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German Ton - phokoso, kuchokera ku Greek. tono, ku. - kupsinjika, kupsinjika

Chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo.

1) Mu nyimbo. ma acoustics - gawo la sipekitiramu yamawu, yopangidwa ndi periodic. mayendedwe ozungulira: pang'ono T., aliquot T., overtone (pali mawu akuti "pansipansi"), pure, kapena sinusoidal, T.; Pakulumikizana kwa mawu, kuphatikiza kwa T., T. kumachitika. Zimasiyana ndi phokoso la nyimbo, zomwe zimakhala zazikulu. ma toni ndi ma overtones, komanso kuchokera ku phokoso - phokoso lokhala ndi mawu osadziwika bwino, to-ry amayamba chifukwa chosasinthasintha. mayendedwe ozungulira. T. ali ndi mawu, voliyumu, ndi timbre zomwe zimadalira m'kaundula (otsika T. ndi osasunthika, matte; apamwamba ndi owala, owala) ndi kukweza (pa voliyumu yapamwamba kwambiri, kamvekedwe ka T. kusintha, chifukwa chifukwa cha kusokoneza mu mawonekedwe a oscillatory kayendedwe podutsa iwo mwa analyzer kunja kwa chiwalo cha kumva, otchedwa subjective overtones kuwuka). T. ikhoza kupangidwa ndi jenereta yomvera pafupipafupi; zotere T. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu electromusic. zida zopangira mawu.

2) Kutalikirana, muyeso wa phula: mukukonzekera koyera - T. yaikulu yonse yokhala ndi chiwerengero cha 9/8, chofanana ndi masenti 204, ndi T. yaing'ono yonse yokhala ndi 10/9, yofanana ndi 182 masenti; mu sikelo yofanana - 1/6 octave, T. yonse, yofanana ndi masenti 200; mu diatonic gamma - pamodzi ndi semitone, chiŵerengero pakati pa masitepe oyandikana (mawu otengedwa - tritone, kamvekedwe kachitatu, kamvekedwe ka kotala, sikelo yamtundu wonse, sikelo ya toni-semitone, nyimbo khumi ndi ziwiri, etc.).

3) Zofanana ndi nyimbo zomveka ngati chinthu chogwira ntchito cha muses. machitidwe: digiri ya sikelo, mode, sikelo (mawu oyambira - tonic; wamkulu, wocheperako, woyambira, wapakatikati); phokoso la chord (choyamba, chachitatu, chachisanu, ndi zina zotero), phokoso lopanda phokoso (kutsekera, wothandizira, kudutsa T.); gawo la nyimbo (yoyamba, yomaliza, yomaliza, etc. T.). Mawu otengedwa - tonality, polytonality, tonicity, etc. T. - dzina lachikale la kamvekedwe.

4) Mu otchedwa. machitidwe a tchalitchi (onani machitidwe a Middle Ages) mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, kamvekedwe ka I, kamvekedwe ka III, kamvekedwe ka VIII).

5) Meistersingers ali ndi nyimbo yoyimba nyimbo mu decomp. zolemba (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya G. Sachs "Silver Tone").

6) Mafotokozedwe ophatikizika a mawu omveka bwino: mthunzi, mawonekedwe a mawu; chimodzimodzi ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu, mtundu wa mawu, chida, mawu omveka (woyera, owona, onama, ofotokozera, odzaza, aulesi T., etc.).

Zothandizira: Yavorsky BL, Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba, magawo 1-3, M., 1908; Asafiev BV, Guide to concerts, vol. 1, P., 1919, M., 1978; Tyulin Yu. N., Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano, vol. 1 - Mavuto akulu a mgwirizano, (M.-L.), 1937, adakonzedwa. ndi kuwonjezera., M., 1966; Teplov BM, Psychology ya luso loimba, M.-L., 1947; Nyimbo zoyimba (mkonzi wamkulu NA Garbuzov), M., 1954; Sposobin IV, Elementary theory of music, M., 1964; Volodin AA, Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, M., 1970; Nazaikinsky EV, Pa psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, 1891 M., 1921); Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts…, Bern, 1898, 1917

Yu. N. Ziguduli