Zosiyanasiyana |

ku lat. kusintha - kusintha, zosiyanasiyana

Mtundu wanyimbo momwe mutu (nthawi zina mitu iwiri kapena kuposerapo) umaperekedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe, kamvekedwe, mgwirizano, chiŵerengero cha mawu osagwirizana, timbre (zida), ndi zina zotero. Mu V. iliyonse, osati chigawo chimodzi chokha (mwachitsanzo, ., kapangidwe, mgwirizano, etc.), komanso angapo zigawo zikuluzikulu. Potsatira chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake, V. amapanga kusintha kosinthika, koma mu mawonekedwe ochulukirapo amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi c.-l. mitu ina. zinthu, ndiye otchedwa. obalalika kusinthasintha kuzungulira. Muzochitika zonsezi, mgwirizano wa kuzungulirako umatsimikiziridwa ndi kufanana kwa mitu yomwe imachokera ku luso limodzi. kapangidwe, ndi mzere wathunthu wa muses. chitukuko, kulamula ntchito iliyonse V. njira zina za kusinthika ndi kupereka zomveka. mgwirizano uliwonse. V. ikhoza kukhala ngati chinthu chodziyimira pawokha. (Tema con variazioni – theme with V.), and part of any other major instr. kapena wok. mawonekedwe (masewera, oratorios, cantatas).

Fomu ya V. ili ndi nar. chiyambi. Zoyambira zake zimabwereranso ku zitsanzo za nyimbo zachikhalidwe ndi instr. nyimbo, pomwe nyimboyo idasinthidwa ndikubwerezabwereza. Makamaka bwino mapangidwe V. korasi. nyimbo, momwe, ndi chizindikiritso kapena kufanana kwa chachikulu. nyimbo, pali kusintha kosalekeza m'mawu ena a nyimbo zakwaya. Mitundu yotereyi yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a polygols otukuka. zikhalidwe - Russian, katundu, ndi ena ambiri. etc. M'dera la nar. instr. kusiyanasiyana kwa nyimbo kumawonekera m'mabedi awiri. kuvina, komwe pambuyo pake kunakhala maziko a magule. suites. Ngakhale kusiyana kwa Nar. nyimbo nthawi zambiri zimabwera mwachisawawa, izi sizimasokoneza mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. mikombero.

Mu prof. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zaku Western Europe. njirayo inayamba kuonekera pakati pa olemba nyimbo omwe analemba mosagwirizana. kalembedwe okhwima. Cantus firmus anali limodzi ndi polyphonic. mawu omwe adabwereka ma tonations ake, koma adawapereka m'njira zosiyanasiyana - pang'onopang'ono, kuwonjezeka, kutembenuka, ndi kusintha kwa rhythmic. kujambula, etc. Ntchito yokonzekera imakhalanso yamitundu yosiyanasiyana mu nyimbo za lute ndi clavier. Mutu wokhala ndi V. zamakono. Kumvetsetsa kwa mawonekedwe awa kunayambira, mwachiwonekere, m'zaka za zana la 16, pamene passacaglia ndi chaconnes zinawonekera, zomwe zikuyimira V. pazitsulo zosasinthika (onani Basso ostinato). J. Frescobaldi, G. Purcell, A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, GF Handel, F. Couperin ndi olemba ena a zaka za 17th-18th. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mawonekedwe awa. Nthawi yomweyo, mitu yanyimbo idapangidwa pamitu yanyimbo yobwerekedwa kuchokera ku nyimbo zodziwika bwino (V. pamutu wanyimbo "Pipe Yoyendetsa" ndi W. Byrd) kapena yolembedwa ndi wolemba V. (JS Bach, Aria kuchokera ku 30th. zaka). Mtundu wa V. uwu unafala kwambiri mu chipinda chachiwiri. Zaka za m'ma 2 ndi 18 mu ntchito ya J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert ndi olemba nyimbo pambuyo pake. Iwo adapanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana odziyimira pawokha. m'mawonekedwe a V., nthawi zambiri pamitu yobwereka, ndipo V. idayambitsidwa mu sonata-symphony. kuzungulira ngati gawo limodzi (zimenezi, mutuwo nthawi zambiri unkapangidwa ndi woimbayo). Makamaka khalidwe ndi ntchito V. mu omaliza kumaliza cyclic. mawonekedwe (symphony ya Haydn No. 19, quartet ya Mozart mu d-moll, K.-V. 31, Beethoven's symphony No. 421 ndi No. 3, Brahms 'No. 9). Muzochita zamakonsati 4 ndi 18st floor. Zaka za m'ma 1 V. nthawi zonse ankakhala ngati mawonekedwe a improvisation: WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, N. Paganini, F. Liszt ndi ena ambiri. ena adawongolera modabwitsa V. pamutu wosankhidwa.

Zoyamba za kusintha. zozungulira mu Russian Prof. nyimbo zimapezeka mu polygoal. makonzedwe a nyimbo za znamenny ndi nyimbo zina, momwe kugwirizana kunali kosiyana ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa nyimbozo (kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18). Mafomuwa adasiya chizindikiro pakupanga. partes style ndi choir. konsati 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 (MS Berezovsky). Mu con. 18 - pemphani. Zaka za m'ma 19 zambiri za V. zinalengedwa pamitu ya Chirasha. nyimbo - za pianoforte, za violin (IE Khandoshkin), ndi zina.

Kumapeto kwa ntchito za L. Beethoven komanso nthawi zotsatila, njira zatsopano zinadziwika pakukula kwa kusiyana. mikombero. Ku Western Europe. Nyimbo za V. zinayamba kutanthauziridwa momasuka kuposa kale, kudalira kwawo mutuwo kunachepa, mafomu amtundu anawonekera mu V., zosiyana. kuzungulira kumafaniziridwa ndi suite. M'nyimbo zachikale za ku Russia, poyamba mu wok., ndipo pambuyo pake mu zida zoimbira, MI Glinka ndi otsatira ake adakhazikitsa mtundu wapadera wa kusiyana. mkombero, momwe nyimbo ya mutuwo inakhalabe yosasinthika, pamene zigawo zina zimasiyana. Zitsanzo za kusiyana koteroko zinapezedwa Kumadzulo ndi J. Haydn ndi ena.

Kutengera chiŵerengero cha kapangidwe ka mutu ndi V., pali ziwiri zofunika. mtundu wosiyana. kuzungulira: yoyamba, yomwe mutuwo ndi V. zili ndi dongosolo lomwelo, ndipo chachiwiri, pomwe kapangidwe ka mutu ndi V. ndizosiyana. Mtundu woyamba uyenera kuphatikizapo V. pa Basso ostinato, classic. V. (nthawi zina amatchedwa okhwima) pa mitu ya nyimbo ndi V. yokhala ndi nyimbo yosasinthika. Mu V., kuwonjezera pa kapangidwe kake, mita ndi ma harmonic nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa. dongosolo lamutu, kotero limazindikirika mosavuta ngakhale ndikusintha kwakukulu. Mu vari. M'zinthu zamtundu wachiwiri (zomwe zimatchedwa V. yaulere), kugwirizana kwa V. ndi mutuwo kumachepa kwambiri pamene akufalikira. Iliyonse ya V. nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mita yake ndi mgwirizano. konzekerani ndikuwulula mawonekedwe a k.-l. mtundu watsopano, umene umakhudza chikhalidwe cha thematic ndi muses. chitukuko; kufanana ndi mutuwo kumasungidwa chifukwa cha mawu omveka. umodzi.

Palinso zopatuka pazikhazikitso izi. zizindikiro za kusintha. mawonekedwe. Choncho, mu V. ya mtundu woyamba, mawonekedwe nthawi zina amasintha poyerekeza ndi mutuwo, ngakhale ponena za maonekedwe samadutsa malire a mtundu uwu; mu vari. M'mizere yamtundu wachiwiri, mawonekedwe, mita, ndi mgwirizano nthawi zina zimasungidwa mu V. yoyamba ya kuzungulira ndikusintha pazotsatira. Kutengera kugwirizana diff. mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. m'zinthu, mawonekedwe a zinthu zina amapangidwa. nthawi yatsopano (piyano yomaliza ya sonata No 2 yolembedwa ndi Shostakovich).

Zosiyanasiyana Zopanga. Kuzungulira kwa mtundu woyamba kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mgwirizano wa zophiphiritsa: V. kuwulula zaluso. zotheka za mutuwo ndi zofotokozera zake, chifukwa chake, zimakula, zosunthika, koma zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha muses. chithunzi. Kukula kwa V. mu mkombero zina amapereka pang`onopang`ono mathamangitsidwe wa rhythmic. mayendedwe (Handel's Passacaglia mu g-moll, Andante ku Beethoven's sonata op. 57), mwa ena - zosintha za polygonal nsalu (Bach's aria ndi 30 zosiyana, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kuchokera Haydn's quartet op. 76 No 3) kapena chitukuko mwadongosolo cha tonations wa mutuwo, poyamba anasuntha momasuka, ndiyeno anasonkhana pamodzi (1 kayendedwe ka Beethoven a sonata op. 26). Chotsatiracho chikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chautali cha kumaliza zosiyana. kuzungulira pogwira mutuwo (da capo). Beethoven nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, kubweretsa kapangidwe kake komaliza (32 V. c-moll) pafupi ndi mutuwo kapena kubwezeretsa mutuwo pomaliza. mbali za kuzungulira (V. pamutu wa ulendo wochokera ku "Mabwinja a Athens"). Womaliza (womaliza) V. nthawi zambiri amakhala wokulirapo komanso wothamanga mu tempo kuposa mutuwo, ndipo amachita ntchito ya coda, yomwe imakhala yofunikira kwambiri pakudziyimira pawokha. ntchito zolembedwa m'mawonekedwe a V. Mosiyana, Mozart adayambitsa V. imodzi isanafike kumapeto kwa tempo ndi khalidwe la Adagio, zomwe zinathandizira kuti pakhale chisankho chodziwika bwino cha V. Kuyambitsa njira yosiyana ndi V. kapena gulu V. pakati pa kuzungulira kumapanga dongosolo la magawo atatu. Kutsatizana komwe kukubwera: zazing'ono - zazikulu - zazing'ono (32 V. Beethoven, mapeto a symphony ya Brahms No. 4) kapena zazikulu - zazing'ono - zazikulu (sonata A-dur Mozart, K.-V. 331) zimapindulitsa zomwe zili zosiyana. kuzungulira ndi kubweretsa mgwirizano mu mawonekedwe ake. M'mitundu ina. Kusiyanitsa kwa ma modal kumayambika nthawi 2-3 (kusiyana kwa Beethoven pamutu wa ballet "The Forest Girl"). M'magulu a Mozart, mapangidwe a V. amalemeretsedwa ndi kusiyana kwa malemba, komwe kumayambitsidwa pomwe mutuwo unalibe (V. mu piano sonata A-dur, K.-V. 331, mu serenade ya orchestra B-dur, K.-V. 361). Mtundu wa "ndondomeko yachiwiri" ya mawonekedwe ikuchitika, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kukula kwa kusinthika kwakukulu. Muzinthu zina. Mozart amagwirizanitsa V. ndi kupitiriza kwa harmonics. kusintha (attaca), popanda kupatuka pamapangidwe a mutuwo. Chotsatira chake, mawonekedwe amadzimadzi osakanikirana amapangidwa mkati mwa kuzungulira, kuphatikizapo B.-Adagio ndi mapeto omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala kumapeto kwa kuzungulira ("Je suis Lindor", "Salve tu, Domine", K. -V. 354, 398, ndi zina zotero) . Kuyamba kwa Adagio ndi mathero othamanga kukuwonetsa kugwirizana ndi mayendedwe a sonata, chikoka chawo pamayendedwe a V.

The tonality ya V. mu classical. nyimbo za m'ma 18 ndi 19. nthawi zambiri zomwezo zinkasungidwa monga momwe zilili pamutuwu, ndipo kusiyana kwa modal kunayambika pamaziko a tonic wamba, koma kale F. Schubert mu zosiyana zazikulu. m'zinthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito tonality wa VI otsika sitepe V., yomweyo kutsatira wamng'ono, ndipo potero anapitirira malire a zimandilimbikitsa mmodzi (Andante ku Trout quintet). M'mabuku apambuyo, ma tonal osiyanasiyana amasiyanasiyana. mikombero imakulitsidwa (Brahms, V. ndi fugue op. 24 pamutu wa Handel) kapena, mosiyana, kufooka; pomalizira pake, chuma cha harmonics chimakhala ngati malipiro. ndi kusintha kwa timbre ("Bolero" ndi Ravel).

Wok. V. ndi nyimbo yomweyo mu Chirasha. oimba nawonso amalumikizana lit. lemba lomwe limapereka nkhani imodzi. Pakukula kwa V., zithunzi nthawi zina zimawuka. mphindi zogwirizana ndi zomwe zili m'mawu (kwaya ya Perisiya kuchokera ku opera "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila", nyimbo ya Varlaam ya "Boris Godunov"). Kusiyanasiyana kotseguka kumathekanso mu opera. mayendedwe, ngati mawonekedwe otere akulamulidwa ndi wolemba sewero. mkhalidwe (zowonekera mu kanyumba "Choncho, ndinakhala" kuchokera ku opera "Ivan Susanin", choyimba "O, vuto likubwera, anthu" kuchokera ku opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh").

Kuti vari. mawonekedwe a mtundu wa 1 ali pafupi ndi V.-double, yomwe imatsatira mutuwo ndipo imangokhala ndi imodzi mwazowonetserako zosiyanasiyana (kawirikawiri ziwiri). Zosintha. samapanga kuzungulira, chifukwa alibe kukwanira; kutenga akhoza kupita kutenga II, etc. Mu instr. nyimbo za m'zaka za m'ma 18 V.-kawiri kawirikawiri m'gulu la suite, zosiyanasiyana chimodzi kapena zingapo. kuvina (partita h-moll Bach kwa violin solo), wok. mu nyimbo, iwo amawuka pamene couplet akubwerezedwa (couplets Triquet ku opera "Eugene Onegin"). A V.-kawiri akhoza kuonedwa awiri moyandikana zomangamanga, ogwirizana ndi wamba thematic dongosolo. zinthu (kapena mawu oyamba kuchokera pa chithunzi II cha mawu oyamba mu opera "Boris Godunov", No1 kuchokera Prokofiev "Fleeting").

Zosiyanasiyana Zopanga. kuzungulira kwa mtundu wachiwiri ("V yaulere.") ndizovuta kwambiri. Chiyambi chawo chinayambira m'zaka za zana la 2, pamene gulu la monothematic linapangidwa; nthawi zina, magule anali V. (I. Ya. Froberger, "Auf die Mayerin"). Bach in partitas - V. pamitu yakwaya - adagwiritsa ntchito ulaliki waulele, kulumikiza zigawo zanyimbo zakwaya ndi ma interludes, nthawi zina otambalala kwambiri, ndipo potero amapatukana ndi kapangidwe kake kakwaya (“Sei gegrüsset, Jesus gütig”, “Allein Gott in der Höhe sei Ehr”, BWV 17, 768 etc.). Mu V. ya mtundu wa 771, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 2 ndi 19, modal-tonal, genre, tempo, ndi ma metrical mapatani amalimbikitsidwa kwambiri. kusiyanitsa: pafupifupi V. iliyonse imayimira chinthu chatsopano pankhaniyi. Kugwirizana kwapang'onopang'ono kumathandizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amutu wamutu. Kuchokera pa izi, V. imapanga mitu yake, yomwe ili ndi ufulu wodziimira komanso luso lokulitsa. Choncho ntchito mu V. ya reprise awiri, magawo atatu, ndi mawonekedwe okulirapo, ngakhale mutu mutu analibe (V. op. 20 Glazunov kwa piyano). Pokonzekera mawonekedwe, pang'onopang'ono V. amatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pa khalidwe la Adagio, Andante, nocturne, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala mu 72nd floor. kuzungulira, ndi komaliza, kukokera pamodzi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu. zinthu za kuzungulira konse. Nthawi zambiri womaliza V. ali ndi khalidwe lochititsa chidwi kwambiri (Schumann's Symphonic Etudes, gawo lomaliza la 2rd suite ya orchestra ndi V. pa mutu wa rococo wa Tchaikovsky); ngati V. aikidwa kumapeto kwa sonata-symphony. mkombero, ndi zotheka kuphatikiza iwo horizontally kapena ofukula ndi thematic. zinthu zomwe zachitika kale (Tchaikovsky's trio "In Memory of the Great Artist", Taneev's quartet No. 3). Zina zosiyana. kuzungulira komaliza kumakhala ndi fugue (symphonic V. op. 3 ndi Dvořák) kapena kuphatikizapo fugue mu imodzi mwa V. (78 V. op. 33 ndi Beethoven, 120nd part of the Tchaikovsky trio).

Nthawi zina V. amalembedwa pa mitu iwiri, kawirikawiri pa itatu. M'zinthu ziwiri zamdima, V. imodzi pamutu uliwonse nthawi zina (Andante ndi Haydn's V. mu f-moll kwa piyano, Adagio kuchokera ku Beethoven's Symphony No 9) kapena angapo V. (pang'onopang'ono gawo la Beethoven's trio op. 70 No2 ). Fomu yomaliza ndiyosavuta kusinthasintha kwaulere. zolemba pamitu iwiri, kumene V. olumikizidwa ndi kulumikiza zigawo (Andante kuchokera Beethoven a Symphony No. 5). Pamapeto a Beethoven a Symphony No. 9, olembedwa mu vari. fomu, ch. malowo ndi a mutu woyamba (“mutu wa chisangalalo”), umene umalandira kusiyana kwakukulu. chitukuko, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa tonal ndi fugato; mutu wachiwiri ukuwoneka pakati pa gawo lomaliza muzosankha zingapo; mu reprise wamba wa fugue, mituyo imatsutsidwa. Kupanga komaliza konseko ndikwaulere kwambiri.

Ku Russian V.'s classics pamitu iwiri yolumikizidwa ndi miyambo. Mawonekedwe a V. ku nyimbo yosasinthika: mutu uliwonse ukhoza kukhala wosiyanasiyana, koma kapangidwe kake kamakhala komasuka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma tonal, kulumikiza zomanga ndi kutsutsa mitu ("Kamarinskaya" ndi Glinka, " Ku Central Asia" ndi Borodin, mwambo waukwati wochokera ku opera "The Snow Maiden"). Ngakhalenso zaulere ndizopangidwa mu zitsanzo zosowa za V. pamitu itatu: kumasuka kwa masinthidwe ndi plexus ya thematicism ndi chikhalidwe chake chofunikira (zowonekera m'nkhalango yosungidwa kuchokera ku opera The Snow Maiden).

V. amitundu yonse mu sonata-symphony. prod. amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati mawonekedwe akuyenda pang'onopang'ono (kupatula ntchito zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, onani Kreutzer Sonata ndi Allegretto kuchokera ku Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Schubert's Maiden ndi Death Quartet, Glazunov's Symphony No. 6, piano concertos ndi Prokofiev's Scriabin ndi No. Symphony No 3 komanso kuchokera ku Violin Concerto No 8), nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati 1st movement kapena finale (zitsanzo zatchulidwa pamwambapa). M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Mozart, yomwe ili mbali ya kayendedwe ka sonata, mwina B.-Adagio kulibe (sonata ya violin ndi pianoforte Es-dur, quartet d-moll, K.-V. 1, 481), kapena kuzungulira koteroko alibe mbali pang'onopang'ono (sonata kwa limba A-dur, sonata kwa violin ndi piyano A-dur, K.-V. 421, 331, etc.). V. amtundu wa 305 nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ngati chinthu chofunikira mu mawonekedwe okulirapo, koma sangathe kupeza kukwanira, ndi zosiyana. kuzungulira kumakhalabe kotseguka kuti tisinthe ku mutu wina. gawo. Deta mu ndondomeko imodzi, V. amatha kusiyanitsa ndi mitu ina. zigawo zazikulu, zomwe zimayang'ana kukula kwa mithunzi imodzi. chithunzi. Zosiyanasiyana. mafomu amadalira zaluso. malingaliro opanga. Kotero, pakati pa gawo la 1 la Shostakovich Symphony No. chithunzi cha munthu wodziwika bwino. Kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyphonic, kuzungulira kwa V. kumatenga mawonekedwe pakati pa mapeto a Concerto No 1 ya Prokofiev. Chithunzi cha munthu wosewera mpira chimachokera ku V. kuchokera pakati pa scherzo trio op. 7 Taneeva. Pakati pa "Zikondwerero" za tsiku la Debussy zimamangidwa pa kusintha kwa mutu wa timbre, komwe kumapereka kayendedwe ka carnival kokongola. Muzochitika zonsezi, ma V. amakokedwa mozungulira, mosiyana ndi zigawo zozungulira za mawonekedwe.

Fomu ya V. nthawi zina imasankhidwa kuti ikhale gawo lalikulu kapena lachiwiri mu sonata allegro (Glinka's Jota wa Aragon, Balakirev's Overture pa Mitu ya Nyimbo Zitatu za Chirasha) kapena kumadera ovuta kwambiri a mawonekedwe a magawo atatu (gawo la 2 la Rimsky). - Korsakov Scheherazade). Ndiye V. kukhudzana. zigawo zimatengedwa mu reprise ndipo kusiyana obalalika kumapangidwa. cycle, zovuta zamapangidwe ku Krom zimagawidwa mwadongosolo mbali zonse ziwiri. Frank's "Prelude, Fugue and Variation" ya chiwalo ndi chitsanzo cha kusinthika kumodzi mu Reprise-B.

Zosiyanasiyana zogawidwa. kuzungulira kumayamba ngati dongosolo lachiwiri la mawonekedwe, ngati c.-l. mutuwo umasiyana ndi kubwerezabwereza. Pachifukwa ichi, rondo ili ndi mwayi waukulu kwambiri: wobwerera. mutu wake wakhala chinthu chosinthika (chomaliza cha Beethoven's sonata op. 24 kwa violin ndi piyano: pali awiri V. pamutu waukulu mu reprise). Mu mawonekedwe ovuta a magawo atatu, mwayi womwewo wa mapangidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. mayendedwe amatsegulidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana mutu woyamba - nthawi (Dvorak - pakati pa gawo la 3 la quartet, op. 96). Kubwereranso kwa mutuwu kumatha kutsindika kufunika kwake pamutu wotukuka. kapangidwe ka mankhwala, pomwe kusiyanasiyana, kusintha mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a mawu, koma kusunga tanthauzo la mutuwo, kumakupatsani mwayi wokulitsa mawu ake. tanthauzo. Choncho, mu atatu a Tchaikovsky, zomvetsa chisoni. ch. mutuwo, kubwerera mu gawo la 1 ndi 2, mothandizidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kumabweretsedwa pachimake - chiwonetsero chomaliza cha kuwawa kwa kutayika. Ku Largo kuchokera ku Symphony No. 5 ya Shostakovich, mutu wachisoni (Ob., Fl.) Pambuyo pake, ukachitidwa pachimake (Vc), umakhala ndi khalidwe lochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ndipo mu coda umamveka mwamtendere. Kuzungulira kosinthika kumatengera apa ulusi waukulu wa lingaliro la Largo.

Zosiyanasiyana zobalalika. nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitu yopitilira imodzi. Mosiyana ndi mayendedwe oterowo, kusinthasintha kwa luso kumawululidwa. zomwe zili. Kufunika kwa mitundu yotereyi m'nyimboyi kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. prod. Tchaikovsky, to-rye amadzazidwa ndi V. ambiri, kusunga ch. mutu wanyimbo ndikusintha kutsata kwake. Lyric. Andante Tchaikovsky amasiyana kwambiri ndi ntchito zake, zolembedwa mu mawonekedwe a mutu ndi V. Kusiyana mwa iwo sikutsogolera ku c.-l. kusintha kwa mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, komabe, kupyolera mu kusintha kwa mawu. chithunzicho chimakwera mpaka kutalika kwa symphony. generalizations (kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa ma symphonies No. 4 ndi No. 5, pianoforte concerto No. 1, quartet No. 2, sonatas op. 37-bis, pakati pa zongopeka za symphonic "Francesca da Rimini", mutu wachikondi mu "Mkuntho ", Joanna's aria kuchokera ku opera "Maid of Orleans", etc.). Kukhazikika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana. cycle, kumbali imodzi, ndi zotsatira za kusiyana. ndondomeko mu nyimbo. mawonekedwe, kumbali ina, amadalira kumveka kwa mutuwo. kapangidwe ka mankhwala, tanthauzo lake okhwima. Koma njira yosinthika ya thematism ndi yotakata komanso yosiyana siyana kotero kuti sizipangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyanasiyana. amazungulira m'lingaliro lenileni la mawuwa ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaulere kwambiri.

Kuchokera ku Ser. Zaka za m'ma 19 V. kukhala maziko a mawonekedwe a symphonic ambiri ndi konsati ntchito, kutumizira yotakata luso lingaliro, nthawi zina ndi zili pulogalamu. Izi ndi Liszt's Dance of Death, Kusiyana kwa Brahms pa Mutu wa Haydn, Franck's Symphonic Variations, R. Strauss's Don Quixote, Rhapsody ya Rakhmaninov pa Mutu wa Paganini, Kusiyana pa Mutu wa Rus. nar. nyimbo za “Inu, munda wanga” za Shebalin, “Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell” za Britten ndi nyimbo zina zingapo. Pokhudzana ndi iwo ndi ena onga iwo, munthu ayenera kulankhula za kaphatikizidwe ka kusinthika ndi chitukuko, za machitidwe osiyana-siyana. dongosolo, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimachokera ku luso lapadera komanso lovuta. cholinga cha mankhwala aliwonse.

Kusiyanasiyana ngati mfundo kapena njira mwachiphunzitso. Kutukuka ndi lingaliro lalikulu kwambiri ndipo limaphatikizapo kubwereza kulikonse kosinthidwa komwe kumasiyana mwanjira iliyonse yofunikira ndikuwonetsa koyamba kwa mutuwo. Mutu mu nkhaniyi umakhala nyimbo yodziyimira payokha. yomanga yomwe imapereka zinthu zosinthika. M'lingaliro limeneli, likhoza kukhala chiganizo choyamba cha nthawi, ulalo wautali motsatizana, leitmotif ya opaleshoni, Nar. nyimbo, ndi zina. Chofunikira cha kusinthika kwagona pakusungidwa kwa mutu. zofunikira komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo pakulemeretsa, kukonzanso zomangamanga zosiyanasiyana.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya kusintha: a) kubwereza kosinthidwa kwa mutu. zinthu ndi b) kuyambitsa zinthu zatsopano mmenemo, zochokera ku zazikulu. Mwadongosolo, mtundu woyamba umatchedwa + a1, wachiwiri ngati ab + ac. Mwachitsanzo, pansipa pali zidutswa za WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven ndi PI Tchaikovsky.

Mu chitsanzo chochokera ku sonata ya Mozart, kufanana ndi melodic-rhythmic. kujambula zomanga ziwiri kumatithandiza kuti tiyimire wachiwiri wa iwo monga kusiyana koyamba; mosiyana, mu Beethoven's Largo, ziganizo zikugwirizana kokha kudzera mu nyimbo zoyambirira. intonation, koma kupitiriza ake mwa iwo ndi osiyana; Andantino wa Tchaikovsky amagwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana ndi Beethoven's Largo, koma ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa chiganizo chachiwiri. Muzochitika zonse, chikhalidwe cha mutuwo chimasungidwa, panthawi imodzimodziyo chimalemeretsedwa kuchokera mkati mwa chitukuko cha mawu ake oyambirira. Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa zomangika zomangika zimasinthasintha kutengera zaluso wamba. cholinga cha kupanga konse.

PI Tchaikovsky. 4 symphony, kayendedwe II.

Kusiyanasiyana ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zakale kwambiri zachitukuko, zomwe zimalamulira mu Nar. nyimbo ndi mitundu yakale Prof. mlandu. Kusiyana ndi khalidwe la Western Europe. oimba achikondi. masukulu ndi Russian. classics 19 - oyambirira. Zaka mazana a 20, imadutsa "mawonekedwe aulere" ndikulowa m'mawonekedwe omwe adatengera ku Viennese classics. Mawonetseredwe a kusiyanasiyana muzochitika zoterezi zingakhale zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, MI Glinka kapena R. Schumann kumanga chitukuko cha sonata mawonekedwe ku mayunitsi lalikulu sequential (kutuluka kwa opera "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila", gawo loyamba la quartet op. 47 ndi Schumann). F. Chopin amatsogolera ch. mutu wa E-dur scherzo ali mu chitukuko, kusintha modal ndi tonal ulaliki, koma kusunga dongosolo, F. Schubert mu gawo loyamba la sonata B-dur (1828) amapanga mutu watsopano mu chitukuko, akuchititsa izo. sequentially (A-dur - H-dur) , ndiyeno amamanga chiganizo cha mipiringidzo inayi kuchokera pamenepo, yomwe imasunthiranso ku makiyi osiyanasiyana pamene ikusunga nyimbo. kujambula. Zitsanzo zofanana mu nyimbo. lit-re satha. Kusiyanasiyana, motero, kwakhala njira yofunika kwambiri pamutuwu. chitukuko pomwe mfundo zina zomanga mawonekedwe zimatsogola, mwachitsanzo. sonata. Popanga, kukokera ku Nar. mafomu, imatha kutenga maudindo akuluakulu. Symphony kujambula "Sadko", "Night on Bald Mountain" ndi Mussorgsky, "Eight Russian Folk Songs" ndi Lyadov, ma ballet oyambirira a Stravinsky akhoza kukhala chitsimikizo cha izi. Kufunika kwa kusiyana kwa nyimbo za C. Debussy, M. Ravel, SS Prokofiev ndizopambana kwambiri. DD Shostakovich amagwiritsa ntchito kusiyanasiyana mwapadera; kwa iye zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano, zopitirira mumutu wodziwika bwino (mtundu "b"). Nthawi zambiri, kulikonse komwe kuli kofunikira kukulitsa, pitilizani, sinthani mutuwo, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ake, olemba amatembenukira kumitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu yosiyana imalumikizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kupanga mgwirizano wamagulu ndi ma semantic kutengera kusiyanasiyana kwamutuwo. Kukula kosiyanasiyana kumatanthauza kudziyimira pawokha kwa nyimbo. ndi kayendedwe ka tonal pamaso pa kapangidwe kake komwe kamafanana ndi mutuwo (mumitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, m'malo mwake, mawonekedwewo amasintha poyambira). Mutuwu, pamodzi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, umapanga mawonekedwe ofunikira kuwonetsa chithunzi chachikulu cha nyimbo. Sarabande wochokera ku 1st French suite yolembedwa ndi JS Bach, chikondi cha Pauline "Okondedwa Anzanga" kuchokera ku opera "The Queen of Spades", nyimbo ya mlendo wa Varangian kuchokera ku opera "Sadko" ikhoza kukhala zitsanzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kusintha, kuwulula kuthekera kofotokozera za mutuwo ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale zenizeni. luso. image, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mndandanda wamakono a dodecaphone ndi nyimbo za serial. M'malo mwake, kusinthaku kumakhala kofanana ndi kusiyanasiyana kowona.

Zothandizira: Berkov V., Glinka's variational development of harmony, m'buku lake: Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948, ch. VI; Sosnovtsev B., mawonekedwe osinthika, m'magulu: Saratov State University. Conservatory, Scientific and Methodological Notes, Saratov, 1957; Protopopov Vl., Zosiyanasiyana mu Russian classical opera, M., 1957; ake, Kusiyanasiyana njira ya chitukuko cha thematism mu nyimbo za Chopin, mu Sat: F. Chopin, M., 1960; Skrebkova OL, Pa njira zina zosinthira mosiyanasiyana mu ntchito ya Rimsky-Korsakov, mu: Questions of Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Adigezalova L., The variational principle of the development of songs in Russian Soviet symphonic music, in: Questions of Contemporary Music, L., 1963; Müller T., Pakuzungulira kwa mawonekedwe mu nyimbo zachi Russia zojambulidwa ndi EE Lineva, mu: Proceedings of the Department of Music Theory of Moscow. boma Conservatory iwo. PI Tchaikovsky, vol. 1, Moscow, 1960; Budrin B., Kusiyanasiyana kozungulira mu ntchito ya Shostakovich, mu: Mafunso amtundu wanyimbo, vol. 1, M., 1967; Protopopov Vl., Njira zosinthira nyimbo, M., 1967; yake, Pa kusiyana kwa nyimbo za Shebalin, m'gulu: V. Ya. Shebalin, M., 1970

Vl. V. Protopopov