Mbiri ya Violin

Masiku ano, violin imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyimbo zachikale. Mawonekedwe otsogola, otsogola a chida ichi amapanga kumverera kwa bohemian. Koma kodi violin wakhala wotero? Mbiri ya violin idzafotokoza za izi - njira yake kuchokera ku chida chosavuta cha anthu kupita ku chinthu chaluso. Kupanga violin kunali kwachinsinsi ndipo kunkaperekedwa payekha kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi kupita kwa wophunzira. Chida choimbira chanyimbo, violin, chimagwira ntchito yotsogola m'gulu la oimba masiku ano osati mwamwayi.

Violin chitsanzo

Violin, monga chida chodziwika bwino cha zingwe zoweramira, amatchedwa "mfumukazi ya oimba" pazifukwa. Ndipo osati kokha kuti pali oimba oposa zana mu gulu lalikulu la oimba ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a iwo ndi violin zimatsimikizira izi. Kufotokozera, kutentha ndi kufatsa kwa timbre yake, kumveka kwa mawu ake, komanso kuthekera kwake kochita bwino kumamupatsa udindo wotsogola, ponse pawiri mu gulu la oimba a symphony komanso poyeserera payekha.

Inde, tonsefe timaganizira maonekedwe amakono a violin, omwe anapatsidwa kwa ambuye otchuka a ku Italy, koma chiyambi chake sichidziwikabe.
Nkhaniyi ikukambidwabe mpaka lero. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mbiri ya chida ichi. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, India imatengedwa kuti ndiko komwe zida zoweramira zidabadwa. Wina akuganiza kuti China ndi Persia. Mabaibulo ambiri amachokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa "zowona zenizeni" zochokera m'mabuku, zojambula, zojambula, kapena zolemba zoyambirira zomwe zimatsimikizira chiyambi cha violin mu chaka chotere, mumzindawu. Kuchokera kuzinthu zina, zikuwonekeratu kuti zaka mazana ambiri zisanayambe kuoneka kwa violin monga choncho, pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa chikhalidwe unali kale ndi zida zofanana zoweramira, choncho sikoyenera kuyang'ana mizu ya chiyambi cha violin m'madera ena a dziko. dziko.

Ofufuza ambiri amawona kaphatikizidwe ka zida monga rebec, gitala ngati fiddle ndi zeze yowerama, yomwe idawonekera ku Europe chazaka za 13-15, ngati mtundu wa violin.

Rebec ndi chida choweramira cha zingwe zitatu chokhala ndi thupi looneka ngati peyala lomwe limadutsa bwino m’khosi. Ili ndi bolodi lamawu okhala ndi mabowo a resonator mu mawonekedwe a mabatani ndi dongosolo lachisanu.

Fidel wooneka ngati gitala ali, ngati rebec, wooneka ngati peyala, koma wopanda khosi, ndi zingwe chimodzi kapena zisanu.

Kalata wowerama ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe akunja kwa violin, ndipo imagwirizana munthawi yakuwoneka (pafupifupi zaka za zana la 16). Mbiri ya violin ya Lear ili ndi thupi looneka ngati violin, pomwe ngodya zimawonekera pakapita nthawi. Pambuyo pake, mabowo apansi ndi resonator mu mawonekedwe a efs (f) amapangidwa. Koma zeze, mosiyana ndi violin, anali ndi zingwe zambiri.

Funso la mbiri yakale ya chiyambi cha violin m'mayiko a Asilavo - Russia, Ukraine ndi Poland imaganiziridwanso. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kujambula zithunzi, zofukulidwa zakale. Choncho, mtundu wa zingwe zitatu ndi nyumba amachokera ku zida zowerama za ku Poland, ndi smyki ku Russia. Pofika m'zaka za zana la 15, chida chinawonekera ku Poland, pafupi ndi violin yamakono - violin , ku Russia ndi dzina lofanana. - skripel.

Pachiyambi chake, violin idakali chida chodziwika bwino. M'mayiko ambiri, violin imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri m'nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu. Izi zitha kuwoneka muzojambula za D. Teniers ("Flemish Holiday"), HVE Dietrich ("Wandering Musicians") ndi ena ambiri. Violin idaseweredwanso ndi oimba oyendayenda omwe amapita ku mzinda ndi mzinda, kutenga nawo mbali patchuthi, zikondwerero za anthu, zomwe zimachitikira m'malo ogona ndi malo odyera.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, violin idakhalabe kumbuyo, anthu olemekezeka adayinyoza, poiona ngati chida wamba.

Chiyambi cha mbiri ya violin yamakono

M'zaka za zana la 16, mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zida zoweramira idawonekera momveka bwino: viola ndi violin.

Mosakayikira, tonse tikudziwa kuti violin idapeza mawonekedwe ake amakono m'manja mwa ambuye aku Italiya, ndipo kupanga violin kudayamba kukula mwachangu ku Italy chazaka za zana la 16. Nthawi ino ikhoza kuonedwa ngati chiyambi cha mbiri ya chitukuko cha violin yamakono.

Opanga violin woyamba ku Italy anali Gasparo Bertolotti (kapena “da Salo” (1542-1609) ndi Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632), onse ochokera ku Brescia, kumpoto kwa Italy. Koma posakhalitsa Cremona anakhala likulu la dziko kupanga violin. Ndipo, ndithudi, mamembala a Amati family (Andrea Wokondedwa - woyambitsa sukulu ya Cremonese) ndi Antonio Stradivari (wophunzira wa Nicolò Amati, yemwe adakwaniritsa mawonekedwe ndi kumveka kwa violin) amawonedwa ngati ambuye odziwika bwino komanso osapambana a violin. a m’banja; ma violin ake abwino kwambiri kuposa a Stradivari mu kutentha kwawo komanso kumveka kwa kamvekedwe) amamaliza triumvirate yayikuluyi.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, violin idawonedwa ngati chida chotsatira (mwachitsanzo, ku France chinali choyenera kuvina kokha). Pokhapokha m’zaka za zana la 18, pamene nyimbo zinayamba kulira m’maholo ochitira makonsati, m’pamene vayolini, ndi mawu ake osaneneka, inakhala chida choimbira payekha.

Pamene violin anaonekera

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa violin kunayambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16, ku Italy. Ngakhale kuti palibe chida ngakhale chimodzi cha m’zaka zimenezo chimene chasungidwa, akatswiri amalingalira molingana ndi zojambula ndi zolemba za panthaŵiyo. Mwachionekere, violin inachokera ku zida zina zoweramira. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati ankaoneka ngati nyimbo zoimbira za zeze zachigiriki, zoimbaimba za ku Spain, Arabic rebab, British crotta, ngakhalenso zida zoimbira za zingwe zinayi za ku Russia. Kenako, chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 16, chifaniziro chomaliza cha vayolini chinapangidwa, chomwe chidakalipobe mpaka pano.

Dziko lochokera ku violin ndi Italy. Apa ndipamene adapeza mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso mawu odekha. Wopanga violin wotchuka, Gasparo de Salo, anatenga luso la kupanga violin pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Ndi iye amene anapatsa violin mawonekedwe omwe tikudziwa tsopano. Zogulitsa za msonkhano wake zinali zamtengo wapatali pakati pa anthu olemekezeka ndipo zinali zofunika kwambiri m'mabwalo a nyimbo.

Komanso, m’zaka zonse za m’ma 16, banja lonse la Amati linkagwira ntchito yopanga violin. Andrea Amati adayambitsa sukulu ya Cremonese yopanga violin ndikuwongolera chida choimbira, ndikuchipatsa mawonekedwe abwino.

Gasparo ndi Amati amadziwika kuti ndi omwe anayambitsa luso la violin. Zogulitsa zina za ambuye otchukawa zakhalapo mpaka lero.

Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa violin

Poyamba, violin inkaonedwa ngati chida cha anthu - inkayimbidwa ndi oimba oyendayenda m'malo odyetserako zakudya komanso m'malo ogona am'mphepete mwa msewu. Violin inali mtundu wa anthu wamba wa viole wokongola, womwe unapangidwa kuchokera ku zida zabwino kwambiri ndipo umawononga ndalama zambiri. Panthawi ina, olemekezeka adachita chidwi ndi chida ichi, ndipo chinafala pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kotero, mu 1560 mfumu ya ku France Charles IX inalamula 24 violin kwa ambuye am'deralo. Mwa njira, imodzi mwa zida izi 24 idapulumuka mpaka lero, ndipo imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Opanga violin otchuka kwambiri omwe amakumbukiridwa masiku ano ndi Stradivari ndi Guarneri.

Antonio Stradivari anali wophunzira wa Amati chifukwa anabadwira ndikukhala ku Cremona. Poyamba adatsatira kalembedwe ka Amati, koma pambuyo pake, atatsegula msonkhano wake, adayamba kuyesa. Ataphunzira mosamala zitsanzo za Gasparo de Salo ndikuzitenga ngati maziko a kupanga zinthu zake, Stradivari mu 1691 adatulutsa mtundu wake wa violin, wotchedwa elongated - "Long Strad". Mbuyeyo adakhala zaka 10 zotsatira za moyo wake akukonza chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ichi. Ali ndi zaka 60, mu 1704, Antonio Stradivari anapereka dziko lonse ndi Baibulo lomaliza la violin, limene palibe amene anatha kuposa. Masiku ano, zida pafupifupi 450 za mbuye wotchuka zasungidwa.

Andrea Guarneri analinso wophunzira wa Amati, ndipo adabweretsanso zolemba zake pakupanga violin. Anayambitsa mzera wonse wa opanga violin kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18. Guarneri adapanga ma violin apamwamba kwambiri, koma otsika mtengo, omwe adadziwika. Mdzukulu wake, Bartolomeo Guarneri (Giuseppe), katswiri wa ku Italy wa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18, adapanga zida zaluso zomwe zimayimbidwa ndi oimba violin odziwika bwino - Nicolo Paganini ndi ena. Pafupifupi zida za 250 za banja la Guarneri zakhalapo mpaka lero.

Poyerekeza ma violin a Guarneri ndi Stradivari, tikuwona kuti phokoso la zida za Guarneri liri pafupi kwambiri ndi mezzo-soprano, ndi Stradivari ndi soprano.

Violin ya chida choimbira

Phokoso la violin ndi lomveka komanso lamoyo. Kafukufuku wokhudza mbiri ya violin akutiwonetsa momwe adasinthira kuchoka pa chida choyimbiracho kukhala chida chokha. Violin ndi chida choimbira cha zingwe zapamwamba kwambiri. Liwu la violin kaŵirikaŵiri limayerekezeredwa ndi liwu la munthu, limakhudza kwambiri maganizo a omvera.

Ntchito yoyamba ya violin ya solo "Romanescaperviolinosolo e basso" inalembedwa ndi Biagio Marina mu 1620. Panthawiyi, violin inayamba kukula - idalandira kuzindikira konsekonse, inakhala imodzi mwa zida zazikulu za ochestra. Arcangelo Corelli amadziwika kuti ndiye woyambitsa kuyimba kwa violin.