger anasintha njira ya Tonic Sol-fa kuti igwirizane ndi mawonekedwe ake. chinenero, kuchipatsa dzina. "Tonic Do" (1858; masitepe achilengedwe: kuchita, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, kukwezedwa - kutha ndi i, kutsitsa - mkati ndi). Njirayi inafala kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko I (1897-1) (F. Jode ku Germany ndi ena). Kupititsa patsogolo patsogolo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse (1914-18) ku GDR ndi A. Stir ndi ku Switzerland ndi R. Schoch. Ku Germany, "Union of Tonic Do" imagwira ntchito.

Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe oyambira a S., m'zaka za 16-19. ku Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, ena angapo ayikidwa patsogolo. Zina mwa izo - mitundu ikugwirizana. S. okhala ndi mayina a manambala: ku Germany – eins, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieb'n (!) (K. Horstig, 1800; B. Natorp, 1813), ku France – un, deux, trois , quatr' (!), cinq, six, sept (G. Boquillon, 1823) popanda kuganizira zosintha. masitepe. Pakati pa machitidwe athunthu, S. amasunga tanthauzo la Clavisieren kapena Abecedieren, ndiko kuti, kuyimba ndi zilembo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko aku Germany. chinenero kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16. Dongosolo la K. Eitz ("Tonwortmethode", 1891) lidasiyanitsidwa ndi melodiousness ndi logic, kuwonetsa chromaticity, diatonicity, and anharmonism of European. dongosolo lamawu. Pamaziko a mfundo zina za Eitz ndi njira ya Tonic Do, wachibale watsopano S. "YALE" ndi R. Münnich (1930) adalengedwa, omwe mu 1959 adavomerezedwa mwalamulo ku GDR kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa maphunziro onse. sukulu. Ku Hungary, Z. Kodai adasintha dongosolo la "Tonic Sol-fa" - "Tonic Do" kukhala pentatonic. Chikhalidwe cha Hungary. nar. nyimbo. Iye ndi ophunzira ake E. Adam ndi D. Kerenyi mu 1943-44 anatulutsa Buku la Nyimbo za Sukulu, akuimba mabuku a maphunziro a anthu wamba. sukulu, methodical kalozera kwa aphunzitsi ntchito wachibale C. (ma syllables Hungarian: du, rй, mi, fb, szу, lb, ti; kuwonjezereka kwa masitepe kumasonyezedwa kupyolera mu mapeto a "i", kuchepa - kupyolera mu mapeto "a ".) Kukula kwa dongosololi kumapitilizidwa ndi E Sönyi, Y. Gat, L. Agochi, K. Forrai ndi ena. Maphunziro pamaziko a dongosolo la Kodaly mu Republic of Hungarian People's Republic adayambitsidwa m'magulu onse a Nar. maphunziro, kuyambira ndi kindergartens mpaka kumaliza ndi Nyimbo Zapamwamba. sukulu iwo. F. Mndandanda. Tsopano, m’maiko angapo, nyimbo zikukonzedwa. maphunziro ozikidwa pa mfundo za Kodály, zozikidwa pa nat. nthano, pogwiritsa ntchito achibale a S. Institutes otchulidwa pambuyo pake. Kodai ku USA (Boston, 1969), Japan (Tokyo, 1970), Canada (Ottawa, 1976), Australia (1977), Intern. Kodi Society (Budapest, 1975).

Gvidonova S. adalowa mu Russia kudzera ku Poland ndi Lithuania pamodzi ndi zolemba zisanu (buku la nyimbo "Nyimbo zotamanda Boskikh", lolembedwa ndi Jan Zaremba, Brest, 1558; J. Lyauksminas, "Ars et praxis musica", Vilnius, 1667 ). "Grammar of Musician Singing" ya Nikolai Diletsky (Smolensk, 1677; Moscow, 1679 ndi 1681, ed. 1910, 1970, 1979) ili ndi mabwalo achinayi ndi asanu ndi kuyenda kwa nyimbo zomwezo. kusintha kwa makiyi onse akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. Mu con. Zaka za m'ma 18 "natural solfeggio" idadziwika ku Russia chifukwa cha Chitaliyana. oimba ndi olemba-aphunzitsi omwe ankagwira ntchito Ch. ayi. ku St. Petersburg (A. Sapienza, J. ndi V. Manfredini, etc.), ndipo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Pridv. Chanter Chapel, mu Chapel ya Count Sheremetev ndi makwaya ena a serf, mu Noble Uch. mabungwe (mwachitsanzo, mu Smolny Institute), mu nyimbo zapadera. masukulu omwe adachokera ku 1770s. Koma mpingo. mabuku a nyimbo anafalitsidwa m’zaka za m’ma 19. mu "kiyi ya cephout" (onani Chinsinsi). Popeza 1860s mtheradi S. amalimidwa monga mokakamiza phunziro ku St. ndi Mosk. conservatories, koma amalozera. S., yogwirizana ndi dongosolo la digito Galen - Paris - Sheve, ku St. Nyimbo zaulere. sukulu komanso makalasi osavuta akwaya aulere. kuimba Moscow. magawo a RMS. Ntchito imanena. Nyimbo idathandizidwa ndi MA Balakirev, G. Ya. Lomakin, VS Serova, VF Odoevsky, NG Rubinshtein, GA Larosh, KK Albrecht, ndi ena. Zolemba za methodical zidasindikizidwa zonse mumizere mizere isanu ndi mtheradi C., komanso muzolemba za digito ndi zofananira. C. Kuyambira 1905, P. Mironositsky adalimbikitsa njira ya Tonic Sol-fa, yomwe adayisintha kuti ikhale ya Chirasha. chinenero.

Mu USSR, kwa nthawi yaitali anapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mtheradi chikhalidwe S. Komabe, mu Sov. nthawi, cholinga cha S. makalasi, nyimbo zasintha kwambiri. zakuthupi, njira zophunzitsira. Cholinga cha S. sichinali kungodziwa zolemba za nyimbo, komanso luso la malamulo a nyimbo. zokamba pa nkhani za Nar. ndi Prof. luso. Pofika m'chaka cha 1964 H. Kalyuste (Est. SSR) anapanga dongosolo la nyimbo. maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito kugwirizana. S., kutengera dongosolo la Kodi. Poona kuti masilabu amachita, re, mi, fa, mchere, la, si kutumikira ku USSR kutanthauza kutalika kwa mawu, Caljuste adapereka mndandanda watsopano wa mayina a masilabi. masitepe amachitidwe akuluakulu: JO, LE, MI, NA, SO, RA, DI ndi kutchulidwa kwa tonic yaying'ono kudzera mu syllable RA, kukwera kwa masitepe kupyolera kumapeto kwa mavawelo kupita ku vowel i, kuchepa kupyolera mu mapeto mu mavawelo i. Pafupifupi masukulu onse mu maphunziro a nyimbo amagwiritsa ntchito. S. (malinga ndi mabuku a H. Kaljuste ndi R. Päts). Mu Latv. SSR yachita ntchito yofanana (olemba mabuku ndi zolemba pa C ndi A. Eidins, E. Silins, A. Krumins). Zochitika pakugwiritsa ntchito zimagwirizana. S. ndi masilabi Yo, LE, VI, NA, 30, RA, TI amachitikira mu RSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, ndi Moldova. Cholinga cha zoyesererazi ndikukhazikitsa njira zothandiza kwambiri zopangira ma muses. kumva, chitukuko chabwino cha chikhalidwe cha anthu amtundu uliwonse, kukweza nyimbo. kuwerenga kwa ophunzira.

2) Pansi pa mawu akuti "S." nthawi zina amamvetsa kuwerenga zolemba popanda intonation, mosiyana ndi mawu akuti "solfeggio" - kuimba phokoso ndi mayina ofanana (kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi K. Albrecht m'buku "Course of Solfeggio", 1880). Kutanthauzira koteroko kumakhala kopanda pake, sikufanana ndi mbiri iliyonse. kutanthauza, kapena intl yamakono. kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "C".

Zothandizira: Albrecht KK, Kalozera wa kuyimba kwakwaya molingana ndi njira ya digito ya Sheve, M., 1868; Miropolsky S., Pa maphunziro oimba a anthu ku Russia ndi Western Europe, St. Petersburg, 1881, 1910; Diletsky Nikolai, Woimba Grammar, St. Petersburg, 1910; Livanova TN, Mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Western Europe mpaka 1789, M.-L., 1940; Apraksina O., Maphunziro oimba mu sukulu ya sekondale ya Russia, M.-L., 1948; Odoevsky VP, Gulu laulere la nyimbo zosavuta zakwaya za RMS ku Moscow, Den, 1864, No 46, chimodzimodzi, m'buku lake. Cholowa chanyimbo ndi zolemba, M., 1956; yake, nyimbo za ABC, (1861), ibid.; wake, Kalata kwa VS Serova ya 11 I 1864, ibid.; Lokshin DL, Kuyimba kwakwaya m’sukulu ya Chirasha isanayambe kusintha ndi Soviet, M., 1957; Weiss R., Mtheradi ndi wachibale solmization, m'buku: Mafunso a njira yophunzitsira kumva, L., 1967; Maillart R., Les tons, ou Discours sur les modes de musique…, Tournai, 1610; Solfeges pour servir a l'tude dans le Conservatoire de Musique a Pans, par les Citoyens Agus, Catel, Cherubini, Gossec, Langlé, Martini, Méhul et Rey, R., An X (1802); Chevé E., Paris N., Méthode élémentaire de musique vocale, R., 1844; Glover SA, Buku la Norwich sol-fa system, 1845; Сurwen J., The standard course of lessons and exercises m the tonic sol-fa njira yophunzitsira nyimbo, L., 1858; Hundoegger A., ​​Leitfaden der Tonika Do-Lehre, Hannover, 1897; Lange G., Zur Geschichte der Solmisation, “SIMG”, Bd 1, B., 1899-1900; Kodaly Z., Iskolai nekgyjtemny, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1943; zake, Visszatekintйs, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1964; Adam J., Mudszeres nektanitbs, Bdpst, 1944; Szцnyi E., Azenei нrвs-olvasбs mуdszertana, kцt. 1-3, Bdpst, 1954; S'ndor F., Zenei nevel's Magyarorsz'gon, Bdpst, 1964; Stier A., ​​Methodik der Musikerziehung. Nach den Grundsätzen der Tonika Do-Lehre, Lpz., 1958; Handbuch der Musikerziehung, Tl 1-3, Lpz., 1968-69.

PF Wodwala