Cello - Chida Choyimba

Cello ndi chida choweramira, membala wofunikira wa oimba a symphony ndi gulu la zingwe, lomwe lili ndi luso lochita bwino. Chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kake kabwino komanso kosangalatsa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida choimbira payekha. Cello amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamene kuli kofunikira kufotokoza chisoni, kukhumudwa kapena mawu akuya mu nyimbo, ndipo mu izi alibe wofanana.

Cello (Chitaliyana: violoncello, abbr. cello; Chijeremani: Violoncello; French: violoncelle; English: cello) ndi chida choimbira cha zingwe chopindika cha bass ndi tenor register, chodziwika kuyambira theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 16, chofanana ndi nyimbo. violin kapena viola, koma zazikulu kwambiri. Cello ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kofotokozera komanso luso lochita bwino, limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida choyimba chokha, chophatikizana komanso cha orchestral.

Mosiyana ndi violin ndi Viola, yomwe imawoneka yofanana kwambiri, cello siigwiridwa m'manja, koma imayikidwa molunjika. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, nthawi ina idaseweredwa kuimirira, kuikidwa pampando wapadera, pokhapokha iwo anabwera ndi spire yomwe imakhala pansi, potero ikuthandiza chidacho.

Ndizodabwitsa kuti isanayambe ntchito ya LV Beethoven, olemba nyimbo sankaona kuti kuimba kwa chidali n’kofunika kwambiri. Komabe, atalandira kuzindikira mu ntchito zake, cello anatenga malo ofunika mu ntchito ya romantics ndi olemba ena.

Werengani mbiri ya cello ndi mfundo zambiri zosangalatsa za chida ichi choimbira patsamba lathu.

Cello phokoso

Pokhala ndi kamvekedwe kakang'ono, kolemera, kosangalatsa, kosangalatsa, kamvekedwe ka cello nthawi zambiri kamafanana ndi mawu a munthu. Nthawi zina zimawoneka panthawi yosewera payekha kuti akulankhula komanso mukukambirana ndi inu. Ponena za munthu, tinganene kuti ali ndi mawu a pachifuwa, ndiko kuti, kuchokera pansi pa chifuwa, ndipo mwina kuchokera ku moyo weniweniwo. Ndi phokoso lakuya lochititsa chidwi lomwe limadabwitsa cello.

Kukhalapo kwake ndikofunikira ngati kuli kofunikira kutsindika tsoka kapena nyimbo zanthawiyo. Iliyonse mwa zingwe zinayi za cello ili ndi phokoso lake lapadera, lachilendo kwa ilo. Choncho, phokoso lotsika limafanana ndi liwu lachimuna la bass, lapamwamba kwambiri ndi lachikazi lachikazi lachikazi. Ndicho chifukwa chake nthawi zina zimawoneka kuti samangomveka, koma "amalankhula" ndi omvera. 

Mtundu wamawu imayang'ana nthawi ya ma octave asanu kuchokera pa mawu oti "chita" a octave yayikulu mpaka "mi" ya octave yachitatu. Komabe, nthawi zambiri luso la woimba limakupatsani mwayi wolemba zolemba zapamwamba kwambiri. Zingwe zimayikidwa muchisanu.

Cello luso

Ma cell a Virtuoso amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

• harmonic (kutulutsa phokoso lapamwamba mwa kukanikiza chingwe ndi chala chaching'ono);
• pizzicato (kutulutsa phokoso popanda thandizo la uta, podula chingwe ndi zala);
• trill (kumenya cholemba chachikulu);
• legato (kumveka kosalala, kogwirizana kwa zolemba zingapo);
• kubetcha kwa chala chachikulu (kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusewera pamapamwamba).

Masewero akuwonetsa zotsatirazi: woimbayo amakhala, ndikuyika dongosolo pakati pa miyendo, akupendeketsa thupi pang'ono ku thupi. Thupi limakhala pa capstan, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti woimbayo agwire chidacho moyenera.

Ma cell amapaka uta wawo ndi mtundu wapadera wa rosin asanasewere. Zochita zoterezi zimathandizira kumamatira kwa tsitsi la uta ndi zingwe. Pamapeto pa kuimba nyimbo, rosin amachotsedwa mosamala kuti asawononge msanga chidacho.

Cello Photo :

Zosangalatsa za Cello

• Chida chokwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi cello ya Duport Stradivari. Zinapangidwa ndi mbuye wamkulu Antonio Stradivari mu 1711. Duport, wojambula bwino kwambiri, anali nazo kwa zaka zambiri mpaka imfa yake, chifukwa chake cello inatchedwa dzina lake. Iye wakanda pang'ono. Pali mtundu wina woti uwu ndi mkokomo wa Napoleon. Mfumuyo inasiya chizindikirochi pamene inayesa kuphunzira kuimba chida choimbirachi ndipo inachikulunga ndi miyendo yake. Cello anakhala zaka zingapo ndi wokhometsa wotchuka Baron Johann Knop. M. Rostropovich adasewera pa izo kwa zaka 33. Mphekesera zimamveka kuti atamwalira, bungwe la Japan Music Association linagula chidacho kuchokera kwa achibale ake kwa $ 20 miliyoni, ngakhale amatsutsa izi. Mwina chidacho chidakali m’banja la woimbayo.
• Count Villegorsky anali ndi ma cell awiri abwino a Stradivarius. Mmodzi wa iwo pambuyo pake anali wa K.Yu. Davydov, kenako Jacqueline du Pré, tsopano imaseweredwa ndi woyimba nyimbo komanso woyimba nyimbo Yo-Yo Ma.
• Kamodzi ku Paris, mpikisano woyambirira unakonzedwa. Casals wamkulu wa cellist adatenga nawo gawo. Phokoso la zida zakale zopangidwa ndi ambuye Guarneri ndi Stradivari anaphunziridwa, komanso phokoso la cellos zamakono zopangidwa ku fakitale. Zida zonse za 12 zidatenga nawo mbali pakuyesa. Kuwala kunazimitsidwa chifukwa cha chiyero cha kuyesa. Nchiyani chomwe chinali chodabwitsa cha jury ndi Casals mwiniwake pamene, atamvetsera phokoso, oweruza anapereka nthawi zambiri za 2 kwa zitsanzo zamakono za kukongola kwa phokoso kusiyana ndi zakale. Kenako Casals anati: “Ndimakonda kuimba zida zakale. Asiyeni iwo atayika mu kukongola kwa mawu, koma ali ndi moyo, ndipo amakono ali ndi kukongola kopanda moyo.
• Wolemba nyimbo Pablo Casals ankakonda ndikuwononga zida zake. Mu uta wa cello ina, analowetsa miyala ya safiro, yomwe inaperekedwa kwa Mfumukazi ya ku Spain.

• Gulu lachi Finnish Apocalyptika lapeza kutchuka kwambiri. Repertoire yake imaphatikizapo hard rock. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti oimbawo amaimba ma cell 4 ndi ng'oma. Kugwiritsa ntchito chida chowerama ichi, chomwe nthawi zonse chimatengedwa ngati chamoyo, chofewa, chamoyo, chanyimbo, chinabweretsa gululi kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. M'dzina la gulu, oimba pamodzi 2 mawu Apocalypse ndi Metallica.
• Wojambula wotchuka Julia Borden amajambula zojambula zake zodabwitsa osati pansalu kapena pepala, koma pa violin ndi cellos. Kuti achite izi, amachotsa zingwezo, kuyeretsa pamwamba, kuzikongoletsa ndikujambula chithunzicho. Chifukwa chiyani anasankha malo osadziwika bwino a zojambulazo, Julia sangathe kudzifotokozera yekha. Anati zida izi zikuwoneka kuti zimamukokera kwa iwo, zomwe zimamulimbikitsa kuti amalize mwaluso wotsatira.
• Woimba Roldugin adagula cello ya Stuart, yopangidwa ndi master Stradivarius mu 1732, kwa $ 12 miliyoni. Mwini wake woyamba anali Mfumu Frederick Wamkulu wa Prussia.
• Mtengo wa zida za Antonio Stradivari ndiwokwera kwambiri. Pazonse, mbuyeyo adapanga ma cello 80. Mpaka pano, malinga ndi akatswiri, zida za 60 zasungidwa.
• Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ili ndi oimba 12. Iwo adadziwika chifukwa chobweretsa makonzedwe ambiri a nyimbo zamasiku ano zodziwika bwino m'magulu awo.
• Mawonekedwe apamwamba a chidacho amapangidwa ndi matabwa. Komabe, ambuye ena amakono aganiza zothetsa malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, Louis ndi Clark akhala akupanga ma cell a carbon fiber, ndipo Alcoa wakhala akupanga ma cello aluminiyamu kuyambira m'ma 1930. Mbuye waku Germany Pfretzschner nayenso adatengedwa ndi zomwezo.

• Gulu la oimba ku St. Petersburg motsogozedwa ndi Olga Rudneva ali ndi nyimbo zosowa kwambiri. Kuphatikizidwa kumaphatikizapo ma cello 8 ndi piyano.
• Mu Disembala 2014, Karel Henn waku South Africa adapanga mbiri ya sewero lalitali kwambiri la cello. Anasewera mosalekeza kwa maola 26 ndipo adalowa mu Guinness Book of Records.
• Mstislav Rostropovich, cello virtuoso wa m'zaka za m'ma 20, anathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi kupititsa patsogolo nyimbo za cello. Iye anachita kwa nthawi yoyamba zoposa zana latsopano ntchito cello.
• Mmodzi mwa ma cello otchuka kwambiri ndi "Mfumu" yomwe inapangidwa ndi Andre Amati pakati pa 1538 ndi 1560. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ma cello akale kwambiri ndipo ali ku South Dakota National Music Museum.
• Zingwe za 4 pa chidacho sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse, m'zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18 panali ma cello a zingwe zisanu ku Germany ndi Netherlands.
• Poyamba, zingwezo zinkapangidwa kuchokera ku ndowe za nkhosa, kenako n’kulowa m’malo ndi zachitsulo.

Ntchito zodziwika bwino za cello

JS Bach - Suite No. 1 mu G yaikulu (mvetserani)

PI Tchaikovsky. - Kusiyanasiyana pamutu wa Rococo wa cello ndi orchestra (mverani)

A. Dvorak – Concerto for cello and orchestra (mverani)

C. Saint-Saens – “Swan” (mverani)

I. Brahms - Ma concerto awiri a violin ndi cello (mverani)

Cello repertoire

Cello ili ndi zolemba zambiri za concertos, sonatas ndi ntchito zina. Mwina otchuka kwambiri mwa iwo ndi ma suites asanu ndi limodzi a JS Bach kwa Cello Solo, Kusiyana pa Mutu wa Rococo ndi PI Tchaikovsky ndi The Swan lolemba Saint-Saens. Antonio Vivaldi analemba 25 cello concertos, Boccherini 12, Haydn analemba osachepera atatu, Saint-Saens ndi Dvorak analemba ziwiri aliyense. Ma concerto a cello amaphatikizanso zidutswa zolembedwa ndi Elgar ndi Bloch. Nyimbo zodziwika kwambiri za cello ndi piano sonatas zidalembedwa ndi Beethoven, mendelssohn , Brahms, Rachmaninov , Shostakovich, Zithunzi za Prokofiev , Poulenc ndi British .

Cello kupanga

Chidacho chimasunga maonekedwe ake oyambirira kwa nthawi yaitali. Kapangidwe kake ndi kophweka ndipo sikunachitikepo kwa aliyense kuti asinthe ndikusintha china chake mmenemo. Kupatulapo ndi spire, yomwe cello imakhazikika pansi. Poyamba kunalibe nkomwe. Chidacho ankachiika pansi n’kuchiseweretsa, akumangirira thupi ndi miyendo, kenako n’kuchiika pamalo okwera n’kumachiseweretsa ali chiimire. Pambuyo pa maonekedwe a spire, kusintha kokha kunali kupindika kwake, komwe kunapangitsa kuti chombocho chikhale chosiyana. Cello amawoneka ngati wamkulu violin. Lili ndi magawo atatu:

• Chimango. Lili ndi bolodi lakumveka pamwamba ndi pansi, efu (bowo la resonation), bolodi, chipolopolo, loop, batani, shackle (spacer mkati).
• Mvula. Pali mtedza, khosi ndi chidendene.
• Mutu. Izi ndi tsatanetsatane wokhala ndi bokosi lachikhomo pomwe pali zikhomo zokonzera. Zimatha ndi kupindika.

Mbali yofunika yosiyana ya chida ndi uta. Zimabwera mosiyanasiyana komanso zimakhala ndi magawo atatu:

• Nzimbe zamatabwa (matabwa aku Brazil kapena fernambuco amagwiritsidwa ntchito).
• Mapadi (opangidwa kuchokera ku ebony wokhazikika, ali ndi zoyika za amayi-wa-ngale).
• Tsitsi la akavalo (lachilengedwe kapena lochita kupanga limatengedwa). Kuvuta kwake kumayendetsedwa ndi zomangira za octagonal zomwe zili pa ndodo.

Malo omwe tsitsi limakhudza chingwecho amatchedwa malo osewerera. Phokoso limakhudzidwa ndi malo osewerera, mphamvu ya kukakamiza pa uta, kuthamanga kwa kayendetsedwe kake. Kuonjezera apo, phokosolo likhoza kukhudzidwa ndi kupendekeka kwa uta. Mwachitsanzo, gwiritsani ntchito njira ya ma harmonics, zotsatira za mawu, kufewetsa phokoso, piyano.

Kapangidwe kake ndi kofanana ndi zingwe zina (gitala, violin, viola). Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi:

• Mutu. Kupanga: bokosi lachitsulo, zikhomo, zopindika. Amalumikizana ndi khosi.
• Mvula. Apa, zingwe zili mu grooves yapadera. Chiwerengero cha zingwe ndi muyezo - 4 zidutswa.
• Chimango. Zopangira - matabwa, varnished. Zigawo: pamwamba, pansi, zipolopolo (mbali mbali), efs (mabowo a resonator mu kuchuluka kwa zidutswa za 2 zomwe zimakongoletsa kutsogolo kwa thupi zimatchedwa choncho chifukwa zimafanana ndi chilembo "f" mu mawonekedwe).
• Spire. Ili pansi, imathandiza kuti dongosololi likhale pansi, limapereka bata.
• Kugwada. Udindo wopanga mawu. Zimachitika mosiyanasiyana (kuyambira 1/8 mpaka 4/4).

Cello Dimensions

Muyezo (wathunthu) wa cello ndi 4/4. Ndi zida izi zomwe zingapezeke mu symphonic, chipinda ndi zingwe ensembles. Komabe, zida zina zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kwa ana kapena anthu afupi, zitsanzo zing'onozing'ono zimapangidwira 7/8, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16.

Zosiyanasiyanazi ndizofanana ndi kapangidwe kake komanso kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi ma cell anthawi zonse. Kukula kwawo kochepa kumapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa aluso achichepere omwe akungoyamba ulendo wawo wopita ku moyo wabwino wanyimbo.

Pali ma cello, omwe kukula kwake kumaposa muyezo. Zitsanzo zofanana zimapangidwira anthu a msinkhu waukulu wokhala ndi mikono yayitali. Chida choterocho sichimapangidwa pamlingo wopangira, koma chimapangidwira kuyitanitsa.

Kulemera kwa cello ndi yaying'ono ndithu. Ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka zazikulu, sizimalemera kuposa 3-4 kg.

Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa cello

Poyambirira, zida zonse zoweramira zidachokera ku uta wanyimbo, womwe umasiyana pang'ono ndi kusaka. Poyamba, adafalikira ku China, India, Persia mpaka kumayiko achisilamu. M'gawo la ku Ulaya, oimira violin anayamba kufalikira kuchokera ku Balkan, kumene anachokera ku Byzantium.

Cello imayamba mbiri yake kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16. Izi ndi zomwe mbiri yamakono ya chidacho imatiphunzitsa, ngakhale kuti ena amapeza kuti akukayikira. Mwachitsanzo, pa Peninsula ya Iberia, m'zaka za m'ma 9, chithunzithunzi chinauka, chomwe chili ndi zida zoweramira. Choncho, ngati mumakumba mozama, mbiri ya cello imayamba zaka chikwi zapitazo.

Zida zoweramira zotchuka kwambiri zinali viola ndi gamba . Anali iye amene pambuyo pake anathamangitsa cello ku oimba, pokhala mbadwa yake yeniyeni, koma ndi phokoso lokongola komanso losiyana. Achibale ake onse odziwika: violin, viola, bass awiri, amatsatiranso mbiri yawo kuchokera ku viola. M'zaka za m'ma 15, kugawidwa kwa viol kukhala zida zosiyanasiyana zowerama kunayamba.

Pambuyo pakuwoneka ngati nthumwi yosiyana ya cello yowerama, cello inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati bass kutsagana ndi zisudzo za mawu ndi zigawo za violin, chitoliro ndi zida zina zomwe zinali ndi kaundula wapamwamba. Pambuyo pake, kansalu ka cello kaŵirikaŵiri kanagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo za munthu payekha. Mpaka lero, palibe quartet imodzi ya quartet ndi symphony orchestra yomwe ingakhoze kuchita popanda izo, kumene zida za 8-12 zikuphatikizidwa.

Opanga ma cello abwino

Opanga ma cello oyamba otchuka ndi Paolo Magini ndi Gasparo Salo. Iwo adapanga chidacho kumapeto kwa 16 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17. Ma cellos oyamba opangidwa ndi ambuyewa amangofanana ndi chida chomwe tikuchiwona tsopano.

Cello inapeza mawonekedwe ake akale m'manja mwa ambuye otchuka monga Nicolò Amati ndi Antonio Stradivari. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha ntchito yawo chinali kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa matabwa ndi vanishi, chifukwa chake zinali zotheka kupatsa chida chilichonse phokoso lake lapadera, kamvekedwe kake kake. Pali lingaliro lakuti cello iliyonse yomwe inatuluka mu msonkhano wa Amati ndi Stradivari inali ndi khalidwe lake.

Cellos Stradivari amaonedwa kuti ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri mpaka pano. Mtengo wawo uli mu mamiliyoni a madola. Ma cell a Guarneri sakhala otchuka kwambiri. Chinali chida chomwe wotchuka wa cellist Casals ankakonda kwambiri kuposa zonse, ndikuchikonda kuposa mankhwala a Stradivari. Mtengo wa zidazi ndi wotsika pang'ono (kuchokera $200,000).

Chifukwa chiyani zida za Stradivari ndizofunika kambirimbiri? Pankhani ya chiyambi cha mawu, khalidwe, timbre, mitundu yonseyi ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Kungoti dzina la Stradivari lidayimiridwa ndi ambuye osapitilira atatu, pomwe Guarneri anali osachepera khumi. Ulemerero wa nyumba ya Amati ndi Stradivari unadza pa nthawi ya moyo wawo, dzina la Guarneri linamveka mochedwa kwambiri kuposa imfa ya oimira awo.

Zolemba za cello amalembedwa mumtundu wa tenor, bass ndi treble clef malinga ndi mawu ake. M'gulu la oimba, gawo lake limayikidwa pakati pa viola ndi mabasi awiri. Asanayambe Sewero, wosewerayo amapaka uta ndi rosin. Izi zimachitidwa kuti amangirire tsitsi ku chingwe ndikulola kuti phokoso lipangidwe. Pambuyo poimba nyimbo, rosin imachotsedwa ku chida, chifukwa imawononga varnish ndi nkhuni. Ngati izi sizichitika, phokosolo limatha kutayika bwino. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chida chilichonse chowerama chimakhala ndi mtundu wake wa rosin.

Cello FAQ

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa violin ndi cello?

Kusiyana kwakukulu, komwe kumakhala kochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi miyeso. Cello mu mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza katatu ndipo ali ndi kulemera kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, mwa iye pali zida zapadera (spire), ndipo amangosewera atakhala pamenepo.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa cello ndi double bass?

Kuyerekeza kwa ma bass awiri ndi cello:
cello ndi yocheperapo kuposa mabasi awiri; Iwo amasewera ma cell atakhala, atayima pa zozembetsa; Mabass awiri amakhala ndi phokoso lotsika kuposa cello; Njira zosewerera pawiri bass ndi cello ndizofanana.

Ndi mitundu yanji ya cello?

Komanso, monga vayolini, cello ndi zazikulu zosiyana (4/4, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8) ndipo zimasankhidwa malinga ndi kukula ndi khungu la woimba.
Cello
Chingwe choyamba - a (la octave yaying'ono);
Chingwe chachiwiri - D (octave yaying'ono);
Chingwe chachitatu - G (mchere waukulu wa octave);
Chingwe cha 4 - C (mpaka Big Oktava).

Ndani anapanga cello?

Antonio Stradivari

Pakalipano, ndi cello yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi chida choimbira chokwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi! Chimodzi mwa zida zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Antonio Stradivari mu 1711, malinga ndi mphekesera, zidagulitsidwa kwa oimba a ku Japan kwa 20 miliyoni euro!