Toni |

French tonalite, German. Tonalitat, komanso Tonart

1) Malo okwera amtundu (wotsimikiziridwa ndi IV Sposobina, 1951, kutengera lingaliro la BL Yavorsky; mwachitsanzo, mu C-dur "C" ndikutchulidwa kwa kutalika kwa kamvekedwe kakang'ono ka mode, ndi "dur" - "chachikulu" - mawonekedwe).

2) Hierarchical. dongosolo lapakati la zinchito zosiyana kutalika kugwirizana; T. m'lingaliro limeneli ndi umodzi wa mode ndi T. yeniyeni, mwachitsanzo, tonality (amaganiziridwa kuti T. ndi localized pa msinkhu winawake, Komabe, nthawi zina mawu amamveka ngakhale popanda kumasulira koteroko, kugwirizana kwathunthu ndi lingaliro la mawonekedwe, makamaka m'maiko akunja lit-re). T. m'lingaliro limeneli ndi chibadidwe mu monody wakale (onani: Lbs J., "Tonalnosc melodii gregorianskich", 1965) ndi nyimbo za 20th century. (Onani, mwachitsanzo: Rufer J., “Die Zwölftonreihe: Träger einer neuen Tonalität”, 1951).

3) M'njira yochepetsetsa, yeniyeni. Tanthauzo la T. ndi dongosolo la mayendedwe osiyanitsidwa ndi mamvekedwe, okhazikika pakatikati pamaziko a makonsonanti atatu. T. m'lingaliro limeneli ndi chimodzimodzi ndi "harmonic tonality" khalidwe la classical-romantic. machitidwe ogwirizana a zaka za 17-19; mu nkhani iyi, kukhalapo kwa ambiri T. ndi kufotokozedwa. machitidwe amalumikizidwe awo wina ndi mzake (machitidwe a T.; onani Circle of Fifths, Relationship of Keys).

Amatchedwa "T". (m'njira yopapatiza, yeniyeni) mitundu - yayikulu ndi yaying'ono - itha kuganiziridwa ngati ikuyimira molingana ndi mitundu ina (Ionian, Aeolian, Phrygian, tsiku ndi tsiku, pentatonic, etc.); kwenikweni, kusiyana pakati pawo ndi kwakukulu kotero kuti ndi zomveka terminological. kutsutsa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono monga harmonic. mawu a monophonic. kukhumudwa. Mosiyana ndi monodic. zokhumudwitsa, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono T .. ndizochokera ku ext. dynamism ndi zochitika, kulimba kwa kayendetsedwe ka cholinga, kusintha kwakukulu kokhazikika pakati ndi kuchuluka kwa maubwenzi ogwira ntchito. Mogwirizana ndi zinthu izi, kamvekedwe (mosiyana ndi mitundu ya monodic) imadziwika ndi kukopa momveka bwino komanso kosalekeza pakati pa modelo ("kuchita patali", SI Taneev; tonic imayang'anira komwe sikumveka); kusintha kwanthawi zonse (ma metric) kwa malo am'deralo (masitepe, ntchito), osati kungochotsa mphamvu yokoka yapakati, koma kuzindikira ndikukulitsa kwambiri; dialectical chiŵerengero pakati pa abutment ndi osakhazikika (makamaka, mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa dongosolo limodzi, ndi mphamvu yokoka ya VII digiri mu I, phokoso la digiri I likhoza kukopeka ndi VII). Chifukwa cha kukopa kwamphamvu pakati pa dongosolo la harmonic. T., titero, adatengera mitundu ina ngati masitepe, "njira zamkati" (BV Asafiev, "Musical Form monga Njira", 1963, p. 346; masitepe - Dorian, wakale wa Frygian mode ndi tonic yayikulu ngati Phrygian kutembenuka kunakhala gawo laling'ono la harmonic, etc.). Choncho, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono generalized modes kuti patsogolo pawo mbiri, pokhala nthawi yomweyo chifaniziro cha mfundo zatsopano za bungwe modal. Mphamvu ya dongosolo la tonal imagwirizanitsidwa mosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha kuganiza kwa Ulaya mu Nyengo Yamakono (makamaka, ndi malingaliro a Chidziwitso). "Modality imayimira, kwenikweni, yokhazikika, ndi tonality kawonedwe kake ka dziko" (E. Lovinsky).

Mu dongosolo la T., T. yosiyana imapeza chotsimikizika. ntchito mu dynamic harmonic. ndi colorist. maubale; Ntchitoyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro ambiri okhudza khalidwe ndi mtundu wa kamvekedwe. Choncho, C-dur, kamvekedwe ka "chapakati" mu dongosolo, ikuwoneka ngati "yosavuta", "yoyera". Oimba, kuphatikizapo oimba akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. kumva kwamtundu (kwa NA Rimsky-Korsakov, mtundu wa T. E-dur ndi wobiriwira wobiriwira, waubusa, mtundu wa masika a masika, Es-dur ndi mdima, wakuda, imvi-bluish, kamvekedwe ka "mizinda" ndi "malo achitetezo" L Beethoven amatchedwa h-moll "black tonality"), kotero izi kapena T. nthawi zina zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi tanthauzo. adzafotokoza. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, WA Mozart's D-dur, Beethoven's c-moll, As-dur), ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala. - ndi kusintha kwa stylistic (mwachitsanzo, motet ya Mozart Ave verum corpus, K.-V. 618, D-dur, inasamutsidwa mu dongosolo la F. Liszt ku H-dur, potero "kukondana").

Pambuyo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa wamkulu wamkulu-wang'ono T. lingaliro la "T." imalumikizidwanso ndi lingaliro la nyimbo zomveka. dongosolo, mwachitsanzo, za mtundu wa "mfundo ya dongosolo" mu dongosolo lililonse la phula. Matoni ovuta kwambiri adakhala (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17) njira yofunikira, yodziyimira payokha. kufotokoza, ndi masewero a tonal nthawi zina amapikisana ndi malemba, siteji, mutu. Monga int. Moyo wa T. umawonetsedwa mukusintha kwa ma chords (masitepe, ntchito - mtundu wa "micro-lads"), mawonekedwe ophatikizika a tonal, okhala ndi mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri, amakhala mumayendedwe osinthika, T amasintha. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a tonal athunthu amakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamalingaliro a nyimbo zachitukuko. PI Tchaikovsky analemba kuti: “Mayimbidwe a nyimbo awonongeke bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi lingaliro lenileni la nyimbo, lomwe limadalira mwachindunji kusinthasintha kwa mawu ndi kugwirizana.” Mu mapangidwe a tonal otd. T. amatha kugwira ntchito yofanana ndi mitu (mwachitsanzo, e-moll ya mutu wachiwiri wakumapeto kwa Prokofiev's 7th sonata ya piano monga chiwonetsero cha E-dur ya 2nd movement ya sonata imapanga quasi- Thematic intonation "arch" -chikumbutso pamlingo wonse).

Udindo wa T. pomanga nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi waukulu kwambiri. mawonekedwe, makamaka akulu (sonata, rondo, cyclic, opera yayikulu): "Kukhalabe mu kiyi imodzi, motsutsana ndi kusintha kofulumira kapena kocheperako kwa masikelo, kuphatikiza masikelo osiyana, kusintha pang'onopang'ono kapena mwadzidzidzi ku kiyi yatsopano, yokonzekera kubwerera ku chachikulu”, - zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti "kulankhulana mpumulo ndi kuphulika kwa zigawo zazikulu za nyimbo ndikupangitsa kuti omvera azindikire mawonekedwe ake" (SI Taneev; onani Fomu Yoyimba).

Kuthekera kwa zolinga zobwerezabwereza mogwirizana kwina kunatsogolera ku mapangidwe atsopano, osinthika a mitu; kuthekera kobwereza mitu. mapangidwe ena T. zinapangitsa kuti zotheka kumanga organically kukhala zazikulu muses. mawonekedwe. Zolinga zomwezo zimatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo losiyana, ngakhale losiyana, kutengera kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka tonal (mwachitsanzo, kugawikana kwanthawi yayitali pansi pamikhalidwe ya kusintha kwa tonal kumapereka zotsatira za kukula kokulirapo, komanso pansi pamikhalidwe ya tonic ya tonality chachikulu, m'malo mwake, zotsatira za "coagulation", kutha kwa chitukuko). Mu mawonekedwe opangira, kusintha kwa T. nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi kusintha kwa chiwembu. Dongosolo limodzi lokha la tonal limatha kukhala gawo lazojambula. mawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo. kusintha kwa T. mu 1st d. "Ukwati wa Figaro" ndi Mozart.

Mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso okhwima a kamvekedwe (mwachitsanzo, mawu ogwirizana " zaka mazana). Komabe, harmonic T. imapezeka kale kwambiri, ndipo imapezekanso mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 17. Malire olondola a nthawi ya T. monga apadera, achindunji. ndizovuta kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe a fret, popeza decomp. akhoza kutengedwa ngati maziko. zovuta za mawonekedwe ake: A. Mashabe ndi masiku a kuyambika kwa ma harmonics. T. 19th century, G. Besseler - 20th century, E. Lovinsky - 14th century, M. Bukofzer - 15th century. (Onani Dahhaus S., Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalität, 16); NGATI Stravinsky amatanthauza kulamulira kwa T. ku nthawi yochokera pakati. 17 mpaka Ser. Zaka za m'ma 1 Complex Ch. zizindikiro za tingachipeze powerenga (harmonic) T.: a) pakati pa T. ndi consonant triad (komanso, kuganiza ngati umodzi, osati monga kuphatikiza kwa intervals); b) mode - zazikulu kapena zazing'ono, zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi kachitidwe ka nyimbo ndi nyimbo zomwe zikuyenda "m'mphepete mwa chinsalu" chamagulu awa; c) kukhumudwa kapangidwe ka 1968 ntchito (T, D ndi S); “characteristic dissonances” (S ndi chachisanu ndi chimodzi, D ndi chachisanu ndi chiwiri; mawu X. Riemann); T ndi consonance; d) kusintha kwamphamvu mkati mwa T., kumverera kwachindunji kwa kutengera kwa tonic; e) kachitidwe ka ma cadence ndi maubale a magawo anayi a ma chords kunja kwa ma cadence (monga ngati amasamutsidwa kuchokera ku ma cadence ndikuwonjezedwa ku maulumikizidwe onse; chifukwa chake mawu oti "cadence t."), otsogola. kusintha kwa ma harmonies (chords ndi mafungulo); f) kutchulidwa mwamphamvu kwa metrical extrapolation ("tonal rhythm"), komanso mawonekedwe - zomangamanga zochokera ku squareness ndi kudalirana, "rhyming" cadences; g) mitundu yayikulu yotengera kusinthasintha (ie, kusintha T.).

Kulamulira kwadongosolo kotereku kumagwera m'zaka za zana la 17-19, pamene zovuta za Ch. Zizindikiro za T. zimaperekedwa, monga lamulo, kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza pang'ono kwa zizindikiro, zomwe zimapereka kumverera kwa T. (mosiyana ndi modality), kumawonedwa ngakhale mu otd. zolemba za Renaissance (zaka za 14th-16th).

Mu G. de Macho (yemwenso adapanga nyimbo za monophonic), mu imodzi mwa le (No 12; "Le on death"), gawo la "Dolans cuer las" limalembedwa munjira yayikulu yokhala ndi mphamvu ya tonic. katatu pamtundu uliwonse wa phula:

G. de Macho. Lay No 12, mipiringidzo 37-44.

"Monodic major" mu gawo la ntchitoyi. Masho akadali kutali ndi classic. lembani T., ngakhale kuti mwangozi zizindikiro zingapo (zomwe zili pamwambapa, b, d. e, f zimaperekedwa). Ch. kusiyana ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu wa monophonic yomwe sikutanthauza kutsagana ndi homophonic. Chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zoyamba za rhythm yogwira ntchito mu polyphony chiri mu nyimbo (rondo) ya G. Dufay "Helas, ma dame" ("omwe kugwirizana kwake kukuwoneka kuti kunachokera ku dziko latsopano," malinga ndi Besseler):

G. Dufay. Rondo "Helas, ma dame par amours".

chiwonetsero cha mgwirizano. T. zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa metrized magwiridwe antchito komanso kuyambika kwa ma harmonics. mankhwala mu chiŵerengero cha quarto-quint, T - D ndi D - T mu harmonic. dongosolo lonse. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pakati pa dongosololi sizinthu zitatu (ngakhale kuti nthawi zina zimachitika, mipiringidzo 29, 30), koma yachisanu (kulola onse akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono pa atatu popanda zotsatira zadala zosakanikirana zazikulu-zing'onozing'ono) ; mawonekedwewo ndi oyimba kwambiri kuposa chordal (chord si maziko a dongosolo), nyimbo (yopanda ma metric extrapolation) si tonal, koma modal (miyezo isanu popanda kulunjika ku squareness); mphamvu yokoka imawonekera m'mphepete mwazomanga, osati kwathunthu (gawo la mawu silimayamba ndi tonic); palibe ma tonal-functional gradation, komanso kulumikizana kwa consonance ndi dissonance ndi tanthauzo la tonal la mgwirizano; pakugawa ma cadences, kukondera kwa olamulira kumakhala kwakukulu mopanda malire. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale zizindikilo zomveka bwino za kamvekedwe ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wapadera sizimatilola kunena kuti mapangidwewo amamveka bwino; Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino (kuchokera ku maganizo a T. m'lingaliro lalikulu - "modal tonality") m'zaka za zana la 15-16, mkati mwa zomwe zigawo zosiyana zimapsa. zigawo za T. (onani Dahinaus C, 1968, p. 74-77). Kugwa kwa tchalitchi kumasokoneza nyimbo zina. prod. con. 16 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 17 zidapanga mtundu wapadera wa "T waulere". - osakhalanso modal, koma osati akale (motets ndi N. Vicentino, madrigals ndi Luca Marenzio ndi C. Gesualdo, Enharmonic Sonata ndi G. Valentini; onani chitsanzo mu ndime 567, pansipa).

Kusakhalapo kwa sikelo yokhazikika ya modal ndi melodic yofananira. zikhulupiriro sizimalola kuti tchalitchichi chikhale champhamvu. kukhumudwa.

C. Gesualdo. Madrigal "Merce!".

Kukhalapo kwa maimidwe ena mu cadences, pakati. chord - consonant triad, kusintha kwa "harmonies-steps" kumapereka chifukwa choganizira izi mtundu wapadera wa T. - chromatic-modal T.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kulamulira kwa kayimbidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 17, makamaka m'mavinidwe, tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi nyimbo zadziko.

Komabe, mipingo yakale ya frets imapezeka paliponse mu nyimbo za 1st floor. Mwachitsanzo, zaka za m'ma 17. J. Frescobaldi (Ricercare sopra Mi, Re, Fa, Mi - Terzo tuono, Canzona - Sesto tuono. Ausgewählte Orgelwerke, Bd II, No 7, 15), S. Scheidt (Kyrie dominicale IV. Toni cum Gloria, Magnificats, onani Tabuiatura nova, III. ndime). Ngakhale JS Bach, yemwe nyimbo zake zimayendetsedwa ndi harmonica yotukuka. T., zochitika zoterezi sizachilendo, mwachitsanzo. makola

J. Downland. Madrigal “Galamukani, Chikondi!” (1597).

Aus tiefer Not schrei' ich zu dir and Erbarm' dich mein, O Herre Gott (pambuyo pa Schmieder Nos. 38.6 ndi 305; Phrygian mode), Mit Fried' und Freud'ich fahr' dahin (382, Dorian), Komm, Gott Schöpfer , heiliger Geist (370; Mixolydian).

Chigawo chomaliza pakukula kwa timbre yogwira ntchito kwambiri yamtundu wawung'ono-ng'ono imagwera nthawi ya classics ya Viennese. Main zonse za mgwirizano wa nthawi imeneyi amaonedwa waukulu katundu wa mgwirizano ambiri; amapanga makamaka zomwe zili m'mabuku onse ogwirizana (onani Harmony, Harmonic function).

Kukula kwa T. mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 19 zili ndi kukulitsa malire a T. (zosakanikirana zazikulu-zing'ono, zowonjezera chromatic. machitidwe), kupititsa patsogolo maubwenzi a tonal-functional, polarizing diatonic. ndi chromatic. mgwirizano, kukulitsa mtundu. tanthawuzo la t., chitsitsimutso cha mgwirizano wa modal pa maziko atsopano (makamaka zokhudzana ndi chikoka cha nthano pa ntchito ya olemba, makamaka m'masukulu atsopano a dziko, mwachitsanzo, Russian), kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe, komanso monga "zopanga" zofananira (onani Sposobin I V., "Nkhani za mgwirizano", 1969). Izi ndi zina zatsopano zikuwonetsa kusinthika kwachangu kwa t. Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zatsopano za t. mtundu (mu F. Liszt, R. Wagner, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) kuchokera pamalingaliro a T. okhwima angawoneke ngati akukana. Kukambitsiranako kudapangidwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi mawu oyamba a Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, pomwe tonic yoyamba imaphimbidwa ndi kuchedwa kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake malingaliro olakwika adabuka okhudza kusakhalapo kwa tonic mu sewerolo ("kupewa kwathunthu. za tonic”; onani Kurt E., “Romantic Harmony and its crisis in Wagner’s “Tristan”, M., 1975, p. 305; ichi ndi chifukwanso cha kutanthauzira kwake molakwa kakulidwe ka chigawo choyamba monga chomvekera bwino. "Dominant upbeat", p. 299, osati monga mafotokozedwe okhazikika. , ndi tanthauzo lolakwika la malire a gawo loyamba - mipiringidzo 1-15 m'malo mwa 1-17). Symptomatic ndi dzina la imodzi mwamasewera a Liszt mochedwa - Bagatelle Without Tonality (1885).

Kuwonekera kwa zatsopano za T., kuzisuntha kutali ndi zakale. mtundu, mpaka pachiyambi. Zaka za zana la 20 zidapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu m'dongosolo, zomwe ambiri adaziwona ngati kuwonongeka, kuwonongeka kwa t., "atonality". Kuyamba kwa dongosolo latsopano la tonal kunanenedwa ndi SI Taneyev (mu "Mobile Counterpoint of Strict Writing", yomalizidwa mu 1906).

Kutanthauzo la T. kachitidwe kokhwima kogwira ntchito kochitidwa ndi ang’onoang’ono, Taneyev analemba kuti: “Pokhala m’malo mwa mitundu ya tchalitchi, dongosolo lathu la kamvekedwe ka mawu tsopano, likuloŵa m’kachitidwe katsopano kamene kakufuna kuwononga kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi m’malo mwa maziko a chigwirizano cha diatonic. ndi chromatic one, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa tonality kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa nyimbo" (ibid., Moscow, 1959, p. 9).

Kenako, "dongosolo latsopano" (koma kwa Taneyev) amatchedwa mawu akuti "teknoloji yatsopano". Kufanana kwake kwakukulu ndi T. wakale kumaphatikizapo chenicheni chakuti “T” watsopano. ilinso ndi hierarchical. dongosolo la magwiridwe antchito osiyanitsidwa okwera okwera, ophatikiza zomveka. kugwirizana mu dongosolo la phula. Mosiyana ndi kamvekedwe kakale, chatsopanocho sichingadalire pa consonant tonic, komanso pamagulu aliwonse osankhidwa bwino, osati pa diatonic. maziko, koma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito maulalo pamtundu uliwonse wa 12 amamveka ngati odziyimira pawokha (kuphatikiza mitundu yonse kumapereka ma poly-mode kapena "wopanda nkhawa" - "zatsopano, zakunja kwa T."; onani Nü11 E. von, "B . Bartok, Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der neuen Musik”, 1930); tanthawuzo la semantic la mawu ndi consonances lingathe kuimira chapamwamba m'njira yatsopano. formula TSDT, koma zitha kuwululidwa mwanjira ina. Zolengedwa. Kusiyanaku kumakhalanso chifukwa chakuti okhwima classical T. ndi structural yunifolomu, koma T. watsopano ndi payekha choncho alibe limodzi zovuta zomveka, ndiko kuti, alibe ntchito zofanana. Chifukwa chake, munkhani imodzi kapena ina, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizindikiro za T imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Popanga AN Scriabin wa nthawi yochedwa ya zilandiridwenso T. amakhalabe structural ntchito, koma chikhalidwe. ma harmonies amasinthidwa ndi atsopano omwe amapanga mawonekedwe apadera ("Scriabin mode"). Mwachitsanzo, mu "Prometheus" likulu. chord - wotchuka "Prometheus" matani asanu ndi limodzi ndi osn. kamvekedwe ka Fis (chitsanzo A, pansipa), pakati. sphere ("main T.") - 4 matani asanu ndi limodzi oterowo pamndandanda wocheperako (mode yochepetsedwa; chitsanzo B); skimu modulation (mu gawo lolumikizana - chitsanzo C), dongosolo la tonal la chiwonetsero - mwachitsanzo D (ndondomeko ya harmonic ya "Prometheus" inali yachilendo, ngakhale siyinali yolondola kwathunthu, yokhazikitsidwa ndi woyimba mu gawo la Luce):

Mfundo za zisudzo zatsopano zimathandizira pomanga opera ya Berg Wozzeck (1921), yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati chitsanzo cha "Novensky atonal style", ngakhale wolembayo amatsutsa mwamphamvu mawu akuti "satanic" "atonal". Tonic alibe otd okha. manambala a opera (mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero chachiwiri cha 2st d. - "eis"; kuguba kuchokera pachiwonetsero chachitatu cha 1st d. - "C", atatu ake - "As"; kuvina pachiwonetsero cha 3 -tsiku la 1 - " g ", zochitika za kuphedwa kwa Mary, zochitika za 4 za tsiku la 2 - ndi liwu lapakati "H", ndi zina zotero) ndi opera yonse yonse (choyimba ndi kamvekedwe kake "g"), koma zambiri kuposa izo - muzopanga zonse. mfundo ya "leit heights" inkachitika nthawi zonse (m'mawu a leit tonalities). Inde, ch. ngwaziyo ili ndi mawu akuti "Cis" (2st d., bar 2 - matchulidwe oyamba a dzina loti "Wozzeck"; mipiringidzo ina 1-5, mawu a Wozzeck msirikali "Ndiko kulondola, Bambo Captain"; mipiringidzo 87- 89 - Wozzeck's arioso "Ife anthu osauka!", M'mipiringidzo ya 136d 153-3 - cis-moll triad "imawala" mu chord chachikulu cha 220th scene). Malingaliro ena ofunikira a opera sangathe kumveka popanda kuganizira za tonal dramaturgy; Choncho, tsoka la nyimbo ya ana mu sewero lomaliza la opera (pambuyo pa imfa ya Wozzeck, 319rd d., mipiringidzo 4-3) yagona pa mfundo yakuti nyimboyi imamveka mu toni eis (moll), leitton ya Wozzeck; izi zimawulula lingaliro la wolemba kuti ana osasamala ndi "wozzets" ang'onoang'ono. (Cf. König W., Tona-litätsstrukturen in Alban Bergs Oper “Wozzeck”, 372.)

Njira ya dodecaphonic-serial, yomwe imayambitsa kugwirizana kwa kapangidwe kake popanda kamvekedwe, ingagwiritse ntchito mofanana ndi zotsatira za kamvekedwe ndikuchita popanda izo. Mosiyana ndi malingaliro olakwika ambiri, dodecaphony imaphatikizidwa mosavuta ndi mfundo ya (yatsopano) T., ndi kukhalapo kwa pakati. kamvekedwe ndi katundu wamba kwa izo. Lingaliro lomwe la mndandanda wama toni 12 lidayamba ngati njira yolipirira zotayika zomanga za tonic ndi t. concerto, sonata cycle). Ngati kupanga kwa serial kumapangidwa pa chitsanzo cha tonal, ndiye kuti ntchito ya maziko, tonic, tonal sphere ikhoza kuchitidwa ndi mndandanda wazinthu zinazake. mamvekedwe, kapena mawu amawu operekedwa mwapadera, ma intervals, chords. "Mzere mu mawonekedwe ake oyambirira tsopano umagwira ntchito yofanana ndi" fungulo loyambira "lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito; “kubwezera” mwachibadwa kumabwerera kwa iye. Timakhala ndi mawu ofanana! Fanizoli ndi mfundo zomangira zakale zimasungidwa mosamala (…)” (Webern A., Lectures on Music, 1975, p. 79). Mwachitsanzo, sewero la AA Babadzhanyan lakuti “Choral” (kuchokera “Zithunzi Zisanu ndi Mmodzi” za piyano) linalembedwa mu “T” imodzi. ndi pakati d (ndi mitundu yaying'ono). Fugue ya RK Shchedrin pamutu wa 12-tone ili ndi T. a-moll yowonekera bwino. Nthawi zina maubwenzi okwera amakhala ovuta kusiyanitsa.

A. Webern. Concert op. 24.

Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kuyanjana kwa mndandanda mu concerto op. 24 (kwa mndandanda, onani Art. Dodecaphony ), Webern amalandira gulu la matani atatu kwa enieni. kutalika, kubwerera ku Crimea kumawonedwa ngati kubwerera ku "kiyi yayikulu". Chitsanzo m'munsimu chikusonyeza mawu atatu a chachikulu. magawo (A), chiyambi cha kayendedwe ka 1 (B) ndi mapeto a concerto ya Webern (C).

Komabe, kwa nyimbo za 12, mfundo yotereyi ya "toni imodzi" sikofunikira (monga mu nyimbo za tonal). Komabe, zigawo zina za T., ngakhale zitakhala zatsopano, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kotero, cello sonata ya EV Denisov (1971) ili ndi likulu, kamvekedwe "d", konsati yachiwiri ya violin ya AG Schnittke ili ndi tonic "g". Mu nyimbo za m'ma 2s. Zaka za zana la 70 pali zizolowezi zolimbitsa mfundo ya T.

Mbiri ya ziphunzitso za T. imachokera ku chiphunzitso cha tchalitchi. modes (onani njira zama Medieval). Mkati mwake, malingaliro adapangidwa okhudza kumaliza ngati mtundu wa "tonic" wamawonekedwe. "Mode" (mode) palokha, kuchokera pakuwona kwakukulu, ikhoza kuonedwa ngati imodzi mwa mawonekedwe (mitundu) ya T. Chizoloŵezi choyambitsa mawu (musica ficta, musica falsa) chinapanga mikhalidwe ya maonekedwe a melodic zotsatira. ndi chordal kukokera kwa tonic. Chiphunzitso cha ziganizo zakale chinakonza chiphunzitso cha "cadences of tone". Glarean mu Dodecachord yake (1547) mwachidziwitso amavomereza njira za Ionian ndi Aeolian zomwe zinalipo kale, miyeso yake yomwe imagwirizana ndi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zachilengedwe. J. Tsarlino ("The Doctrine of Harmony", 1558) yochokera ku Middle Ages. chiphunzitso cha milingo anatanthauzira makonsonanti atatu monga mayunitsi ndipo anapanga chiphunzitso cha zazikulu ndi zazing'ono; adawonanso chikhalidwe chachikulu kapena chaching'ono chamitundu yonse. Mu 1615, Dutchman S. de Co (de Caus) adasinthanso tchalitchi cha repercussion. matani kukhala wamkulu (munjira zenizeni - digiri yachisanu, mu plagal - IV). I. Rosenmuller analemba pafupifupi. 1650 za kukhalapo kwa mitundu itatu yokha - zazikulu, zazing'ono ndi Phrygian. Mu 70s. Zaka za m'ma 17 NP Diletsky amagawa "nyimbo" kukhala "zoseketsa" (ie, zazikulu), "zomvetsa chisoni" (zazing'ono) ndi "zosakanizika". Mu 1694, Charles Masson adapeza njira ziwiri zokha (Mode majeur ndi Mode mineur); mu chilichonse cha masitepe atatu ndi "ofunikira" (Finale, Mediante, Dominante). Mu "Musical Dictionary" yolembedwa ndi S. de Brossard (3), ma frets amawonekera pa semitones 1703 zamachromatic. gamma. Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha t. (popanda mawu awa) adapangidwa ndi JF Rameau (“Traité de l'harmonie …”, 12, “Nouveau systéme de musique théorique”, 1722). Kukhumudwa kumamangidwa pamaziko a chord (osati sikelo). Rameau amadziwika kuti ndi ndondomeko yotsatizana yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi gawo lachitatu, mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero cha zigawo zitatu zazikuluzikulu - T, D ndi S. Kulungamitsidwa kwa chiyanjano cha cadence chords, pamodzi ndi kusiyana kwa consonant tonic ndi dissonant D. ndi S, adalongosola kulamulira kwa tonic pamitundu yonse yamachitidwe.

Mawu akuti "T". adawonekera koyamba mu FAJ Castile-Blaz (1821). T. - "katundu wa nyimbo mode, amene anasonyeza (kukhalapo) ntchito njira zake zofunika" (ie, I, IV ndi V); FJ Fetis (1844) anapereka chiphunzitso cha 4 mitundu ya T.: unitonality (ordre unito-nique) - ngati mankhwala. zimalembedwa mu kiyi imodzi, popanda kusinthidwa kukhala zina (zimagwirizana ndi nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 16); transitonality - ma modulations amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu apafupi (mwachiwonekere, nyimbo za baroque); pluritonality - ma modulations amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu akutali, anharmonisms (nthawi ya Viennese classics); omnitonality ("all-tonality") - chisakanizo cha makiyi osiyanasiyana, chord iliyonse imatha kutsatiridwa ndi iliyonse (nthawi ya chikondi). Sitinganene, komabe, kuti kufotokozera kwa Fetis kuli ndi maziko abwino. X. Riemann (1893) adapanga chiphunzitso chokhazikika cha timbre. Monga Rameau, adachoka m'gulu la chord ngati likulu la dongosololi ndipo adafuna kufotokoza momwe amamvekera kudzera mu ubale wa mawu ndi ma consonances. Mosiyana ndi Rameau, Riemann sanangoyika T. 3 ch. chord, koma kuchepetsedwa kwa iwo ("zogwirizana zokhazo zofunika") zina zonse (ndiko kuti, mu T. Riemann ali ndi maziko a 3 okha ogwirizana ndi ntchito za 3 - T, D ndi S; choncho, dongosolo la Riemann lokha ndilogwira ntchito mosamalitsa) . G. Schenker (1906, 1935) adatsimikizira kamvekedwe ngati lamulo lachilengedwe lokhazikitsidwa ndi mbiri yosasinthika yazinthu zomveka. T. imachokera pa consonant triad, diatonic ndi consonant counterpoint (monga contrapunctus simplex). Nyimbo zamakono, malinga ndi Schenker, ndikuwonongeka ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka. Schoenberg (1911) anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane chuma chamakono. harmonic kwa iye. dongosolo ndipo anafika pamapeto kuti amakono. nyimbo za tonal zili "kumalire a T." (kutengera kumvetsetsa kwakale kwa T.). Iye anatcha (popanda tanthauzo lenileni) “makhalidwe” atsopano a kamvekedwe (c. 1900–1910; lolembedwa ndi M. Reger, G. Mahler, Schoenberg) ndi mawu akuti “kuyandama” kamvekedwe (schwebende; tonic imawoneka kawirikawiri, imapewedwa ndi kamvekedwe komveka bwino). ; mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya Schoenberg "The Temptation" op. 6, No 7) ndi "kuchotsedwa" T. (aufgehobene; ma tonic ndi consonant triads amapewedwa, "zolemba zoyendayenda" zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - zida zachisanu ndi chiwiri zanzeru, zowonjezereka zowonjezereka, ma toni angapo opangira ma toni).

Wophunzira wa Riemann G. Erpf (1927) adayesa kufotokoza zochitika za nyimbo m'zaka za m'ma 10 ndi 20 kuchokera ku chiphunzitso chokhazikika komanso kuyandikira zochitika za nyimbo m'mbiri. Erpf anaikanso patsogolo lingaliro la "consonance-center" (Klangzentrum), kapena "sound center" (mwachitsanzo, Schoenberg's play op. 19 No 6), yomwe ili yofunikira pa chiphunzitso cha kamvekedwe katsopano; T. yokhala ndi malo oterowo nthaŵi zina amatchedwanso Kerntonalität (“core-T.”). Webern (ch. arr. kuchokera ku lingaliro la classical t.) amadziŵikitsa chitukuko cha nyimbo "pambuyo pa zachikale" monga "chiwonongeko cha t." (Webern A., Lectures on Music, p. 44); thunthu la T. iye anatsimikiza tsatanetsatane. njira: "kudalira liwu lalikulu", "njira zopangira", "njira zoyankhulirana" (ibid., p. 51). T. anawonongedwa ndi "bifurcation" ya diatonic. masitepe (tsamba 53, 66), “kuwonjezeredwa kwa zida zomveka” (tsamba 50), kufalikira kwa kusamveka bwino kwa tonal, kutha kwa kufunika kobwereranso ku main. kamvekedwe ka mawu, chizoloŵezi cha kusabwerezabwereza mawu (tsamba 55, 74-75), kuumbika popanda zachikale. mwambi T. (tsamba 71-74). P. Hindemith (1937) amamanga chiphunzitso chatsatanetsatane cha T. yatsopano, kutengera masitepe 12 ("mndandanda I", mwachitsanzo, mu dongosolo.

kuthekera kwa dissonance iliyonse pa aliyense wa iwo. Dongosolo lazinthu za Hindemith pazinthu za T. zimasiyanitsidwa kwambiri. Malinga ndi Hindemith, nyimbo zonse ndi tonal; kupeŵa kulankhulana kwa tonal ndizovuta monga mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi. NGATI lingaliro la Stravinsky la tonality ndi lachilendo. Ndi tonal (m’lingaliro lopapatiza) mogwirizana m’maganizo, iye analemba kuti: “Harmony … anali ndi mbiri yabwino koma yaifupi” (“Dialogues”, 1971, p. 237); "Sitilinso mkati mwa dongosolo la T. classical m'lingaliro la sukulu" ("Musikalische Poetik", 1949, S. 26). Stravinsky amatsatira "T" yatsopano. (nyimbo za "non-tonal" ndi tonal, "koma osati mu dongosolo la tonal la zaka za zana la 18"; "Dialogues", p. 245) mu umodzi mwa mitundu yake, yomwe amatcha "kusiyana kwa phokoso, nthawi, komanso ngakhale. mawu ovuta”; "tonal (kapena phokoso-"tonale") pole ndi ... mbali yaikulu ya nyimbo," T. ndi "njira yowongolera nyimbo molingana ndi mitengoyi." Mawu oti "mzati", komabe, si olondola, chifukwa amatanthauzanso "mzati wotsutsana", umene Stravinsky sanatanthauze. J. Rufer, potengera malingaliro a sukulu ya New Viennese, adapereka mawu akuti "mawu atsopano", akulingalira kuti ndi omwe amanyamula mndandanda wa matani 12. Zolemba za X. Lang "Mbiri ya lingaliro ndi mawu akuti "tonality" ("Begriffsgeschichte des Terminus "Tonalität", 1956) ili ndi chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza mbiri ya Tonalism.

Ku Russia, chiphunzitso cha kamvekedwe chinayambika pokhudzana ndi mawu akuti "tone" (VF Odoevsky, Letter to a Publisher, 1863; GA Laroche, Glinka ndi Kufunika Kwake M'mbiri ya Nyimbo, Russian Bulletin, 1867-68; PI Tchaikovsky , "Guide to the practical study of harmony", 1872), "system" (German Tonart, yomasuliridwa ndi AS Famintsyn "Textbook of harmony" ndi EF Richter, 1868; HA Rimsky -Korsakov, "Textbook of Harmony", 1884-85 ), “mode” (Odoevsky, ibid; Tchaikovsky, ibid), “view” (kuchokera ku Ton-art, lotembenuzidwa ndi Famintsyn of AB Marx’s Universal Textbook of Music, 1872). Tchaikovsky's "Short Handbook of Harmony" (1875) amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mawu akuti "T." (nthawi zina mu Bukhu la Phunziro Lothandiza la Kugwirizana). SI Taneyev anapereka chiphunzitso cha "kugwirizanitsa tonality" (onani ntchito yake: "Analysis of modulation pulani ...", 1927; mwachitsanzo, kutsatizana kwa zolakwika mu G-dur, A-dur kumabweretsa lingaliro la T. D. -dur, kuwagwirizanitsa, komanso kumapangitsanso kukopa kwa tonal). Monga Kumadzulo, ku Russia, zochitika zatsopano pankhani ya kamvekedwe ka mawu poyambilira zinkaonedwa ngati kusakhalapo kwa “umodzi wa mamvekedwe” (Laroche, ibid.) "kunja kwa malire a dongosolo" ( Rimsky-Korsakov, ibid.). Zochitika zingapo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kamvekedwe katsopano (popanda mawuwa) zidafotokozedwa ndi Yavorsky (dongosolo la 6-semitone, tonic dissonant and dispersed tonic, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe amtundu wa mawu, ndipo mitundu yambiri ili kunja kwa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. ); mothandizidwa ndi Yavorsky Russian. Theoretical musicology inafuna kupeza njira zatsopano (zomangamanga zatsopano zapamwamba), mwachitsanzo. mu kupanga Scriabin chakumapeto kwa zilandiridwenso (BL Yavorsky, "Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba", 1880; "Maganizo ochepa okhudzana ndi chikumbutso cha Liszt", 12; Protopopov SV, "Zinthu za kapangidwe ka mawu oimba" , 1908) ngakhale a Impressionists, - analemba BV Asafiev, - sanapitirire malire a tonal harmonic system "(" Musical Form as a Process ", M., 1911, p. 1930). GL Catuar (wotsatira PO Gewart) adapanga mitundu ya zomwe zimatchedwa. kuwonjezeredwa T. (kachitidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono ndi kachromatic). BV Asafiev adapereka kusanthula kwa zochitika za kamvekedwe (ntchito za kamvekedwe, D, ndi S, kapangidwe ka "European mode," kamvekedwe ka mawu oyambira, ndi kutanthauzira kwa malembedwe azinthu za kamvekedwe) kuchokera pamalingaliro a chiphunzitso cha mawu. . Yu. Kukula kwa N. Tyulin kwa lingaliro la zosinthika kumawonjezera kwambiri chiphunzitso cha ntchito zama toni. Akatswiri oimba nyimbo za kadzidzi angapo (MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HP Tiftikidi, LA Karklinsh, etc.) m'ma 1963-99s. anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane kapangidwe kamakono. 60-masitepe (chromatic) tonality. Tarakanov adapanga mwapadera lingaliro la "T watsopano" (onani nkhani yake: "Tonality yatsopano munyimbo zazaka za 70th", 12).

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Yu. N. Kholopov