Mutu |

kuchokera pamutu wa Chigiriki, wowunikira. - maziko ake ndi chiyani

Kapangidwe ka nyimbo komwe kumakhala ngati maziko a nyimbo kapena gawo lake. Udindo wotsogola pamutuwu umatsimikiziridwa chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa chithunzi cha nyimbo, kuthekera kopanga zolinga zomwe zimapanga mutuwo, komanso chifukwa chobwerezabwereza (ndendende kapena zosiyanasiyana). Mutuwu ndi maziko a chitukuko cha nyimbo, maziko a mapangidwe a mawonekedwe a ntchito yoimba. Nthawi zingapo, mutuwu sukhala ndi chitukuko (mitu ya episodic; mitu yomwe imayimira ntchito yonse).

Thematic ratio. ndi zinthu zopanda thematic pakupanga. akhoza kukhala osiyana: kuchokera njira. kuchuluka kwa zomanga zosalowerera ndale (mwachitsanzo, ma episodic motifs m'magawo achitukuko) mpaka T. atagonjetseratu zinthu zonse. Prod. akhoza kukhala mdima umodzi ndi mdima wambiri, ndipo T. kulowa mu maubwenzi osiyanasiyana wina ndi mzake: kuchokera pachibale chapafupi kwambiri mpaka kukangana koonekeratu. Chovuta chonsecho ndi chamutu. zochitika m'nkhaniyo zimapanga mutu wake.

Makhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka t. zimadalira kwambiri mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a kupanga. lonse (kapena mbali zake, maziko ake ndi T.). Zosiyana kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, malamulo omanga T. fugue, T. Ch. mbali za sonata allegro, T. pang'onopang'ono gawo la sonata-symphony. kuzungulira, etc. T. homophonically harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo katundu imanenedwa mu mawonekedwe a nthawi, komanso mu mawonekedwe a chiganizo, mu mawonekedwe ophweka a 2 kapena 3. Nthawi zina, T. alibe tanthauzo. mawonekedwe otsekedwa.

Lingaliro la "T". kupirira njira. kusintha kwa mbiri yakale. chitukuko. Mawuwa amayamba m'zaka za m'ma 16, obwerekedwa kuchokera ku rhetoric, ndipo nthawi imeneyo nthawi zambiri ankagwirizana ndi tanthauzo ndi mfundo zina: cantus firmus, soggetto, tenor, etc. X. Glarean ("Dodecachordon", 1547) amatcha T. osn. mawu (tenor) kapena mawu, omwe nyimbo yotsogolera (cantus firmus) imayikidwa, G. Tsarlino ("Istitutioni harmoniche", III, 1558) amatcha T., kapena passagio, melodic. mzere umene cantus firmus ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe osinthidwa (mosiyana ndi soggetto - mawu omwe amachititsa cantus firmus popanda kusintha). Dr. akatswiri a theorists a m'zaka za zana la 16. tsimikizirani kusiyana kumeneku pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti inventio pamodzi ndi mawu akuti tema ndi subjectum pamodzi ndi soggetto. M’zaka za m’ma 17 kusiyana kwa mfundo zimenezi kumafufutika, n’kukhala mawu ofanana; kotero, mutu monga mawu ofanana ndi T. wasungidwa ku Western Europe. katswiri wa nyimbo. litre-re mpaka zaka za m'ma 20. Mu 2nd floor. 17-1 pansi. Zaka za zana la 18 mawu akuti "T." anasankha makamaka nyimbo zazikulu. nkhani ya fugue. Ikani patsogolo mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo zachikale. mfundo zomanga T. fugues zimachokera ku Ch. ayi. pakuwunika kwa mapangidwe amutu mu fugues za JS Bach. Polyphonic T. nthawi zambiri imakhala ya monophonic, imayenda mwachindunji mu chitukuko chotsatira cha nyimbo.

Mu 2nd floor. Malingaliro a Homophonic a m'zaka za zana la 18, omwe anapangidwa mu ntchito ya Viennese classics ndi olemba ena a nthawi ino, amasintha khalidwe la T. Mu ntchito zawo. T. - lonse melodic-harmonic. zovuta; pali kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi chitukuko (G. Koch adayambitsa lingaliro la "ntchito yochititsa chidwi" m'buku la Musicalisches Lexikon, TI 2, Fr./M., 1802). Lingaliro la "T". imagwira pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya ma homophonic. Homophonic T., mosiyana ndi polyphonic, imakhala yotsimikizika kwambiri. malire ndi mkati momveka bwino. kufotokoza, nthawi zambiri kutalika ndi kukwanira. T. yotereyi ndi gawo la muses omwe ali olekanitsidwa ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake. prod., yomwe "imaphatikizapo khalidwe lake lalikulu" (G. Koch), lomwe likuwonekera mu mawu achijeremani akuti Hauptsatz, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18 limodzi ndi mawu akuti "T." (Hauptsatz imatanthauzanso T. ch. magawo mu sonata allegro).

Olemba zachikondi a m'zaka za zana la 19, kudalira kwambiri malamulo omanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoimbira zomwe zidapangidwa m'mabuku akale a Viennese, adakulitsa kwambiri luso lazojambula. Chofunika kwambiri komanso chodziimira. zojambula zomwe zimapanga kamvekedwe zinayamba kugwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito za F. Liszt ndi R. Wagner). Kuwonjezeka kwachikhumbo cha nkhani. mgwirizano wa mankhwala onse, zomwe zinayambitsa maonekedwe a monothematism (onaninso Leitmotif). Kukhazikika kwa thematism kumawonekera pakuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wa kapangidwe kake. ndi mawonekedwe a timbre.

M'zaka za zana la 20 kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina za thematicism zazaka za zana la 19. zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zatsopano: kukopa kuzinthu za polyphonic. thematism (DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, P. Hindemith, A. Honegger, ndi ena), kukanikiza mutu kwa yaifupi zolinga zomangamanga, nthawi zina awiri kapena atatu toni (IF Stravinsky, K. Orff, ntchito yomaliza ndi DD Shostakovich ). Komabe, tanthauzo la tonation thematism mu ntchito ya oimba angapo limagwa. Pali mfundo zotere za mapangidwe, mogwirizana ndi zomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lingaliro lakale la T. sikunali koyenera.

Nthawi zambiri, kukula kwakukulu kwachitukuko kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoimbira zopangidwa bwino, zodziwika bwino (zomwe zimatchedwa nyimbo za athematic): kuwonetsa zomwe zimayambira zimaphatikizidwa ndi chitukuko chake. Komabe, zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito ya maziko a chitukuko ndipo zili pafupi ndi T zimasungidwa. Izi ndi nthawi zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsa nyimbo zonse pamodzi. nsalu (B. Bartok, V. Lutoslavsky), mndandanda ndi mtundu wonse wa zinthu zolinga (mwachitsanzo, mu dodecaphony), malemba-rhythmic, timbre makhalidwe (K. Penderetsky, V. Lutoslavsky, D. Ligeti). Kusanthula zochitika zoterezi, akatswiri ambiri a nyimbo amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la "obalalika thematism".

Zothandizira: Mazel L., Kapangidwe ka nyimbo, M., 1960; Mazel L., Zukkerman V., Kusanthula kwa ntchito zanyimbo, (gawo 1), Zinthu za nyimbo ndi njira zowunikira mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, M., 1967; Sposobin I., Mtundu wanyimbo, M., 1967; Ruchyevskaya E., Ntchito ya mutu wanyimbo, L., 1977; Bobrovsky V., Maziko ogwira ntchito a mawonekedwe a nyimbo, M., 1978; Valkova V., Pankhani ya lingaliro la "mutu wanyimbo", m'buku: Zaluso zanyimbo ndi sayansi, vol. 3, M., 1978; Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts. Bachs melodische Polyphonie, Bern, 1917, 1956

VB Valkova